Essays on Membrane

Hi. I am streptococcus bacterium. I belong in the family Streptococcaceae. My name streptococcus means twisted berry which describes mu characteristic grouping in chains which looks like a string of beads. I am nonmotile and gram positive. I am a common type of prokaryote. I can cause various diseases in humans and animals. If I were to look for a partner, I want something that thrives in the anus, pharynx, and skin because these are my carrier state. I can also look for a partner in raw milk and contaminated foods like eggs and milk. For me, the dirtier ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to the next

The transmission from one neuron to another is characterized by exchange of electric charge across the membrane of each neuron (Fields, 2014). An unstimulated neuron would be polarised (McCance 2014). In the polarized state, there is difference in the electric charge across the membrane. However, during exchange, a neuron is said to undergo polarization, wherein there is an excess of Na+ (sodium ions) outside and excess of K+ (potassium ions) on the outside (Fields, 2014). Nerve impulse is transmitted through the process of polarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization (McCance 2014).

Compare the structure and functions of the CNS and PNS.

The nervous system comprises of the central nervous system (CNS) ...

Abstract

Application of the nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) processes is applied in the handling of water that is produced raw. The application has been investigated in the current day through various studies (Wang 14). The experiment of the processes of both nanofiltration and ultrafiltration is conducted in the laboratory unit which is operated in a pattern of cross flow (Ashaghi, Ebrahimi, & Czermak, 46). The study that was conducted in Oilfield of North Sea using the process of membranes of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) indicated that the content of hydrocarbon decreased from 50 mg/l to 2 mg/l which recorded ...

Peroxisome is one of the membrane organelles of the eukaryotic cell. It is a small (about 0.2 – 1.5 micron) elliptic body bounded by a membrane. The core of the peroxisome is often made of the crystal-like structures. They located in the center of the organelle and are covered by granular matrix. Peroxisomes exist both in plant and animal cells; their amount varies between 70-100 organelles per cell. In humans and mammals the highest concentration of peroxisomes is found in liver and kidneys. Detoxification is one of the main functions of this organelle. It contains the enzyme called catalase that ...

Overview

Polyvinylidene fluoride is one of the polymers that are used as membrane material. This is because of its outstanding properties. Besides its comparatively high amount of fluorine, the polymer also has a high level of crystallinity. The result of these properties are exhibited in the performance of the Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer. For instance, the chemical stability of Polyvinylidene fluoride in chlorinated solvents and environments that are highly caustic and acidic is very high. Another property of the polymer is its hydrophobicity. This means that it is not compatible with water. This would create challenges if the polymer were to ...

1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...

Cycle of communication within and between neurons

The understanding of the communication process between and within neurons or the nerve cells helps us to gain knowledge of the functioning of the human brain. Neurons gather information relating to an organism’s internal state as well as the external environment continuously and perform an evaluation of this information and the coordination of appropriate activities depending on the situation and person’s needs. Communication between and within neurons occur through the transmission of nerve impulses, which in essence are coded signals produced by certain stimulus along the neuronal membrane. Communication within neurons occurs through a chemical process whereby ...

The video about fractals entitled “Fractals: The Colors of Infinity” is basically, an overview of the concept of fractals. It gives a view on how seemingly simple formulae can lead to complicated results. Interestingly enough, this concept can be applied to a variety of fields, including science, math, and computing. In the video, the history of the fractals concept was discussed, as well as the milestones regarding its discovery and how it helped revolutionize the human way of understanding works. In the video, Dr. Benoit Mandelbrot is introduced, along with his discovery, the Mandelbrot set. In addition, the application ...

The single-celled parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, causes malaria, was responsible for 214 million cases and 438,000 deaths globally in 2015, of which 88% of cases and 90% of deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. The morphology of P. falciparum is characterized by numerous rings (young trophozoites) and the absence of mature trophozoites and schizonts. In a P. falciparum blood smear, multiple infected erythrocytes appear more often than in other species and the rings of the parasite in the blood smear tend to be smaller than other species. Distinctive crescent-shaped gametocytes appear late in the infection. In vitro cultivation of P. ...

