Essays on Lipid

A total of 57 million deaths were reported worldwide in 2008, and the majority of those deaths were caused by either non-cardiovascular diseases (36 million; 63%) or cardiovascular diseases (17.3 million; 30%) according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011). The highest mortality rates are associated with ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, which account for 45% and 29% of the cardiovascular-related deaths in men and 37% and 33% of cardiovascular-related deaths in women, respectively (see Figure 1). Ischemic heart disease is considered the most common cardiovascular cause of death as it accounts for 7.6 million deaths worldwide (Institute ...

Percentage of fat the athlete’s diet

Fat is a fundamental source of energy for the body. Importantly, fat provides approximately nine calories per gram which makes it a dense macronutrient. In strenuous athletic activities that last for about 6 hours, fats can offer about 60 to 70 percent of the energy required (Clifford & Maloney, 2011). Fats consumption in a diet of an athlete should be less than 30% of calories. Since athletes need a lot of energy, it is good to retain their fat intake at sufficient levels. However, depending on the activity, the athlete can decide to keep their fat intake at a minimum ...

Yoga, A holistic approach to chronic health condition: A review of literature

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of leading causes of mortality and morbidity around the globe with its clinical presence affecting the economics of most developed nations. Hypertension, chronic low back pain, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and depression are all lifestyle related health conditions which can be easily prevented. Based on current evidence, chronic psychological stress is associated with glucose intolerance, hypertension, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidaemia which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Bali. 2013). Based on recent evaluation on complimentary and alternate treatments that are associated with the psychosocial factors of chronic disease such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. ...

Introduction

In recent decades, trends in diets tailored to promote weight loss have resulted in a significant increase in the intake of protein, particular in people with overweight and obesity issues. Accordingly, researchers have questioned the benefits or risks linked to the habitual consumption of “dietary protein in excess of recommended intakes” (Martin et al., 2005). In general, the primary concern has involved the possibility that diets rich in protein may increase hyperfiltration and, hence, exacerbate renal damage. Nevertheless, the potential link between protein-rich diets and renal damage has also been questioned due to an absence of adequate clinical evidence. ...

M.K is a female, 45 years old with 5.5” height and 225 lbs. weight and has a history of smoking for 22 years and poor diet. The history of Type II diabetes mellitus and primary hypertension is also observed with the recent diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. She has been observed with chronic cough with sputum, light headedness, excessive peripheral edema, distended neck veins and increased urination during the night. She has been using the medications comprising of Lotensin and Lasix to treat hypertension and Glucophage for diabetes mellitus.

Vitals and Lab Results

The patient is observed chronic cough with sputum and the cough ...

Diabetes in its generality is a condition that is associated with elevated blood sugar levels. When these elevations persist, the patient may experience cases of disturbance of other body systems and leading to poor functionality and ultimately a chronic condition that affects their quality of life. Type-2 diabetes (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes whose impact on the health of populations has significantly been documented (Murrock, Taylor & Marino, 2013). Apparently, among the documented aspects of health disparities, T2DM is noted as one of the biggest health challenges for African Americans. The prevalence is even higher among women ...

The terms ‘body building blocks’ refers to those categories of food whose intake in the diet helps the body to build more muscle tissues and hence also help the body to grow. The main body building blocks in the human diet are the amino acids and proteins. The proteins are made up, in addition to oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen, of tiny units known as amino acids that assist the body to regenerate itself. They also help the body to repair damaged tissues besides helping in growth of essential body tissues that are important in helping the body fight ...

Juvaris BioTherapeutics   

Today in the world we have many new forms of diseases. Cancer is the most dangerous and insidious scourge. To treat cancer we should spend plenty of time and money and there is a great field of work. Juvaris BioTherapeutics, Inc. is a company, located in Pleasanton, California, which develops novel, adjuvanted vaccines and immunotherapeutics to treat infectious disease and cancer and helps both human and animals. Company was registered in 2001 with total amount of employees approximately 50 persons. It provides JVRS-100, a cationic lipid-DNA complex and adjuvant that improves the efficiency of present vaccines, as well as ...

