Essays on Life Expectancy

The chromosomal theory of inheritance is a theory that defines the role of the chromosomes in the execution of the process of Mendelian inheritance (Waddington, 2016). The theory makes a maximum application of the Mendelian laws of inheritance based on various observations. Some of the observations affiliate to the laws includes; the migration of the homologous pairs of chromosomes as discrete structures independent of the other pairs that exist in the same strand. In addition, the theory explains the random process of the pre-gamete occupation of each homologous pair of chromosomes (Waddington, 2016). The parent contributes half of the ...

Abstract

This paper offers an analysis of Christian and Buddhist perspectives George’s case, eventually making a recommendation that his Primary Care Physician should take him through euthanasia. George is an ALS patient in his mid-fifties, who is considering euthanasia as a quick solution to future suffering. However, based on Buddhism consider the fact that there is no need for George to suffer during his last days alive. On the other hand, while they value respect for persons, Christians grapple with the idea that George has no moral mandate to take his life. Nonetheless, an application of these worldviews in ...

Question 1: Statistical strategy

The strategy here is to analyze the distribution or variation of the data instead of focusing on the measures of central tendency. Measures of central tendency can be misleading especially where the distribution is asymmetrical (Graham 38-80). In this case, the median life expectancy of eight months does not necessarily mean a cancer patient dies within eight months.

Question 2: Shape of the distribution

The available literature shows that cancer patients have a median mortality of eight months. The distribution of the life expectancy of cancer patients is not normally distributed. The data is positively skewed. Half of the cancer patients live more than eight ...

Based on the tallied results of the life expectancy quiz, my life expectancy figure years is about 100 years, which is very uplifting for me, considering that some people are not expected to live that long. It reinforced my resolve to maintain if not improve my positive habits, not just my diet and physical activity but also my emotions and identify bad habits where I can improve (FLAG, 2013). I expected that factors such as my family history, age, gender, diet, and lifestyle would affect my life expectancy. However, I am surprised that “little things” such as my educational ...

CHAPTER FOUR

Introduction This study will mainly focus on the ways that can be proposed so as to make the medical care provision of Russia be improved. The results that will be achieved from this research work will immensely contribute to the improved and much efficient health care provision in Russia.

Findings

Notably, the research methodology employed a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative analysis. We shall therefore look at the various prospects of Russian healthcare business in the global international healthcare market. Some of the most visible prospects and fragments that are the backbone of the healthcare sector include demographic issues, ...

Introduction

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of ...

Introduction

The Institute of Medicine, U.S.A, identified global health problems as health concerns that transcend national boundaries. These health issues are influenced by environment prevailing in other nations. Thus, there is a need for cooperative action from countries across the globe to find solutions to these concerns. With the kind of high mobility seen today, an epidemic outbreak in Africa, can readily spread to rest of the globe, if measures to contain its spread are not taken on a global scale. Polio eradication, containment of influenza virus, policies to restrict tobacco use are examples of policies that were instituted to ...

Abstract

Despite the improvement of the living standards and the establishment of health care systems in the twentieth century, many investigations have highlighted continuous inequalities in industrialized regions. In most cases, some people from certain geographical regions are discriminated against while accessing health care services. The discrimination also takes the social class route, where people from high social classes can access better health care services than people from low classes do. Therefore, it is necessary to come up with health care systems that can help to bridge this gap. The creation of Southern Region Health System has shown concern to ...

Hemophilia is an inherited disease that is likely to affect males. It is well-known throughout the history as the most dreadful sickness that prevented normal blood clotting. As a result, diseased people could bleed for hours or even days as they lack a necessary clotting component in their blood. The responsible gene is transmitted in the X chromosome, and this makes males more subjected to the disease. They inherit only one X chromosome, so if it contains mutated gene, it means that a person will surely have the disease. Females have a second X chromosome, and it is usually ...

Chapter 2

Literature review Russia has a very large number of hospitals, physicians, and health care workers as compared to any other country in the world. In spite of this, the medical care fraternity has failed to offer standard and acceptable health care services to its people. Russia has faced a health care system crisis for an extended period since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Significant transformation in the social, economic, and political environment has adversely affected the health care system (Britnell, 2015). The poor health care system in Russia has been precipitated by the lack of medical and technical ...

Introduction

The healthcare system in Australia is termed as one of the most successful in the world when it comes to the delivery of good healthcare. Additionally, the health outcomes, as well as the control of costs by the system, are remarkably effective as stated by Hall (2015). Such achievements have however been achieved through the interaction of the public and private financial backing, public and private provision of services, and the sharing of key duties between the federal as well as the state governments (Hall, 2015). In the US, no single system of health insurance covers the nation. Health ...