There are six stages in the life cycle of a mitotic cell which include interphase and cytokinesis. The mitosis stage is divided into four other sub stages. Mr. Interphase performs various functions such as the cellular respiration, photosynthesis and protein synthesis in preparation to undergo the Mitosis stage. Mr. Mitosis has four witnesses, Prophase who helped nuclear membrane disappear into the genetic material. The other witness, Metaphase, makes the alignment of the chromosomes. Anaphase helps in centralizing the chromosomes and changing them from being x-shaped (Rieder, 17). The last witness created the new component of nuclei with their new ...

1.Diaphoresis is a medical condition of the body that an individual often sweats because of a drug side effect or symptom of a disease. Motor dysfunction has associations with the nerve and muscle center responsible for movement; this term defines the improper functioning of the muscle. Cyanosis is a condition related to the low supply of oxygen in the blood where the skin color of an individual as well as mucous membranes appears to have purple or blue coloration. The peripheral nerve connects the central nervous system and the brain to the entire body neurons; any damage or pressure ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

Introduction

In the adsorption-membrane hybrid system for ethanol steam reforming: Thermodynamics analysis by Dang, Amornchai, Yaneeporn, and Suttichai, (2011, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy), the authors seek to explain how an adsorption-membrane hybrid system, which uses a carbon (IV) oxide as an adsorbent can be used to eliminate unwanted carbon (IV) oxide in the hydrogen separation process. The authors aimed at improving the ethanol steam reforming performance through comparison of thermodynamic analysis that comprised of adsorptive, as well as membrane reactor. Then the authors were able to find that membrane separation process for the hydrogen removal had a higher impact ...

Nuc stands for Nucleus. This is an organelle found in the eukaryotic cells, which is enclosed in a membrane. There are various functions of a nucleus. Cell nuclei store genetic information. It maintains the security of the gene and acts as a control center of the cell. Flag is short for Flagella, a tail-like end piece of the cell that is structured to propel the cell and enable it to swim through liquid (Vail and Herreid). ER is the Endoplasmic Reticulum. It is responsible for metabolic processes, membrane and protein synthesis, and also involved with distribution and storage. Mito ...

Cells are the building blocks of many structures in biology. In their most basic classification, there are prokaryote and eukaryote cells. These two cell types differ in their structure. Prokaryotes typically consist of ribosomes, a cell membrane, and nucleic material. On the other hand, eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles, such as Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, a nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum. Both types of cells also have nucleic acid as a form of genetic material. The prokaryote has circular DNA which is not associated with histone proteins; whereas the eukaryote has linear DNA with histone proteins present to help organize and protect ...

Abstract

This examination paper acknowledges the spectacular diversity of reproductive adaptations for survival of various categories of land plants. It describes a typical life cycle of a land plant that reproduces via spores. It also identifies the different parts of Plant organs and their functions such as cell organelles, parts of a land plant, and epidermal cells. A microscope is an important tool for examination of biological specimens, including cell’s internal structures called organelle and is important in magnifying the focused area. Plants are classified into four main groups, namely, ferns, mosses, flowering and confers. This paper finds that ...

Introduction

This paper aims at evaluating concepts of alteration in homeostatic state, secondary to temporal variables. It analyses the case study of Brad, a 45-year old coal cutter who has held the job for 25 years. Brad is experiencing a chronic cough due to prolonged exposure to coal. Importantly, he has not been attending yearly checkups because he fears that his lung is “black.” The disease leads to fibrosis, reduced diffusing ability, and dilation of the small airways. In the final stage, the airways, alveoli, and pulmonary capillaries become damaged.

How the disease described in the case study creates incongruous between ventilation and perfusion

Chronic lung disease may induce mismatch in ventilation and perfusion ...

Fuel Cell Technologies in Passenger Cars

Fuel Cell Technology The last decade is characterized by the rapid development of research activity in the field of fuel cells, thus, creating the conditions for their uptake in electric systems. The basic fuel cells’ operating principle has been known for 150 years. However, a variety of technical and financial problems had kept them on the margins of technological applications (Brandon & Hart, 1999). The basic difference between a fuel cell and batteries is that while batteries store energy, fuel cells directly convert a fuel’s chemical energy into electricity by an electrochemical reaction (i.e. Without requiring combustion or movement ...