1. a. The pKa value of an amino acid is an indication of how strong or weak an amino acid is, based on the said acid’s dissociation constant. An amino acid that has a high pKa value is weaker than on that has a low pka value. Given that an acid’s dissociation constant is Ka, the pKa value is given by the formula: pKa = -log10Ka pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]),It follows that for Cys12, 7.4= 7.2 + log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 7.4-7.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 0.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 100.2= Cys-/HCys Therefore, Cys-/HCys = 10-4Similarly, ...

The article, One in Three Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease is Preventable, by Dr. Mercola, is an eye opener for all those who take health for granted (Mercola, 2016). Noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and allergies, affect a significant number of Americans. The number of people succumbing to non-communicable diseases are more than those who succumb to communicable diseases. The most unfortunate part of the story is that, a majority of these non -communicable diseases are preventable. A person’s lifestyle can invite or repel these diseases. When we look at the trend of diseases that affected mankind over ...

The goal of every nurse practitioner is to work with the patients in achieving healing and good health. In this process, the nurse makes a number of decisions. For these decisions to be successful in providing the expected outcome, nurses are expected to base their decisions on well validated scientific evidences. This is called evidence based practice. It is important to know where one is getting with once decisions and this is the fundamental for evidence based practice. This will ensure that the clinical practice is based on the foundation of strong scientific knowledge. Likewise, diabetes specific evidence based ...

Lipid soluble hormones have a steroid structure. They are insoluble in blood plasma hence they travel via the bloodstream, attached to water soluble proteins. On reaching the destined cell, through diffusion, they act on the cell’s internal receptors (Cefalu, & Pardridge, 2014)). An example of such is the androgen hormone, produced by the males’ testes for the stimulation of sperm production and development, and maintenance of their sexual behavior and characteristics. Water soluble hormones, on the other hand, have a peptide and amino acid-based structure. They are water soluble and freely travel in the bloodstream. However, they are unable ...

Lipids and protein play an important role in one’s diet. Protein is used to maintain and improve the structural integrity of the body, especially the muscles, bones, and the soft and connective tissues. The current diet plan includes eggs, tuna, bananas, and almonds as the main source. For lipid, eggs contain a healthy level of fat, specifically the egg yolks. The white part of the egg contains a healthy level of protein, making it an excellent source of protein and fat. Carbohydrates plan an important role in energy regulation. The current diet plan’s main source of carbohydrate ...

The patient presented in this case suffers from metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of health problems that is associated with the presence of obesity and tissues resistance to insulin. The metabolic syndrome is a condition that causes a myriad of problems in the body such that the body becomes incapable of maintaining the circulation of the useful energy molecules such as glucose and lipids in the right quantities in the bloodstream (Huang, 2009). Other associated disorders of metabolic syndrome include high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. The lipid problem is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides and ...

Gene Typing Tay-Sachs

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited metabolic disease of lysosomal lipid metabolism, and it is caused by the mutation of genes encoding the HEXB gene. It is a very severe genetic disorder which occurs in children in most cases and results in progressive destruction of the nervous system of the affected individual (Walker, 2007). The factors that cause the occurrence of the diseases is the absence of the hexosaminidase-A (HEX-A) enzyme that is very critical to have in the human genetic system. The lack of the HEX-A enzyme causes the accumulation of a fatty substance known as GM2 ganglioside in ...

Metabolic Changes

Connections between microorganisms in a person’s gut and the onset of obesity among other metabolic conditions are getting clearer with advanced research work. However, owing to the complexity of the microbiome, the connections are just beginning to be appreciated. However, proportional research work involving mice suggests that there is an influence of gut microbiota on the metabolism of a host. Extensive gut microbiota modulation of host systemic metabolic pathways including SCFAs, tryptophan, and tyrosine metabolism has been shown by metabolomics studies. Metabolic regulation is one of the functions of the metabolites in the gut due to its nutrient-rich ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

Healthy behaviors play a key role in daily life. Yet, certain unhygienic practices tend to interfere with the health and induce a risk to the overall life. These practices could be high-fat diet, alcohol, and smoking. There is a need to know much about these. In such context, the present description deals with a topic “ What will kill you first, a smoking, a high-fat diet or alcohol?”.

Health -related risk factors:

A risk factor is any quality, trademark or presentation of a person that improves the probability of building up an ailment or damage. A few illustrations of the more vital danger elements ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} A cell is a form of the miniature factory that encloses a distinct chemical system that is involved in structural maintenance, homeostasis, energy generation and reproduction. Every organism is made of these structural living units. The cell divides and produces more cells and assists in the growth of the organism. There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing the genetic material. The Eukaryotic cells can be divided into three main parts, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus (Cooper & ...