Economic inequality Between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians

Introduction Thought the last century, the subject of inequality has come to the fore. It seems that social, economic, racial, ethnic disparity became ubiquitous under the circumstances of economic and technical progress. While some countries take a course of rapid development, others remain behind. It happens not only on the political level but also within the country on the social scale. The emergence of perceptible economic inequality can now be observed in developed countries, and Australia is not an exclusion. Historically, economic inequality strengthened disparities of income and living standards of the individual layers of the population, increased the ...

Describe air quality conditions in the US before steep regulations were imposed.

The United States has experienced the worst air quality conditions during the 1940s and 1950s as an effect of the progressing industrialization and urbanization. Another main reason is that the United States has no national regulation and policy towards hazardous gas emission and air pollution during these periods of time. During the 1940s and 1950s, the United States have experienced deadly photochemical smog on major cities including Los Angeles and Donora(Williams, 2013). In addition, the ozone levels in the lower layers of the atmosphere exceed its limit and become dangerous to people as well as the environment. During ...

Diets with the least environmental impact - Carbon is the main component of the building blocks of living organisms which are carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. The composition of carbon in the three biomolecules is relatively comparable, but carbohydrates have a higher composition of oxygen occupying about 50% of the carbohydrate molecule while proteins have higher concentrations of nitrogen due to the amino acid building blocks. The animal kingdom has the highest concentration of proteins as their building blocks while the plant kingdom is basically made up of carbohydrates. There are three main diets in the world with many other ...

Discussion Board Post.

One Reading: Margaret L. Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins Article, “Race, Gender, and Class: An Anthology. Margaret L. Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins article, “Race, Gender, Class: An Anthology, 6th Ed,” gives a clear comparison on how sex, race, and gender shapes people’s lives. To give a clear meaning to their discussion, Margaret and Collins try to attach these issues to certain controversial elements in the society. Specifically, they discuss these elements alongside issue like Muslim life in the United States of America, Incarceration, the working poor and affirmative action. The article is clearly organized into four distinct ...

A health system entails all programs, institutions, resources, procedures and personnel that are used by a country to meet the health needs of its citizens. The essence of a health system is to promote and restore the health of the population (WHO, 2014). Furthermore, an efficient health care system is always committed to the provision of quality care services to the citizens. According to Amce (2014), health systems vary from country to country. However, we have common elements like training of the physicians, robust funding, policies, health informatics and medical logistics. According to Kalisch (2014), the Australian health system ...

It is worth remembering that ethnicity is a social construct. Therefore, groups of people who actively execute their race and ethnicity, witness its influence on their health and psychological state. Some races and ethnicities had been living discriminated for so long, that they indeed have lower ambitions about their possible achievements. Lots of issues contribute to this subject, in particular, the existence of discrimination and poor access to education and employment. It has a direct influence on the standards of living, living conditions of people and their life expectancy. The most vivid example of the impact that the ethnicity ...

Healthcare ip

The developed nations or the high-income countries in the 21st century offer national and universal health care based on their health policies and laws. However, the United States of America as the superpower, on the other hand, does not have any universal health care programs to the citizens. One primary reason that explains the scenario is that the U.S. has a more expensive system of health care than the other OECD countries. The per capita expenditure that the U.S uses on health care is the highest among the OECD countries. Considering the health care expenditure of the other developed ...

The Reformation is known as the greatest movement for Christ that began in 1517 and is considered to be the revival of Biblical theology and faith in the New Testament. At that time, the church and people’s faith were challenged, and the religion itself was in decline. Indulgences, continuous abuse of power by bishops and other issues pushed people far from their religion and their faith. However, the Reformation inspired by Martin Luther led to such changes to the German society as well as to the entire world that no one could imagine. Political, social and economic order ...

HCA 302. Health Care Organization

Introduction Health care systems are essential in providing security to nation-states world-over, which goes beyond health issues; entire economies depend on such vital system for security. One only has to imagine the devastation of a population by an infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS. Despite having some similarities, health systems vary from one country to the other. Notably, nations design as well as develop their health systems in line with their needs as well as the available resources. The United States and Canada share a border, and thus there is a natural inclination to compare the two health care regimes. ...

