Essays on Lactose

Background Information on Supply & Demand

Background Information on Supply & Demand Market attractiveness can be characterized by the interactions between inner motivations of buyers and manufacturers, as well as price and quantity for a product determined by the external market forces. Basically, the price reflects and channels the motives and desires of the potential consumers. Supply and demand are considered the fundamental principles of the market economy. Demand explains the necessary amount of a product desired by consumers. Supply represents the volumes of production the market can handle. The balance between price and volumes of production is known as the supply relationship. Meanwhile, price is ...

As the population grows, the scientists try to search for the new sources of food. In the XXI century, biotechnology is able to provide the solution for the food problem. The biotechnology products use various types of feedstock, therefore it is a prospective trend for development and implementation into food industry. There are three aspects for assessing the food quality: nutritional value (composition), safety, taste & flavor, and nutrients availability. The nutritional value of milk is about proteins, sugars, fats, and energy content. The safety refers to presence of potentially hazardous chemicals (heavy metals ions, pesticides, fertilizers residuals, etc.), as ...

Abstract

Even though most Western people rely on dairy products for a healthy diet every day, many recent studies have challenged the long-established belief that milk is safe for human consumption. On the contrary, new research articles have shown that dairy products are unhealthy, being specifically destined to feed the offspring from the same species. The fact that humans continue to consume milk long after weaning exposes them to health problems on the long term. The hormones found in milk may cause several forms of cancer, while the high fat content may be partially responsible for the development of heart ...

Marketing Mix

Product positioning The Silk Almond milk positioning is based on the benefits, ingredients and size. It is meant to offer more calcium than the dairy milk in addition to being an excellent vitamin E source. Further, it has low calories with 60 per serving, no saturated fat or cholesterol, no added artificial flavors, colors, free of soy, dairy, casein, egg, lactose, gluten and MSG. Finally, it is also non-GMO verified. In that view, it is meant to address the consumers’ health concerns (Silk, 2016). Regarding the ingredients, the original silk almond is rich in almonds and filtered water, Sea ...

Identification of the Unknown Microorganisms

Unknown #1 Unknown #2 1. The identification of bacterial strains is a common practice in clinical and medical fields. The ubiquitously present microorganisms can be both, beneficial or harmful to the host they attack or inhabit. Since times, several biochemical characteristics have been identified for many bacteria that commonly are related to humans. These characteristics and morphology have been arranged in a systematic way to identify the targeted unknown microorganism along with ruling out the ones giving negative results for the characteristic tests. This way the search was narrowed down for each of the two unknown microorganisms. The Gram ...

QUESTIONS ON BIOCHEMISTRY

Questions on Biochemistry Describe the difference between an obligate and a facultative aerobe. Obligate and facultative aerobes are the same in terms of their ability to use oxygen in their respiration process. However, obligate aerobes requires oxygen to oxidize substrates such as sugar and fat to produce ATP (energy). Obligate aerobes are more efficient in converting substrates to ATP. The key process in aerobic respiration is the conversion of sugar to ATP shown in reaction 1 below:

In the reaction 36 molecules of ATP is produced per molecule of glucose. It is actually a slow process which comprises 3 ...

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INTRODUCTION:

Pathologists or microbiologists play a very vital role in the management and diagnosis of any disease. They get immense help by performing certain series of tests which aids them reaching to a conclusion. One such test is called as gram staining which is used widely as the most primitive test for the identification of various bacteria According to Beveridge, the gram stain essentially delineates bacteria into two broad categories. It does that by giving color to these bacteria and bacteria that attains purple or violet color are ...

Abstract

Food safety remains a serious issue in public health. Foodborne disease is the main threat to public health. It occurs when food gets contaminated with pathogens and is then ingested into the body. Food contamination occurs when there is a flaw in the food handling process that allows food to get into contact with the pathogens. Many efforts have been made to deal with food contamination. However, the food industry still faces many challenges some of which are emerging challenges. The dairy sectors are one of the sectors in the food industries facing numerous challenges. Nevertheless, it is one ...