Since the introduction of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), the health prospect for the HIV-infected population has evolved considerably. The application of ART has led to a significant reduction in the rate of mortality for this group of people (Chastain et al., 2015). However, the number of deaths resulting from non-HIV-related diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), hepatic disease, and cancer has taken the opposite turn. This paper evaluates the association between CVD and the administration of ART among HIV patients. A study in this area may be helpful in reducing the occurrence of CVD in the HIV-infected population. A prompt detection ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} All drug delivery systems (DDS) use the nanostructures as drug containers. There are various types of these nanocontainers such as polymeric liposomal nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures, magnetic nanoparticles and polymeric micelles (Singh and Lillard, 2009; Zarogoulidis et al., 2012). The mode of action of these nanostructures on the target site and the molecular proceedings occurring during this process provides a mechanistic foundation for drug discovery against cancerous developments. The several considerable points that an anti-cancer agent should have are targeted delivery to the impacted cells, least activity loss, ...

The foods that provided carbohydrates in my recorded daily intake included whole grain meal, cheese, yogurt, lettuce, and grapes. Some of these foods, particularly yogurt, meat and cheese, also provided me with lipids. In the intake record, there were also foods that provided me with carbohydrates. These included beef, turkey, beans, and chicken. I can say that the recorded carbohydrate, protein, and lipid intakes were sufficiently above the recommendations of the dietary reference intake. Given the extreme limits, I will suggest that I should remove beef and all the parts of the chicken food item that have excessive fats. ...

Test

Question 1

Body weight Family history Inactivity Race The AIC test should be done using a method that is certified by National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program. Question 2 The standard diagnostic criteria for T2DM are the following: AIC≥6.5 FPG≥126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L) Two hour PG≥200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L) Presence of classic symptoms of hyperglycemia of hyperglycemic crisis (a random plasma glucose ≥200mg/dL or 11.1 mmol/L) Adane’s medical record contains AIC=6.9 and random plasma glucose: 171mg/dL.

Question 3

The mechanism of insulin resistance includes the defects of primary target cells, genetic defects of primary target cells, accelerated insulin degradation, autoantibodies to insulin, a ...

Assignment 2 Research Essay

Draft 2 The Fast Food Industry SUNGD1403 2016/3/10 Abstract The rapid development of world economies has been characterized by skyrocketing trend in consumption of fast foods. The causative variable for the surge in consumption of the said food is largely the need for instant gratification by most contemporary diners coupled with convenience, speed and ease of access associated with fast food industry which complements the need for most workers to save on time. Additionally, the paper looks into cross-sectional studies with regard to the existence of a causative correlation between the increase in the trend in consumption of fast ...

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, which affects the central nervous system. It was first described as a separate disease in 1868 by Jean-Martin Charcot (Compston and Coles, 2008). The average prevalence of the disease globally is 30 people from 100000 (Milo and Kahana, 2010). However, the incidence of multiple sclerosis varies greatly depending geography. While in the African countries it happens comparatively rarely, its frequency is increasing consistently in Asia and America. In Europe, multiple sclerosis happens with the highest rate in the world. There are four clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (Compston and Coles, 2008). Relapsing-remitting MS ...

The antibiotic that the articles are discussing is the Teixobactin. It took three decades before a new antibiotic was discovered. There are several challenges faced by medical personnel in treating infections. One of these is that 99 percent of bacteria do not grow inside the laboratory conditions. Since most antibiotics grow in soil, there is a need to create a “subterranean hotel” inside the laboratory. Another challenge faced by medical personnel in treating infections is that some microbes have become resistant to almost all medicines. Furthermore, before an antibiotic is considered effective, it should first be tested on humans. ...