Information:

Wasatch Front is in Utah, U.S. Intensity (Lambda) = 1 earthquake every 350 years Length (u) = life expectancy in Utah is 80 years / earthquake interval (“"Utah Life Expectancy") = 80 / 350 = 1/4.375 = 0.2286

Problem:

The problem is: What is the probability of experiencing an earthquake within the Utah lifetime of 80 years? P (x=1, u=0.2286) = e (−0.2286) * (0.2286)1 1! = 0.796 * 0.182 1 = 0.182 ("Poisson Distribution") The probability is 18.2% which means that anyone just born and would be staying in Utah would have this chance to experience a major earthquake along the Wasatch Front.

Which kinds of businesses or organizations should spend resources to prepare for an earthquake?

The first kind includes those ...

Abstract

Nurses have been responsible for providing primary health care in the modern health care system as well as all through history. Advance practice registered nurses can be certified in different roles. One of the important roles is that of a Geronotological Nursing Practitioner (GNP). Geriatric nurses have become a significant part of modern medicine as they are the primary care givers to elderly patients and it is recognized as a very critical advance practice nursing specialty. GNP’s are entrusted to manage a very critical part of patient care, and they have to be vigilant at all times to ...

Definition and reaction to video

Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in organisms where those changes are caused by modifications of gene expression and not alterations of the genetic code. The video on “PBS Nova ScienceNOW Epigenetics” from YouTube, gives the numerous ways in which epigenetics is manifest in the lives of identical twins. It uses real life cases of numerous twins from diverse ages to assert that differences that exist between identical twins especially on behaviour and mannerisms are a result of epigenetics.

Discussion of epigenetics article

The article titled “Epigenetics: The Science of change” by Bob Weinhold discusses the core issues about epigenetics and why ...

Trisomy

Chromosomes are marvelous things! They carry in their genes the entire genetic code required to build a human being. Comprised of nucleic acid (DNA) and proteins, twenty-three pairs of chromosomes located in the cell nucleus are needed for the normal development of a human embryo. However, sometimes things go wrong. This paper will discuss some of the consequences of faulty chromosome separation during fertilization, resulting in Trisomy. Trisomy is a chromosomal condition which occurs when three chromosomes, instead of the normal two are produced during cell division. This happens due to the failure of human chromosome pairs to separate ...

Introduction

The Health and Social Care Act was introduced in April 2012 as part of a series of efforts by the government to reorganise the structure of the National Health Service of England. The Act fundamentally provides autonomy to healthcare providers and abolishes the NHS primary care trusts and strategic health authorities in order to make way for clinical commissioning groups which are controlled more actively by professional practitioners. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyse the changes in the National Health Service after the introduction of the Health and Social Care Act, 2012. This will include the ...

Human overpopulation presents one of the most pressing social, political and environmental issues in the modern world, dramatically aggravating the forces behind environmental pollution, global warming, mass extinction, loss of natural habitats and overexploitation of finite natural resources. According to McKibben (34), fresh water is the most important finite natural resource with no immediate substitute for most uses. Yet, this resource is being depleted at a higher rate than is being replenished. As the human population expands, the amount of fresh water available decreases, which puts the human species at a great danger. It is estimated that by 2030, ...

How are our health perceptions shaped by cultural and society?

The determining factors of human’s health are biological, natural, socio-economic and cultural environment. In general, health conception refers to different features and contexts. In the majority of cases, being healthy implies having strong physical and mental feeling of well-being. The reflection of a healthy person depends on the territory of growing, family upbringing and economical terms. Therefore, the social and cultural patterns have a strong impact on modern health perceptions. Generally, there are both positive and negative consequences. As for advantages, nowadays, the more physically vigorous, agile and strong person is, the more respect and honor he receives. ...

Cystic fibrosis is a chronic, progressive and often deadly genetic disease that affects the body’s mucous glands. It follows that cystic fibrosis (CF) is evident in the body’s digestive and respiratory systems, particularly in children and young adults (Flume et al., 2007). In some cases, it affects the reproductive system and the sweat glands. A CF-like disease has been known over the past two centuries, but it was in 1938 that the term cystic fibrosis was first used. CF may also be considered to be an autosomal-recessive disease. Its estimated heterozygote occurrence is one for every twenty ...

Recent years have seen significant changes in the economies of both Mexico and Chile. Given this, it can be useful to examine the current economic situation in Mexico and Chile, comparing the two. While many people in the United States might tend to think of these two nations as being identical in nature because of the fact that they have Hispanic cultures and the Spanish language, there are in fact many differences. For example, Mexico since the late 1990s has been able to benefit from the existence of NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement). This has allowed it ...