It was advised that i stat home and whenever it is important to eat out, the 'Eating Smart Restaurant Guide' should be my companion.

1 .Reduction in quantity of processed sugar, saturated fat and trans- fat consumed. 2 Increased consumption of vegetables. 3 I will have to increase the number of times I eat at home and reduce my visits to the restaurants. The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for carbohydrates in adults is 45-65%, while for proteins it is 10-35% of the calories taken daily by the person. The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for fats is ...

The cow became one of the idols in Africa. Africans generally learned to appreciate and adore the cow. The Dinka, in a show of their love for the cow, have designed four hundred different names used to refer to the cow. The Maasai of Kenya are exceptions to idolizing the cow and their love for the cow. This has led them to believing that the cow was given to them by the gods, and on that basis they are true and dear to the cow. It is considered to them a blessing to herd and keep more herds of cattle as ...

It is widely accepted that a sufficient food and water consumption is an integral part of living and health promotion. Food safety and quality are therefore considered to be a major concern for food manufacturers, policy makers and general public. Although there is a significant progress in advisory labelling practice, undeclared allergens can sometimes be added into food as a result of a manufacturing process. Allergens can be defined as a substance capable of triggering immediate hypersensitivity (AAAAI, 2014). Food Standards Agency (FSA) (2014) has calculated that each year approximately 10 people die from food-induced anaphylaxis. Poorly controlled production of food also damages socioeconomic status ...

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Introduction

TLC or Thin-layer chromatography refers to a technique that is applied in the separation of mixtures that are not volatile (Reich & Schibli, 2007). The process is done on a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum foil that has been coated using a thin layer of material that is adsorbent such as aluminum oxide, silica gel and cellulose (Sherma & Fried, 2003; University of Colorado, 2014). This adsorbent layer is referred to as the stationary phase. The sample is usually applied using a capillary tube on the plate, and the sample is taken up the plate through capillary ...

Abstract

Three distinct variables were theorized and examined in the parameters on the outcome of the productivity of the lactase enzyme. The assessment of the temperature, substrate composition and the pH were reviewed in this experiment. The pH values were recorded over time. The effect of the pH on the lactase production in addition to the qualities of the substrate identity and the temperature were documented. In consideration of the findings of the experiment, it was discovered that a pH between 5 - 7 is the most suitable pH for the production of lactase. In this lab report, the works of ...

Identification of mystery microbe based on its morphology and biochemical properties

The experiment was conducted to detect the species of a given mystery microbe. The microbe was subjected to a battery of tests in order to identify its physical and biochemical characteristics. Based on the tests, different possible microbe species were eliminated to finally arrive at the right conclusion. The possible microbes included Escherichia coli, Providencia alcalifaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Sarcina aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis. The first test conducted was to detect the Gram staining properties of the given microbe. This helped in identifying whether the given microbe had a thin ...

Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest milk sugar (lactose). After eating or drinking milk or dairy products people with this disorder may get uncomfortable side effects - such as diarrhea, stomach pains, bloating, nausea, and gas. The symptoms usually occur about 30 minutes to two hours after ingesting dairy products. Digestive problems appear because some people do not have enough the enzyme lactase. The lactose intolerance is more common among people of Asian, African, and South American descent than in Caucasians. Lactose intolerance is largely inherited due to genetic factors. The other causes of this condition include gastroenteritis, ...

The process of identifying an organism involves the determination of where an isolate or an organism needs to be placed within a group of organisms that are already known. The process is usually done to conform to a given scheme of classification. Most of the microorganisms that may be found in the environment require to be identified aiming at identifying the different species that may be found in a given environment. The identification enables physicists and health workers to associated different sources with different organisms especially those that cause diseases. Organism classification may also help in the diagnosis of different disease by ...

