Essays on Kinetic

We have all been taught how every object and thing around us is made up of matter and that matter exists in three very basic states which are the solids, the liquids, and the gasses. Even within these solids, liquids and gasses are particles, and it is simply the arrangement of these particles which makes any matter form one of the three states. It is also because the major difference between the three states is how the particles behave around one another which make the transition possible in between one state of matter and the next. In simple words, ...

Part 1

The equipment used to assess VO2 max and lactate threshold includes the h/p/cosmos Pulsar 5.0 treadmill, the Cosmed Quark PFT Ergo testing equipment, the Cosmed V2 mask, the HR Belt Cosmed-ANT (w/transmitter), and a computer.

Calibration Processes

The preliminary step for the experiment is to perform the calibration of the equipment. The treadmill velocity should be calibrated by marking a point and noting the time it takes to complete a predetermined number of revolutions. This time is used to calculate the velocity by using the length of the belt, which should also be measured. These calibrations should be performed at different ...

Introduction:

Nanobiotechnology serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Silver nanoparticles are particularly interesting nanoscale systems due to the ease with which they can be synthesised and modified chemically. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been widely researched due to their interesting size and shape-dependent properties [26]. These novel properties can be tailored by controlling their size, shape, composition, structure and crystallinity. Due to their size features and advantages over available anti-microbial properties, chemical imaging ...

Q1. A 200mm diameter pipeline divides into two smaller pipelines, one being 100mm in diameter and the other being 150mm in diameter. If the velocity in the 100mm pipe is 0.3m/s and that in the 150mm is 0.6m/s, calculate the flowrate in litres/s and the velocity in m/s in the 200mm pipe. [ 13 l/s, 0.413m/s] Solution: Flow Rate = (pi/4)(0.1)2(0.3) + (pi/4)(0.15)2(0.6) = 0.01296 cubicmeters/sec = 12.96 l/sec. (ans.). Velocity = (Flow Rate)/(Area) = [0.01296]/[(pi/4)(0.1)2] = 0.4125 m/s. Q2. If the specific volume of water is 0.001251 m3 /kg. calculate:

The mass and weight ...

Introduction

The population growth of the cities in the world requires the perform of infrastructure works every day to guarantee the supply of clean and potable water to a population that needs every day more water for food, leisure, and living. But the supply water to human conglomerates has resulted in the removal of most of it, once it has been used and therefore contaminated. The previous requires that the civil engineer took into account some elements that allow them through studies and specialized satisfy effective and sustainable manner the need to have water service, providing it uninterruptedly, in quantity ...

Chapter 1

Introduction

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that ...

Executive Project Summary – Malawi Wind Farm

Market Summary Malawi has an electricity production of 2,180 MWh and a consumption of 2,027 MWh. The 95% of the electricity generation comes from hydroelectric sources giving to the high country risks of supply shortages in adverse weather conditions when the water level of the hydroelectric plants is below the technical specifications of the turbines. The country has no other important source of energy having the country the necessity to develop new energy sources different to the hydroelectricity. The surroundings of the Malawi Lake develop winds over the 10 m/s average per year, opening the opportunity to ...

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that are ...

Summary

While all the components of a brake system are important, it is imperative to acknowledge that some components play significant roles in the system as compared to others. One such component is the brake pad. In most cases, the brake pad is referred to as the friction material. It is responsible for generating the friction which opposed the movement of the wheel thus causing a stop to the movement of the automotive. This report is aimed at selecting a section or component of the brake system and presents its modification. As a consequence, the report highlights and discusses the ...

Introduction

The concept of sustainable development was first introduced in 1987 by the United Nations as part of the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, in which it was stated that sustainable development implies “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (United Nations General Assembly, 1987). The World Conservation Strategy published in 1980 served as prelude to the conception of this notion, as the UN recognized the importance of minimizing the impact of human activity over the earth’s ecosystems and adopting models inclined towards sustainability ...

Introduction

The kinetic characteristics are important for the design of chemical engineering processes. They allow assessing the time required for the reaction and choosing the temperature range suitable for the reaction. The reaction path is observed by measurments the transmittance of the Crystal Violet solution that reacts with sodium hydroxide. The concentration, and the color of the solution changes with the reaction flow, and this is measured by the spectrophotometer.