Two of the most remarkable stories of growth in the past 3 decades has been the growht of China and India's economies, two countries. Their populations, when added together, make up one-third of the total population of the world. While India and China's development paths have been different, there are many similarities to their approaches. Both countries developed their private sector, deregulated laws, liberalized prices and opened their countries to foreign direct investment (Reddy 3). However, China and India have relied on different economic drivers for growth. China has focused its efforts on manufacturing and exporting goods, while much ...

Introduction

In past few years, one of the most significant developments in the world economy is the emergence of India and China as major forces in the global economy. The constant growth of these countries is expected to dominate the economy of the whole world for several decades. Both countries contribute as more than one-third of the world’s population. Since 1980, both economies have been successful in achieving remarkable poverty reduction and economic growth rate. In respect of economic growth, it seems that China and India both are similar as both of these countries have large geographies and populations. ...

Mathematical model.

In 1985, Kallen, Arcuri and Murray (377-393) presented a simple mathematical model for the spread of the rabies epidemics to approximate the minimum width of a break and enable the control of the spatial progression of rabies.

Features and assumptions of the model.

The model developed by Kallen, Arcuri and Murray (377-393) was based on a deterministic approach where the fox populations were categorized into two groups, namely infective and susceptible foxes. In this classification, the infective foxes included those with rabies virus present in their saliva while the susceptible ones included those without traces of rabies virus in their saliva. One of the assumptions ...

There is a wide accepted concept that after centuries of development, the Muslim world began to decline in the 15th century. Did it really decline? In this work I would like to illustrate the main trends of developments of the Muslim world in early 15 – early 20 century. We know that in part of the second millennium, and for five centuries later there were many Asian invasions in other regions of the world, wide expansion (Seljuk, Arab, Turkish). But then the stagnation began. Since the "golden age" of the Abbasid Empire, it has not changed territorially. And large areas ...

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Introduction

High rates of unemployment are referred to one of the biggest economic concerns in the United States. The number of unemployed people increases substantially in the periods of economic downturn. As Stater and Wenger (2013) ascertain, “the national unemployment rates averaged 9.5 and 9.0 percent in 2010 and 2011” (p. 2). The unemployment rate serves as an indicator of “a community’s socioeconomic deprivation as well as its social disintegration or disorganization” (Singh & Siahpush, 2016, p. 9). This indicator is strongly associated with income inequality as well as levels of poverty across ...

Country Economics: A Case Study of Malawi

Basic Facts and Information on Malawi Malawi, initially called Nyasaland, is a landlocked sub-Saharan developing country located in the South Eastern part of the Continental Africa, bordering Tanzania to the northeast, Mozambique to the east and Zambia to the northwest with a capital at Lilongwe. It is primarily an agricultural country but this is mainly done on small scale basis and, coupled with its warm and hot climate, it is considered as among the least developed and poorest countries in the world according to the latest World Bank and IMF figures (Chin, 2010). Moreover, with a population density of ...

Abstract

This paper is about the investigation of Parkinson’s disease, and in particular is involved with the examination of its symptoms, stages, causes, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment, and social impacts. Finally, the paper analyzes and evaluates two ongoing on Parkinson’s disease researches, which are also examined in respect to their impact on Parkinson’s disease patients. Key words: Parkinson disease, Parkinson disease causes and impacts, Parkinson disease symptoms and prevalence, Parkinson disease diagnosis, and Parkinson disease ongoing research.

Idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressively evolving disease with main manifestations resting tremor, muscle stiffness, slow movement and loss ...

Healthcare system is the core and the key element of all societies that exist today, as improvement and maintenance of health is the inevitable process to ensure the society’s survival. Without preventing illnesses and curing diseases, societies would disappear because there would no society members able to maintain functioning of this society. Functionalism is a sociological theory that can be used to explain how society survives and remains stable with help of the healthcare system. According to the functionalist perspective, each part of the society contributes to its stability, and without this system, there would be a threat ...

1. Introduction The health care expenditures in the United States are one of the highest among the developed countries. The studies and researches done on the topic of growing expenditures are showing the need to change the health care expenditures by introducing new policies in order to keep the health care system sustainable in the future. With the ageing population and the Medicare and Medicaid health programs the expenditures are rising and are predicted to grow beyond the governmental budget capabilities in the near future. The paper will examine the reasons for the high costs of the health care ...