The purpose of nutrition labelling regulations is to inform the consumer of the nutritional properties of a food item and includes two components: nutritional declaration and supplementary information. The Federal and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible to ensure that foods sold in the United states, whether produced domestically or from foreign countries are safe, consumable and appropriately labelled. Although regulations are standardized and established, these may change over time. It is the responsibility of for the food industry to stay abreast with the legal food labelling regulations. All regulations are published in Federal register and complied annually in 21 Code ...

Introduction

During manufacture of food products, manufacturers must put different factors into consideration. The health of consumers becomes a paramount factor of consideration during food manufacturing processes .Consumers present a very sensitive and complex group. People have different medical conditions and as such, manufacturers have to put this into consideration. One common health condition that has been on the rise among consumers is diabetes .Diabetes is caused by foods with high glucose levels. Therefore, this is an aspect that food manufacturers have devised techniques to deal with during food preparation, storage and packaging. Foods with high glucose levels pose a health challenge to ...

Microbiology Lab

Abstract This laboratory report tries to recognize an unknown bacterial species. The Gram stain disclosed bacteria to be both gram-negative and positive and via microscopy it confirmed to be rod and cocci respectively. Now two different bacteria were on the agar. One was a coliform and other a non coliform. The bacteria were exposed to all essential microbiological techniques employed to recognize an unknown bacterial species. The unknown comprised about 1% of the total bacterial flora of humans and even most of the warm-blooded animals. The bacteria are the most extensively studied prokaryotic organism, and an essential species in the ...

Purpose

Materials and Methods Gram Stain: the test was done to differentiate Gram-positive from Gram-negative organisms. A drop of the unknown 300 was suspended on a slide and the culture spread to an oven thin film. The culture was air dried and fixed over a gentle flame. Crystal violet stain was added over the culture and allowed to stand for 60 seconds. The stain was poured off and rinsed gently. Iodine solution was added on the smear, allowed to stand for 60 seconds and the stain poured off. The slide was rinsed with running water, and a few drops of decolorizer solution ...

ZICO- a high energy drink

Introduction ZICO is a company that mainly specializes in the sale of hydrated coconut water. The company’s main objective is to provide and supply its customers with natural coconut water that is highly energized. Although coconut water is originally natural and free of any artificial contents, ZICO has managed to come up with formulas to hydrate the drink in a bid to make it more energizing. The company was started in Central America by Mark Rampolla who was a volunteer with Peace Corps. Mark was also a great athlete who valued coconut water as his most favorite drink during his running ...

Raw milk is milk that has not been homogenized. In nutrition healthy food proponents have shown the importance of consuming though the medical personnel have warned people on the dangers that accrue due to taking unpasteurized milk. History the humans have been using the raw milk before the industrial revolution happened. The machine that could have been used in the conservation of milk products had not been invented. Large populations had congregated and migrated to urban areas during the industrial revolution, agricultural lifestyle was left behind (Getoff, 2007). The pasteurization process was invented in the United States of ...

The model of complete replacement by Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrew states that 200,000- 150,000 years ago the archaic humans evolved to the modern humans in Africa and then later migrated to other parts of the world replacing the Neanderthals around 60,000 -40,000 years ago. This theory suggests that all people have an African ancestry (Kuklik & Henrika, 28).It also argues that all other forms of Humans like Homo erectus have gone extinct. It suggests that the developments seen in humans today are recent. Regional continuity model also known as multiregional evolution model by ...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the budding or baker’s yeast, is a single-cellular eukaryotic microorganism. It requires various physical and nutritional conditions to grow and thrive in various environments. With proper physical conditions and nutrients, yeast cells can double every 100 minutes (“Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” n.d.). Its average replicative lifespan is around 36 cell divisions (“Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” n.d.).

Two critical physical requirements are:

- Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires acidic pH to grow. The optimum pH for S. cerevisiae is 4−6 (Olivero, 1982, p. 2726). Its growth rate drops dramatically when pH is increased above 6.5 (Olivero, 1982, p. 2726). This requirement allows the budding yeast to thrive in ...