PHYSICAL EXAM:

You will be expected to write up your response as follows: List of Differential Diagnoses [rank ordered] A. Congestive Heart Failure B. Angina C. Hypercholesterolemia D. Myocardial Infarction

E. Diabetes Mellitus

F. with Grade II diastolic heart failure.

G. Hypertriglyceridemia

H. GERD I.

J. Hypertension

Leading hypothesis : Congestive Heart Failure Active Alternative hypotheses Must not miss diagnoses [critical rule outs] Congestive Heart Failure Angina Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercholesterolemia Most common diagnoses [reasonable alternatives] GERD Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Presumptive Diagnosis [assumption] Congestive Heart Failure

Treatment Plan

Non-pharmacologic / lifestyle interventions (provide rationale) • Modify Diet. - Advance to a low-sodium, low-cholesterol, low-fat, solid diet as tolerated R: to minimize metabolic demands ...

In Vitro Models of Skin for Topical and Systemic Drug Delivery Applications

The drug delivery is a significant process in medicine development. The development of topical or systemic drugs requires models that present the mechanism of the drug activity. Topical delivery of medicine has a long story of application. The advantages for the topical delivery are as follow: self-administration and simplicity of application, absence of side effects, high surface area for drugs absorption. However, the method has recently been recognized as far less efficient than the systemic drug delivery (oral or injectable) (Kulkarni, 2009). The paper presents advances in understanding the drug delivery using in-vitro models.

Topical Drug Delivery Models

The artificial in-vitro models are ...

INTRODUCTION

The 6-month infant presents to the clinic with splenomegaly and lipemic samples at birth . Screening of complete blood count at birth was ordered, but could not be conducted, owing to the lipemic nature of samples. Subsequently, the patient was referred to a pediatric gastroenterologist, who examined the baby to be oversized with weight in 99th percentile, 81st percentile for height and 70th percentile for head circumference, and body mass index (BMI) in the 99th percentile. He exhibited multiple lipomas on one ear lobe, in the right eye, neck and abdomen. Abdominal examination presented a soft, nontender abdomen with splenomegaly ...

Introduction

There is a rapid growth in nanotechnology in the medicine sector that will bring advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The expected applications in medicine include the drug delivery methods both in vivo and vitro diagnostics. The appropriate mechanism of drug deliver is by use of nanotechnology. This technology is viewed as the use of nanometer scale complex systems ranging from 10-1000nm. The whole system does the prevention, treatment, and diagnosing diseases. (Badrealam, and Owais, 2015). Below are some of the methods that are used in the delivery of drugs for the treatment of various body organs. ...

Abstract

The prodrug design is an efficient and powerful method that can be practised in a wide range of parent drug compounds, administration routes and preparations. Its main goal is to overcome the drawbacks of regular drug compounds by effectively targeting the drug's particular site of action for improved therapy. This assignment seeks mainly to depict the different classifications of prodrugs and the role these play in drug design through the use of several examples. A brief description highlighting the modern aspects of prodrug design is also covered here.

Introduction:

Prodrugs are inactive forms of drug compounds that undergo chemical or ...

Apart from increasing bone mineral density, decreasing bone loss, and reducing osteoporosis risk, calcium also confers protection against colorectal cancers, reduces cardiovascular disease risk, and improves management of body weight (Office of Dietary Supplements, 2016). Epidemiological studies have shown that in individuals consuming 700 to 1200 milligrams of calcium per day, colon cancer risk was reduced by 31 to 45 percent as compared to those with lower daily calcium intake. Randomized clinical experiments have also demonstrated that in subjects taking 1200 to 2000 milligrams of elemental calcium per day, the risk of adenomas, which are precursors of colorectal tumors, ...

Ischemic Heart Disease in Older Adults

Ischemic Heart Disease in Older Adults Older patients frequently suffer from ischemic heart disease either in isolation or in combination with other processes (Butler, 20120). As a common clinical syndrome, heart failure is the result of impaired cardiac functioning of the action of pumping the blood through the body. Signs and symptoms of ischemic heart disease include fatigue and an inability to tolerate exercise and edema of the abdomen, legs, ankles, and feet. Although heart disease has a poor rate of survival, early diagnosis and treatment may improve life expectancy. The goal of nursing intervention is to extend life ...

Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia

Introduction

Patients diagnosed with hyperlipidemia have inherited or developed elevated fat or lipid levels in their blood. The condition increases the patient’s risk of blood vessel disease leading to stroke as well as heart disease. Patient Lori is a 44-year-old Caucasian female and during her well-woman-exam voiced no medical complaints. Lori is a telephone operator for a busy law firm. Her Vital signs: BP 128/84; wt; 133 lbs; Ht 64 inches; eyes have yellow-orange raised lesions on eyelids; remainder of exam is unremarkable.