The data are plotted as concentration - time and logarithm concentration time, and the reaction rate is:

Rate = [Crystal Violet] [Sodium Hydroxide]. Using the excess concentration of one of the reagents, the reaction rate with respect to the other reagent is found from logarithmic plot (Rahul & Chakrabarti ...

Introduction

When a ball rolls off a table, gravity will act on it and pull it down towards the ground. While the ball is rolling over the table, it has an initial velocity that is horizontal in direction before it leaves the table. As it leaves the table and gravity starts acting on the ball, it will follow a parabolic trajectory as shown in the following figure. Figure 1 : Ball Rolling Off a Table Path of Motion The first problem is how to find where the ball will bounce off the ground the first time. The second problem is ...

Introduction

Track and field is a set of games in various levels that includes games such as long distance running, sprint, javelin throw and shot put. The history of these games is believed to have originated from Greece (Weebly). In these games, there are several concepts of physics that are applied with the most notable ones being speed, force, kinetic/potential energy, acceleration, friction and momentum.

Speed

This can be defined as the act of moving fast or in a swift manner. The equation is given by Speed = Distance travelled/Time. If one is running on a track during a competition, it is ...

Introduction

There are two main attributes of the centre of gravity (COG) that pose a huge impact on the stability of organisms. The location of the COG is determined by the shape of the body. As such, as the same body is assuming different forms, the position of the COG keeps varying. An individual who bends his/her legs is likely to lower his/her GOG position. This, together with other things, leads to higher stability. As strange as it may sound, at times, the COG does lie completely outside the body itself. For instance, if the body is unoccupied the COG ...

Introduction

The experiment was conducted to examine the validity of Bernoulli’s Principle as applied to the flow of water in a tapering circular duct. It employed the use of Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Apparatus, hydraulics bench and a stopwatch to gather relevant data. The volume of water was measured and its flow was timed using the stopwatch. The two values were used to calculate the flow rate of the fluid. Additionally, the manometer readings were collected and used to compute the velocity of the fluid at each tapping position. The values were used to calculate the theoretical velocity head ...

Abstract

In this experiment, benzene was treated with hydrogen in the presence of Pt/SiO2 as an example that can be applied on industrial operations to show that the most recently modernized methods of neutron total scattering that cover a wide Q-range allow the use of appropriate catalytic chemistry that can be measured on time domain to probe directly on site the hydrogenation of benzene within the catalyst pore. Based on this method, it is possible to study the rates of reaction on length scales that can provide measurements equivalent to the size of an atom or a nanometre. Furthermore, the ...

Question #8

Angular momentum refers to the resistance of a rotating body to change its spin rate or direction of spin. Angular momentum can be determined by the product of the moment of inertia and the angular velocity, or by the cross product of the moment arm and the product of the mass and velocity vector of the body (Sellers 2004, 112-113). For this particular problem, we will use the latter to determine the angular momentum. H=R×mV H=0.5 m×0.25 kg2 ms H=0.25 kg∙m2s Since angular momentum is conserved, the angular momentum of the system every point in time ...

The heat was intense. The orange light shone on the desert, drying up the remaining puddles of water into vapour, rising into the atmosphere. A lizard crawled slowly, almost dying, parched and with a hide so leather like, one would think it was crisp fried. Slowly, I heard the intense ringing of the siren. Waaang waaaang waaang. It was time to get inside our shelters. The shelters were not made of concrete. Unlike the olden days, concrete was the material of choice. All buildings were once made from stone, from cement mixed with water to form hard solid blocks. ...

BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENT

ABSTRACT Two fluid properties, the Bernoulli principle and the Venturi effect, were examined and analyzed in this experiment. A venturi meter was used to measure the fluid flow rate, velocity, and pressure of water (the fluid being examined). The results showed that the fluid pressure decreases as the fluid traveled through a smaller cross sectional area. The minimum fluid pressure (in effect, maximum fluid velocity) was observed in the smallest cross sectional area at position D (diameter 16 mm). The decrease in fluid pressure was compensated by an increase in the fluid velocity. With these two measured phenomena, both ...

BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENT

INTRODUCTION This experiment aims to verify Bernoulli’s equation that relates the pressure and the velocity of a fluid. The aims of the experiment are: A venturi meter is a device used in fluid measurements. It uses a converging section of a pipe in order to change fluid velocity or pressure. The venturi meter in this experiment is used several times to estimate flow rates and measure piezometric head values at different points along the venturi meter. The fluid used in this experiment is water. Bernoulli’s equation is a mathematical model for ideal fluids. Because of this, the ...

Introduction

Energy is a key driver of any nation’s economy. The extent to which it contributes to the performance of all activities surrounding the human life is beyond measure. This is because energy contributes almost fully to the economic development of the economy. In its physical form, energy is classified either as renewable or non-renewable. Renewable energy forms the green energy that can be reused again and is less toxic to the environment. On the other hand, non-renewable energy is exploited once it’s used and mostly pollutes the environment. All this energy forms can be either used directly ...

Introduction

The conversion of gas into liquid fuels is an innovative technology that is well-known to many people. This technique is so promising and enhancing new options for environmentally friendly manufacturing of fuels and chemicals as well as other natural gases. Looking into the large natural gas and coal reserves and deteriorating petroleum reserves all over the world, it is anticipated to play an important role in the future. Cobalt-based chemical agents are the ideal catalysts for hydrogen synthesis since they have a high FTS functionality, discernment for long-chain paraffin as well as a low process for the water-gas change ...

A brake is a device that produces artificial resistance to the moving part of a machine to stop or slow down its motion. Any machine or its part that is in motion possesses kinetic energy. As per physical laws, energy cannot be destroyed; its form can only be transformed. The brake system converts the kinetic energy of the moving machine or part into thermal, potential or chemical energy. Brake systems are of various types utilized in different applications in industries, home appliances, vehicles, railway trains, and other sectors. This paper has focused on the brake systems used in vehicles, ...

Engineering

Retrus, Maimane and Mosoallbisi (2014) agree that mechanical energy is the total sum of Kinetic and Potential energies. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its movement. Potential energy on the other hand is that energy which is stored by an object as a result of its position. There are two types of potential energy, elastic and gravitational and the one present in a swing and pendulum is gravitational potential energy. Its presence is because neither of them has a spring to produce elastic potential energy and they both work in accordance with the laws ...

Some cities were imagined, designed and created wholly or partially in a way that forever provided shape for their histories and identities, governments and religions as well as for the economies of their citizens. An example is the great city of Jerusalem. Whatever they were or however they developed later in time, the details of their foundation, along the momentous and monumental contractions that redesigned or redefined various sectors within them make them case studies in the historical processes that surround cities as well as their regional and continental effects. The paper attempts to identify the evolution of Jerusalem ...

Religion as a subject has been studied extensively by several scholars with an aim to show distinction and origins. Various aspects of religion are not explored leaving only a select few scholars with similar ideas or related concepts to propagate said thought processes. Thomas tweed is such a scholar. He has extensively conducted research in the area of religious space and defined it in a number of ways that will be explored in this thesis. Jerusalem, a popular and oldest city known to man, is a god example that can be used to better shed light into the theories ...

Introduction

The fundamental process of thermal power plants is based on the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy and, subsequently, into electric power, using steam as the working fluid. According to the U.S. Energy Information System, over 67% of the electrical energy in the United States is generated through thermoelectric power plants, which use the combustion of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and petroleum to generate the steam necessary for the process; moreover, thermoelectric power generation accounts for an approximate 80% of all the power generation worldwide. Thus, the electricity consumed in most homes and industries is ...

Trigonometric computations are used in nearly all fields of geometry, physics and engineering. The triangulation technique has the great importance, which allows measuring the distance in astronomy and geography, monitoring the satellite navigation system. Also trigonometry is used in such areas as music theory, acoustics, optics, analysis of financial markets, electronics, probability theory, statistics, biology, medicine and so on. Daniel Bernoulli, Fourier and Cauchy made a huge contribution to the involvement of trigonometry and developed the idea of trigonometric series. In the middle of the XVIII century, appeared the most important in its consequences "argument of a string". Euler ...