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity: Lactose Intolerance

Purpose/Hypothesis Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in milk and is commonly known as milk sugar. Lactose comprises of almost 8% of human milk and almost 4% of cow’s milk. Lactose intolerance is a condition in human beings where they lack enzyme lactase since they have trouble in absorbing and digesting lactose. The goal of this experiment is to-: - Learn how substrate concentration, pH and enzyme concentration can affect the enzyme activity in human body.

Data Variable (Procedures)

In this experiments, o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) would be used as a substitute to lactose since it is similar in shape and size and ...

Introduction

Bacillus Subtilis are the organisms that are aerobic, Gram Positive, spore-forming belonging to the Bacillus genus. The organisms are together with other species that are closely related play a crucial role in disease, food poisoning as well as food spoilage. Lack of methods that are standardized for the identification of the organisms whether coming from the food or environment has made the tests to be difficult. Use of morphological as well as physiological tests have offered the best ways to identify organisms in the laboratory although there are inconsistent and lack of reliance in these methods. Identification of an ...

The paper being discussed today, includes the disease Celiac disease and the laboratory department the sample is tested in.

Pathology Department The pathology department is a laboratory where tests are performed on clinical specimen of a person like blood, urine, stools, sputum etc in order to study the health condition of the patient. In other words, it studies the etiology of a disease. The hematology department is a subcategory of pathology that focuses on the study of blood and the disease causing pathogens in the blood.

Hematology testing

The lavender vacuum tubes are used for complete blood counts. The additive for the tube is EDTA. Special requirements for the tubes are 1 ml of pure blood left at room temperature to be tested ...

Industrial microbiology has helped greatly in the discovery and development of substances that we use in our day to day life. It applies scientific and bioengineering techniques to processes and materials. Microorganisms produce valuable products of industrial microbiology.(Law 15) They include; Antibiotics, fermentation beverages, enzymes for amino acids synthesis, dairy products, and recovery of minerals from low grade ores, waste and waste water management, Biodegradation of xenobiotics, synthesis of chemotherapy drugs, just to name but a few. It’s a field that requires people to research on existing problems find or discover new products, get ways of producing and commercializing ...

- What is the basic structure of DNA? The DNA’s basic structure is of a 3D double helix, which is consisted of two chains; each one of these chains is constituted by subunits that are called the nucleotides. Having four different kinds of nucleotides present on those chains in a given sequence, these are defined as polynucleotide chains. The polynucleotide chains, on their turn, are known as DNA chains or strands and the nucleotides of each chain are interlinked by hydrogen bonds, keeping the two together. - A gene has three triplets: AAT, ATA and TAC. What are ...

Introduction

Environment incubator can be defined as a modified biological environment to suit a certain experiment. The environment may be modified to provide certain condition necessary for a particular biological experiment. Microbes as microscopic organisms that can either respire aerobically or anaerobically. For instance, yeast is an anaerobe that respires anaerobically. Yeast enzyme is used in the fermentation process because they convert grape sugar into ethyl alcohol. Yeasts are eukaryotic micro organism which belongs to the kingdom fungi and which respires anaerobically. Yeast will be used in this experiment. The main purpose of this experiment will be to determine the factors that may ...

Lab partners

The transformation of bacterial cells using Puc18 plasmid as a vector Abstract In molecular cloning experiments, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism and then broken into smaller fragments through digestion with restriction enzymes. The fragments of restriction enzyme digestion are then ligated /combined with some vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host organism. When the host organism replicates, the recombinant molecule is replicated together with it. With time, large populations of transformed cells or clones are generated expressing the genotype and phenotype of the inserted ...

Introduction and Background

In assessing the impact of microbes in the New South Wales (NSW) health system, it was discovered after laboratory testing evaluating Part A and B categories different types of colonies were discovered, for laboratory 1 evaluations. In laboratory 11specimens used in this experiment were blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid; sputum, swabs from and

Mucous membranes.