Literature Review

According to Rosenson (2015), Nelson (2012), Chanoine (2008), Jones et al (2013), Bays et al ( ...

General features of melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone, which is thought to play an important role in daily processes of humans’ lives, being secreted by the pineal gland, which is an endocrine gland, located in the middle of the brain. After its discovery the first function (which later gave the name to this hormone) was the ability of this hormone to lighten one’s skin color. This experiment was conducted on frogs, however even nowadays everybody knows that our sunbathing results in suntan due to activity of melatonin. This is a so-called skin-darkening effect of melatonin. First discoveries of this hormone were done ...

Many people suffer from hypertension unawares because, it is a public health problem with no apparent symptoms. Also known as high blood pressure, hypertension is an enduring medical ailment whereby the blood pressure in the arteries is raised. When the blood flows through the arteries, it pushes against the artery walls with a lot of pressure causing a rise in the blood pressure. Hypertension can either be primary or secondary hypertension whereby primary hypertension has no fundamental causes while secondary hypertension has discernible causes. Hypertension is more predominant in men than in women and in people over the age ...

Diabetes is a burning issue all over the world. World health organization has shown concerns on the prevalence and incidents of diabetes. In USA, 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population; diagnosed or undiagnosed have diabetes. (CDC, 2012). As per National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011 215, 000 people in USA have type-I or type-II diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a disease penetrating all age groups. Treatment of diabetes has a few advancement in the recent past. Apart from general oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable insulin there are islet transplantation surgeries also available for diabetes. There is a wide scope of treatment of diabetes ...

The Major Anatomical regions, landmarks, directions and cavities of the liver

The liver is considered as the heart of the digestive system. In humans, the liver is present in the upper right quadrant pf the abdominal cavity. The liver lies below the diaphragm. The gallbladder is covered by the liver to some extent. It is a vital organ that plays an important role in the production of chemicals for digestion in humans. The liver is divided in to two lobes, the left and the right lobe respectively. The two lobes are separated by the imaginary plan called the Cantlie's line. The liver is connected by two large blood vessels, the portal ...

Q. 1. Explain how gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography) separates molecules on the basis of their mass/size.

A. In gel filtration, porous beads are packed into a column. The pores are of different size. The column is then packed with a buffer solution. This buffer solution is present inside the beads as well as around it. When molecules of different size pass through the columns, the smaller molecules pass through the pores and take a longer path. The larger molecules, however, travel around the beads. Thus, larger molecules travel faster than the ...

Human digestive system is distinctively different from herbivores and carnivores. Herbivores normally have longer digestive system compared to human and herbivores have digestive anatomy and bacteria symbiosis that allow them to digest cellulose from plant materials. Cellulose digestion in herbivores is assisted by bacteria in the rumen (partitioned stomach) or in the cecum (hindgut fermentation) in the case of cows and horses respectively. Carnivores have shorter digestive system compared to human, as carnivore’s nutrition comes from meat that can readily be broken down by enzymes into protein and amino acids.

Human is categorized as omnivore, and human ...

Definition of Some Terms

- Resting membrane potential: term denoting that Em is about -70mV - Depolarization: reversal of Em due to influx of sodium ions - Sodium (Na+): major extracellular cation - Threshold: minimal stimulus needed to cause an AP - Absolute refractory period: cell membrane insensitive to stimuli. - Potassium (K+): major intracellular cation

Answers to Questions

Describe a synapse, and include definitions of the pre- and post- synaptic neurons. A synapse is an anatomically specialized junction between two neurons, and it is where one neuron alters the activity of another. A presynaptic neuron conducts signals toward a ...

Lipids insolubility in water is general. Lipids structure has great number of variety. There are two types of fatty acids naturally, may be saturated or unsaturated. Unsaturated acids have lesser melting point than saturated ones. There are two polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic and linoleic, their absence in the human diet has been associated with health problems so they designated essential. Their absence can cause scaly skin, increased dehydration and stunted growth.

Lipids and oxidation of carbohydrates provide all needed energy to the human body. Lipids are primarily energy reserves and carbohydrates are readily available source of energy. Lipids have ...