Muscle contraction is a very important activity that enables an organism perform various bodily movements and flexible actions, in response to nerve stimuli. Muscle fibers are multinucleated long cylindrical cells that have an outer membrane called sarcolemma, and are mainly composed of contractile elements called myofibrils (Dougherty, 2016). Myofibrils are made up of repeating units called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres in turn are composed of (thin) actin and (thick) myosin protein filaments called myofilaments (Dougherty, 2016). The muscle fiber structure and organization is shown in Fig 1.

Contraction Mechanism – Sliding Filament Theory

According to the sliding filament theory, during contraction myosin filaments remain constant in length, ...

Gene replacement refers to a technique which utilizes homologous recombination (Carter & Shieh, 2010, p. 265), to make alterations by either adding a gene, deleting a gene or including point mutations. Gene replacement attempts to cure most of the genetic diseases at molecular level. A successful gene replacement prevents a protein from causing harm, giving new functions to proteins, and recovering or enhancing the normal function of a protein. This technique is commonly used to prevent, treat or improve animals. This is a permanent process that is very beneficial to animals. The process of animal gene replacement involves several processes ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Urinary System

Kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system that filter around 200 liters of blood and purify it through excreting excessive water, toxins, electrolytes and metabolic wastes that assist in maintaining body’s fluid equilibrium. The other components of the urinary system are ureters, urethra and urinary bladder (Marieb & Hoehn, 2003). The urinary system can be differentiated into main four parts, kidney, bladder, ureters, and urethra. Kidneys are secured by the tri-layered arrangement that includes an outer renal fascia composed of fibrous connective tissues, a middle ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Diuretics targets to lower sodium and water reabsorption that may lead to enhanced water excretion. The main aim of diuretics is to reduce the fluid volume inside the body and maintain the electrolyte and water equilibrium. These agents are used for managing the pathological conditions including hypertension and edema such as cardiac congestion failure, liver and kidney problems, and glaucoma. It also helps in processing and regulating the blood pressure by eliminating the excessive salt from the body which slows down the cardiac muscles to impel the ...

Cholesterol is a fat that is needed to build cells, certain hormones and bile acids. Cholesterol synthesis is determined genetically, without it the body cannot fully function, but an excess can have the opposite, negative effect. After the growth of the organism is finished and the cells do not divide so rapidly, cholesterol continues to be synthesized by the liver in the same size. Moreover, a large part of the cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, while smaller part comes with the food. Fats in general and cholesterol in particular will not dissolve in blood, so to transport them ...

Introduction

Tooth development involves a complex process whereby teeth are formed from embryonic cells, and then eventually mature after erupting as evident in the mouth (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). The development usually originates from mesoderm and ectoderm. At the ectoderm found in the oral cavity, there is the development of enamel and other tissues also come from associated mesenchyme. All teeth don’t develop at the same time, but rather in stages (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). First buds are always observed in the region of anterior mandible, followed by anterior maxillary area then finally ...

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1 in 2500 births. CF is a disease that affects many organs including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, pancreas, intestines and reproductive system. Over the past 20 years, our understanding of the manifestation and management of the disease has progressed dramatically. CF was once considered a condition of childhood and there was very little expectation that children would enter adult life. However, CF has become a multisystem adult disease with the increased survival attributable to advancements in standardized treatment, introduction of ...

A neuron is a specialized type of cell that helps in impulse conduction in the body. It is a basic unit of communication in the body. It receives and initiates the information reception and transmission to all parts of the body. The structure of the neuron is made of several parts that include dendrites, Soma (cell body), nucleus, cell membrane, axon, myelin sheath, a node of Ranvier and terminal Buttons or axon terminal (Marieb, 2004). The figure below shows the structure of the neuron. Figure 1: structure of neuron (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2010). For neural impulse to occur, the stimulus ...

