Essays on Medulla

1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...

Vestibular Projections

Vestibular projections in the central nervous system consist of vestibular end organs which communicate with the brain stem and the cerebellum via the vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve. These nerves are also connected to the auditory fibers. Thus damage caused to these structures can cause both vestibular and auditory disturbances. The vital function of the vestibular system is to coordinate head and eye movements. The ability of the eye to stay focused on an object even while the head is moving is brought about by the vestibular system.

Vestibular Cochlear Nerve

The vestibulo cochlear nerve or the auditory nerve is ...

(Author Name) (Course Name/Number) The human brain is simply fascinating, and although it is at the very core of all human reasoning, intellect, and ability, it is still largely unexplored and misunderstood. The physical and social sciences have collaboratively conducted hundreds, if not thousands, of studies aimed at understanding the connection between the brain and human behavior, but even more interesting are the physiological processes that are intertwined to create a roadmap of human behavior, response, and consciousness that drives our very existence. These physiological processes are comprised of nervous systems functions, sensory system functions, and brain functions, which ...

Why does she have bacteria and white blood cell casts in her urine?

In this case, Ms, Cornwall has focal bacterial infection of her calyces, medulla and renal pelvis. The presence of these bacterial and their invasion within the mentioned parts causes a body response to defend against the invasion. This occurs though a trigger of the inflammatory mediators and other body defense mechanism in this case the white blood cells. With the white blood cells now dominating the region of infection, there occurs a systematic abscess formation and necrosis within the medulla (Alexander et al., 2012). At this point, the next step that could occur is the scar tissue formation which ...

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a sudden death of apparently healthy child aged up to 1 year as a result of cessation of breathing and heart failure, the cause of which cannot be established at the mortem expertise. Sometimes the syndrome is called as “death at the crib” or death for no reason. However, there are causes or risk factors for the development of this poorly studied phenomenon, and the parents, eliminating them from their life, can save the life and health of the child. SIDS is not a disease; it is a posthumous diagnosis that is exhibited ...

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Urinary System

Kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system that filter around 200 liters of blood and purify it through excreting excessive water, toxins, electrolytes and metabolic wastes that assist in maintaining body’s fluid equilibrium. The other components of the urinary system are ureters, urethra and urinary bladder (Marieb & Hoehn, 2003). The urinary system can be differentiated into main four parts, kidney, bladder, ureters, and urethra. Kidneys are secured by the tri-layered arrangement that includes an outer renal fascia composed of fibrous connective tissues, a middle ...