Hypothesis statement

There are many ailments that are often associated with old age. Reduced immunity and other factors lead to the susceptibility to diseases at old age because of increased risk factors. One of the most ailments in people of advanced age is Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia which is a term that denotes sets of symptoms that causes problems in intellectual abilities coupled with memory loss, language, thinking and disorientation, lack of motivation, mood swings, and problem-solving abilities. In some cases, some behavioral issues can be observed in a person who is reporting symptoms ...

Values of Life

Our values are important in our daily life and work. It is our believe that these values help in day to day activities. If the values in our life match our behavior in daily life then we are content and satisfied with our life. Economic value measures the benefit that is provided by a good or service to any person or an economic agent. Defining one's personal values is a tough proposition as we are confused about what we want and what we do. Our personal values helps us to identify what is good for us, the values that ...

Abstract

The twenty first century has witnessed impressive advances in science and medicine, resulting in increased life expectancy. Unfortunately there has also been a dramatic increase in degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cancer. These development have brought the issue of euthanasia to center stage. The following essay attempts a careful examination of the issue, looking at the arguments opponents and supporters have put forward. Among the issues examined is the right to choose how one dies in accordance with the principles of autonomy and beneficence. It is argued that the practice of euthanasia only benefits the very few individuals ...

Abstract

In a social-norm breaking situation, an audience member at a charity event for sufferers of Cystic Fibrosis and their families expresses an unpopular opinion. Cystic Fibrosis, or CF, is an inherited disease that is generally passed down from recessive carriers (who don’t have the disease themselves) to their children. It affects the secretory glands, causing mucus to build up in the various parts of the body. The condition causes early death in most sufferers, and the average life expectancy of people with CF is less than forty years (“What is Cystic Fibrosis?” 2013). The norm-breaker’s opinion does ...

Abstract

The conducted research is aimed at indicating the impact of the healthy food on life of individuals. In order to attain the relevant data with highest level of accuracy the resources written by well-known scientists were used. The up-to-date methods of analysis were applied for the purposes of the study. Basically the research is based on comparing the different visions concerning the thesis stated and evaluating the role of some ideas in making final conclusions. As the result of this study the influence of healthy food was defined. The strong interconnection between the consumed products and the quality of ...

Abstract

The essay looks at the social problem of racism in society. Racial and ethnic minorities are seen a poorer quality of health care as compared to the White non-minorities. Although the sources of these disparities are complex, they are rooted in historic inequities. Racism in health care industry involves many participants and at different levels, such as the healthcare systems, healthcare professionals, and the patients. Stereotyping, biases and uncertainty contribute to disparities in the treatments provided. Minorities experience a range of barriers when accessing health care. The purpose of the essay is to study the social problem and what ...

Critically Discuss Whether Life Insurance Should Be Perceived as a Luxury or Need In The Context of the Evolving Dependency Dynamic of the Modern Family.

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine the primary purpose of life insurance as a financial product and to analyze what are the advantages and disadvantages of having life insurance. Some recent statistics were used to create a framework of why and how many people purchase this product and what are the determinants which influence their decisions. When discussing whether life insurance is a necessity or a luxury, the price is the important ...

Human Development is the concept of enhancing the experience of human existence in terms of several factors that affect the lives of humans. Different people have different interests, needs, strengths, weaknesses, and capabilities. Thus, human development is not just about creating multiple avenues for humans to develop their lives, but also to make these avenues for development very accessible to any human being. Human Development emphasizes that good economic status is very important but is simply a means to a much more important end—the wellbeing of humans. The goal of human development is to make every human being ...

Countries around the world are classified into three broad categories purposely for analytic use. The grouping of these countries is intended to reflect the status of their economic conditions. The countries are grouped as advanced economies, developing economies and least developed according to some criteria. In most cases the countries are grouped basing on their Gross National Income per capita per year. A country is said to be a developing country if her Gross National Income stands at US$ 11900 or less. A developing country is said to be still undergoing industrialization and has low human development index. A ...

Essay

Abstract Researchers have long been exploring the various factors that affect the health condition of individuals and/or groups. They have reported the key factors that seemingly determine health outcomes for vulnerable populations, namely, socioeconomic status (e.g. income, education, and occupation), cultural practices, and social services (e.g. housing, medical care). These so-called social determinants of health largely contribute to health disparities. Health policy has also been reported to significantly influence the health condition of vulnerable population. For instance, in the U.S., health policy is more focused on 'cure' than 'prevention', which, in consequence, channels bulk of the resources toward clinical ...

