Introduction
When looked at from a life cycle perspective, international shipping is an activity that causes enormous damage to the environment. Furthermore, international shipping is widely accepted since it’s the cheapest mode of transport, large manufacturers greatly depend on these shipping lines. Consequently, the wide use of shipping lines globally leads to massive environmental pollution not only during their operation time but also including the times these vessels are being made (Therivel, 2004). During their manufacture, large quantities of raw materials are being extracted from the environment; moreover, the processes involved also pollute the environment (Schryver, 2010). Guinée, ...