Bacteria colony morphology:-. E Coli. This bacterium appeared to be creamy, shinny and rose to a level of 2-3 mm. M Luteus. This one was yellow shinny circular and rose to 1-2 mm. Fungal colony morphology; Saccharomytes cerevsaie ( yeast) and Aspergillus nidulans ( Mould ). Precautions must be taken while ...

Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Organisms

Similarities in both organisms include the fact that both organisms are non-sporulating. Although, not the only metabolite, Salmonella enterica can produce lactate as one of its metabolite while Lactococcus lactis produces lactate. Both organisms are anaerobes, feeding by fermenting substrates (PHAC, 2010). Salmonella enterica ferments glucose while Lactococcus lactis ferments milk. Salmonella enterica is different from Lactococcus enterica in several ways. From gram staining, Salmonella enterica is a gram-positive organism while Lactococcus lactis is a gram-negative organism. At the level of feeding, Salmonella enterica feeds on a wide range of carbohydrates (PHAC, 2010). It is a heterofermentative organism whereas Lactococcus lactis is a ...

Some tricycle anti-depressants have been successfully used to lessen the problems associated with depression. This paper addresses information available about Clozapine (a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine), Protriptyline (a dibenzocycloheptene derivative), and Clomipramine (a dibenzazepine). Tricyclic antidepressants work by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into nerve terminals. Clomipramine is prescribed to control obsessional behaviour (an antiobsessional drug); it is a very strong drug which must be used with care. The strong sedative properties of Clomipramine require careful observation of patients during the treatment. It was found the Clozapine is commonly taken by oral dosage to lessen effects of depression. Protriptyline which was marketed as Vivactil® has ...

1. What happens to glucose or galactose when the Cu2 in Benedict’s is reduced? The glucose and galactose both monosaccharaides are oxidized. The cyclic structures of both sugars are opened resorting to an aldehyde group at the end of the aliphatic compound. The aldehyde group is the one that reduces benedict’s solution and oxidizes the sugars. 2. Would you expect fructose or glucose to form a red color rapidly with Seliwanoff’s reagent? Fructose is a ketose therefore, a deep red color will form quickly with Seliwanoff reagent, while glucose an aldose with form a light pink color ...

Introduction:

Coliform Bacteria are gram-negative non-spore forming and round shape bacteria. Coliform Bacteria grow in moist conditions and easily found in water, vegetables and excreta of animals, mammals and birds. Coliform bacteria are easily available and ferment lactose at the temperature of 35-37 degree centigrade along with formation of gas and acid. Normally bacteria is not very harmful and do not cause for any major illness but their presence at any place is an indication of presence of other pathogens. If Coliform is present with water and food it reflect the quality of water and food.

Various genera are:

Total Coliform Bacteria: ...

This manual identifies bacterium according to their functional attribute as well as according to their structure and arranging them according to a certain specific familial arrangement (University of Idaho 1). For instance, in this study and using Bergey’s Manual, we are supposed to identify the species and genus of a sample of bacteria. By using the Bergy’s manual and through identifying the bacterium according to their functional attribute as well as according to their structure and arranging them according to a certain specific familial arrangement; the following is derived

Background information on Giardia

Giardia is luminal intestinal flagellated protozoan parasite. Giardia lamblia( also known as G. intestinalis or G. duodenalis) is the most common species that usually exhibits a typical fecal-oral lifecycle. Giardia lamblia) colonizes the upper portions of the small intestine and is the most common protozoan isolated from human stools. The prevalence is estimated at 200 million clinical cases per year [ CITATION Annd3 \l 1033 ]. Giardia lamblia exists in two forms, an active form called a trophozoite, and an inactive form called a cyst. The active trophozoite attaches to the lining of the small intestine with a "sucker" and is responsible for causing ...