Section 6

According to Silberstein and Joyce, avocado oil is the best oil for cooking because it has the highest smoke point, which means it does not develop unhealthy toxins at high temperatures (“Oils and Butter”). However, they fail to mention that avocado oil is stable at high temperatures only when it is refined while virgin oils usually have a smoke point lower than 400°F (Eyres, Sherpa, and Hendriks 87). With that in mind, I doubt I would make a transition to the recommended oils because even though refining those oils filters some impurities, a lot of nutrients are lost in the ...

1) What is the pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system? 

The pharmacodynamics effect of angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibitors (ACEI'S) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB'S) in reference to the cardiovascular system is based on its overall function of inhibiting the function of angiotensin II and aldosterone hormone production (Woo & Wynne 12). These drugs are purposely used to control high blood pressure, and they tend to act on the renin angiotensin aldosterone system to lower blood pressure. The mechanism of action ARBs is quite different from ACE inhibitors which act by inhibiting the formation of angiotensin II, which increases blood pressure by stimulating smooth muscles and water retention ...

Multiple sclerosis, which is abbreviated MS, is an inflammatory disease that involves the damage of the fatty myelin sheath surrounding brain axons, as well as the spinal cord. The damage results to the demyelination of the axon scarring including a wide range of symptoms. The disease is also referred to as encephalomyelitis disseminate or disseminated sclerosis (Compston and Coles). The first instance of the disease was reported by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1868. The onset of the disease is mainly seen young adults and is mainly common in women. MS has a prevalence of between 2 to 150 people in a population of ...

Discrimination on the basis of age is termed as ageism. Ageism has been prevalent for a long time in the western society as well as other societies; elderly are commonly being perceived as people of low value (Bowling, 2007). They are also considered to be a significant economic burden to the society; and is often perceived that any medical treatment would not bring much benefits to the elderly individual; and will be of a shorter duration; and that they have already had a ‘fair innings’ in life (Bowling, 2007).

Ageism is one reason why the elderly adults perceive themselves as stressed. Such ...

Energy Storage inform of Lipids

Lipids are a class of natural compounds that are hydrophobic in nature and consist of ketoacyl and isoprene groups. They include sterols, waxes, fats, glycerides, phospholids and fat soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, E and K. Lipids are structural compounds being components of the cell wall but also serve in energy storage and signaling. The signaling function of lipids results from their use in nerve cell axons and as bases for hormones. After digestion and absorption lipids are carried as lipoproteins by blood to the liver which regulates lipid levels in blood. Excess lipids are converted to adipose tissue ...

1. Introduction

Taste is a chemical reaction from sensory response of four main taste perceptions sweet, bitter, sour and salt. In the pharmaceutical industry oral administration is the most popular method of drug delivery and most of the drugs elicit bitter taste. Taste is an important factor in determining the drug palatability which in turn is vital in ensuring the consumers compliance in taking the drug and hence effective chemotherapy. In addition, in the ever competitive market, organoleptic properties (test, mouth feel and smell) are vital factors in marketing of drugs. Thus taste masking technology is an important factor in ensuring high ...

Aim: To measure the partition coefficient values of sulphamidine and acetylsulphamidine present in water/octanol solution at different pH.

Abstract: After measuring the pH of the buffer solution, two lots of eight bottles were prepared. 5ml of drug and 5 ml of buffer solution were added to each bottle and shaken for 30 minutes. Absorbance was then of the solutions in the bottles was then determined. Introduction: Partition coefficient gives a measure of how a substance distributes in two different phase at equilibrium. Partition coefficient is utile in estimating the distribution of the drug within the body. There are two types ...

Clinical Presentation of CKD

According to the National Kidney Foundation, chronic kidney disease refers to the structural and functional abnormalities of kidneys over a period of three months demonstrated by either the damage of kidneys or Glomerular filtration rate lesser than 60mL per minute per 1.73 meter square . The clinical presentation of CKD is difficult to detect due to the uncommon symptoms in patients with GFR greater than 35 percent. However, when the percentage of GFR is less than 35 percent, a variety of complications associate with the disorder, such as hematologic, metabolic, psychiatric and cardiovascular issues occur . In such situations, clinical presentation depends on ...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of appetite, fever, ...