The recipe for Greek mussaka and good advices I received from my neighbor who originates from Greece. Mussaka is a main course dish that is prepared in all countries of the Balkan Peninsula and is considered as a national meal in every one of them. The difference is in the meat and some people, according to taste add two egg yolks in the bechamel sauce and change the bottom or both layers with potatoes. The word béchamel has a French origin and it came much later with many other words as names to the similar things, prepared in ...

Death in early twentieth century

Causes-In the beginning of the twentieth century, the most common causes of death were infectious diseases. These were the likes of pneumonia, influenza, and tuberculosis. Most treatments at the time were not very effective. In the event of severe attacks on individuals, they took a massive toll on health and often led to death. Other diseases included gastrointestinal infections such as diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera. At that time, most people did not maintain proper hygienic standards. Though most were aware, they at times ignored them or never took them seriously. Nevertheless, these diseases were not very fatal and could ...

Introduction

Old age marks the end of the human life cycle and involves surpassing or nearing the set life expectancy of people. Most states have set the life expectancy of persons to be between 60 and 65 years, and this marks the termination of many life cycles. At this particular stage, we have reduced regenerative abilities as opposed to young people. Our bodies have the capacity to dispose and destroy worn out cells at a faster rate, but this is not the case in the old age where all life processes have ultimately slowed down. Bronfenbrenner, suggests that our environment ...

Introduction

The market of medical services is a segment of the services market. Services market supports economic growth and development through the creation of a competitive economy, new jobs, enhancing universal access to essential services and stimulating trade. Services sectors form the backbone of an integrated and efficient economy at the national, regional and global levels. Health care is a component of the structure of social life of the community, the primary aim of which is health saving and promotion. However, the fact that the current Russian health care system does not provide sufficient public health care guarantees, its accessibility ...

Delivery date

ABSTRAC Developing countries are those countries which have not yet attained economic stability. Most of them thrive on debts and donations from other nations. They rely a lot on what others have to offer them in addition to the little they can produce using their natural resources. Such countries export primary products. They are yet to industrialize so that they can process their products and sell them to other nations as finished products. Developed countries take advantage of the developing countries. They buy their raw products at lower prices, process them, and then sell them back to these nations ...

Epigenetics is the process of studying cellular and physiological phenotypic characters within the field of genetics. The study falls within the subject of genetics and the phenotypic differences which are affected by the peripheral environmental matters. These factors are notorious for switching genes on and off and also affect the way in which genes are read by the cells. Therefore, Epigenetics is the study that seeks to establish the dynamics alterations in the transcriptional potential of the cell. The alternations in this case, may or may not be heritable, even though it is controversial to use the term epigenetics ...

Philosophy and Ethics

Research and development are meant to make human lives better, they are driven by human nature of striving to make the best of available resources. Many governments in developing nations as well as in developed ones invest heavily in research methodologies. A number of drivers of most research and development are mostly related to patent protection and the exclusivity of the research rights. Patent rights need improvement from time to time. This improvement results to changes and thus more and more research being carried out. Additionally, human capital and industry structure facilitate the drive to invest more in R&D. ...

Analysis of the Book "The Medicalization of Society" By Peter Conrad

The Main Author's Arguments Peter Conrad, the author of the book "The Medicalization of Society," conducts a study of the most common problems of the modern society, which essence and nature have changed and obtained a medical character over the past 10-20 years. In other words, the author examines the social problems that have become the diagnoses at the beginning of the 21st century, though they were not related to medicine even a decade ago. At the very beginning of the book, Conrad emphasizes the investigated phenomenon, claiming that his analysis is connected only with the social connotations of ...

Health Care in Russia vs Health Care in the U.S.

According to the Institute of Medicine of National Academy of Sciences, the United States of America is a single developed industrial country that does not have universal health care. Instead there is a powerful health insurance system, partially funded by government through national programs. As a result 45% of total health care expenditures are spent on these programs (Sultz and Young 154). Unlike the U.S., Russian Federation has free universal medicine, and state constitution guarantees each citizen free health care services. Numerous debates rise regarding both American and Russian health care systems, their availability, effectiveness and expenditures. Each of the systems has ...

Introduction According to Erik Erikson’s theory, youth is a time of self discovery (Alice and Landale 2011). A young person attempts to seek individual identity which is separate from family. During this period, the youth tend to think in terms of establishing a life philosophy which is free from conflict. This is in contrast to the reality, which is laden with conflict. In this process of self discovery, the youth tend to be rash and ignorant and in a sense consider themselves ‘immortal gods’. This can be illustrated by the carefree attitude they adopt (Hunt et al., 2009). Many ...