Introduction

Irritant contact dermatitis results from the exposure of the skin to irritants. The function of the skin is to protect an individual from dehydration, irradiation, mechanical trauma and direct exposure to harmful sensitizing irritant chemicals (Johansen, Frosch and Lepoittevin, 2010). Perturbation of the skin barrier may lead to development of irritant contact dermatitis. Jack’s line of work, which deals with using abrasive solvents and chemical are a cause of the irritation he is experiencing. A small perturbation of the skin might have resulted to an entry of an irritant, which further impaired the skin causing an increase in irritation ...

Influence of Coffee on Exercise

Caffeine is a pharmacologically active substance that is consumed extensively around the world today. Various dietary sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, chocolate, carbonated drinks and energy beverages (Goldstein et al., “International society” 2010). Among these dietary sources, coffee is the most significant and widely consumed source of caffeine around the world in the present times. Statistics from North America and Europe show that around 90% of the adults consider themselves as regular coffee drinkers and their average caffeine intake adds up to approximately 200mg per day (Pesta et al., 2013). Chemically, caffeine is 1, 3, 7,-trimethylxanthine i.e. ...

Introduction

Allergy is an immune system disorder. Allergy or allergic reaction is a hypersensitivity to otherwise innocuous substances present in the environment. The allergic reaction is usually a rapid response; however, the sensitivity to certain allergens can be acquired over a period. It was previously called the type one hypersensitivity. It is characterized by an over activation of leucocytes, called the mast cells and the basophils following activation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (Frigas, Gleich 1986). This activation of the basophiles and mast cells triggers an inflammatory response.

Pathophysiology of the allergic response

The type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is initiated when an allergen is introduced to the atopic individual, ...

Lipids are a group of structurally diverse hydrophobic compounds that are not very soluble in water. Cholesterol is a common lipid that can be obtained from the diet and is synthesized in most cells of the human body. It is a component of cell membranes, maintains membrane fluidity, and acts as the precursor of other important biological compounds such as steroid hormones and bile salts (Smith, Marks, and Lieberman 54, 163). High concentrations of cholesterol in the blood can cause accumulation of fatty deposits on arterial walls that can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are associated with heart ...

Membrane transport refers to the mechanisms by which ions and other small molecules move across the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane allows the passage of certain molecules down their concentration gradient. This passage depends on the charge, size and polarity of the molecule. Non-polar molecules and small polar molecules diffuse easily across the cell membrane by the process of simple diffusion. However, it becomes difficult for charged polar molecules to enter the cell even though the concentration of the ion is more outside the cell when compared to the cytosol. At ...

Introduction

Composition of Dietary Fiber Dietary fiber is an essential component in nutrition and health (Mora et al., 2013; Klosterbuer, Roughead, & Slavin, 2011). Thus, the present study will explore the effect of particle size and source of fiber on the level of cholesterol in the human digestion system. Primarily, dietary fiber is a constituent of plant foods and includes materials that have diverse morphological and chemical structure. Such materials resist enzymatic action in the human digestion system (Dhingra et al. 2012). In the gastrointestinal tracts, the dietary fiber forms a matrix that has both amorphous and fibrous characteristics. The matrix’s ...

Introduction 3

Definition and background 3 Structure and properties of Artemisinin 4 Structure 4 Properties of Artemisinin 5 Synthesis of artemisinin 5 Activation of artemisinin 7 Mechanism of Artemisinin action in the body 8 Side effect 10 Conclusion 10

References 13

- Table of Figures Figure 1: Structure of Artemisinin2 4 Figure 2: A synthetic strategy of chemical synthesis from cyclohexenone. 7,9,10 6 Figure 3: Reductive scission model: Homolytic mechanisms of bioactivation of the endoperoxide bridge of artemisinin and derivatives 8 Figure 4: Proposed mechanism for artemisinin mediated lipid ...

Food items such as eggs, vegetable oil, walnut, fish and milk all vary greatly from each other. Do these items still have anything in common? The answer to this question is ‘Yes’. Lipids are the ones arousing a sense of similarity between them. Lipids are the group of organic compounds like fats, mono-glycerides, di-glycerides, tri-glycerides, fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and k) and some components of membranes which usually do not react with water but yet they group together. In other words, Lipids may be defined as the molecules containing hydrocarbons and making up the building blocks of ...