Surgical Anesthesia

Pharmacology and Indications Licocaine Licocaine is a type of medication used with an aim of numbing tissues and nerves within a given area of the body, which provides that anesthetic effect for the body. The most popular brand names for this particular drug are xylocaine and lignocaine. Some of the common effects associated with this particular medication include drowsiness, muscle twitching, nausea, and confusion (1). The severity of the side effects depends wholly on a patient’s reaction to the chemical composition of the drug. Regarding its mode of action, licocaine works by blocking the voltage-gated Na+ channels, which ...

Introduction

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are vital reactions in living organisms since without the two; there would be no life on earth. Cellular respiration involves a set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells of living organisms thereby converting nutrients like sugar into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Osterhoudt & Barhydt, 2010). On the other hand, photosynthesis involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds by the photoautotroph in the presence of sunlight. Most animals attain their energy requirements through cellular respiration while on the other hand; photosynthesis is performed by most plants that can make their food. These two reactions ...

Uranium (U) element was discovered by a German chemist, Heinrich Klaproth, in 1789. Uranium is a radioactive element with an atomic weight of 238.02891 and an atomic number of 92. The uranium element initially discovered by Heinrich was an oxide, uranium oxide. A French chemist, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot, was the first person to produce pure uranium by reacting it with potassium in a heated platinum crucible. The element’s radioactive properties were established in 1896 by a French physicist known as Antoine Henri Becquerel. Currently, uranium can be extracted from various ores such as carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4· ...

Flat roofs are roofing systems with the slop less than 10 degrees. This construction allows to use them as living space. Flat roofs exist for centuries, and people developed different types of covering for these systems. There are several most popular decisions with own advantages and features. TPO. These are single-ply roof membranes made from thermoplastic olefin or ethylene propylene rubber. TPO membranes have “resistance to ozone, are algae-resistant, environmentally friendly and safe to install” (roofhelp.com, n. d.). The typical thickness of TPO sheets varies from 40 to 100 mils. Constructors use hot air to seal seams between sheets. ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids” Abstract The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} A cell is a form of the miniature factory that encloses a distinct chemical system that is involved in structural maintenance, homeostasis, energy generation and reproduction. Every organism is made of these structural living units. The cell divides and produces more cells and assists in the growth of the organism. There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing the genetic material. The Eukaryotic cells can be divided into three main parts, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus (Cooper & ...

Immunology

The rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) genes g and d occur in series of cells expressing variable Vg and Vd gene segments. The lymphoid precursor cells originate in the bone marrow and move to the thymus. Preliminary T cells are devoid of TCR, CD4 and CD8 molecules and are called double negative thymocytes . These double negative T cells may be further categorized into four phases of differentiation (DN1, CD44+CD25-; DN2, CD44+CD25+; DN3, CD44-CD25+; and DN4, CD44-CD25-) . CD44 is a cell adhesion molecule and CD25 serves as the IL-2 receptor. Passage into the DN2 and DN4 stages ...

Introduction

Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move from a region of low concentration of solute to a region of high concentration of solute through a semipermeable membrane (Van 3). Osmosis therefore can define the movement of water in and out of the cytoplasm of a cell. A solution with a higher concentration of solute molecules than that of the cell cytoplasm is said to be hypertonic to the cell. On the other hand, a solution with a lower concentration of solute than that of the cell cytoplasm is said to be hypotonic to the cell. Purpose: The ...

QUESTIONS ON BIOCHEMISTRY

Questions on Biochemistry Describe the difference between an obligate and a facultative aerobe. Obligate and facultative aerobes are the same in terms of their ability to use oxygen in their respiration process. However, obligate aerobes requires oxygen to oxidize substrates such as sugar and fat to produce ATP (energy). Obligate aerobes are more efficient in converting substrates to ATP. The key process in aerobic respiration is the conversion of sugar to ATP shown in reaction 1 below:

In the reaction 36 molecules of ATP is produced per molecule of glucose. It is actually a slow process which comprises 3 ...

Introduction

The total number of patients with cancer keeps soaring globally with around 14 million cases diagnosed by 2014. Each year, about 8 million people die of cancer-related illnesses globally. There are quite some remedies that have been proposed to mitigate in the cancer menace. This study is focused on cancer treatment by curcumin through tyrosine kinase inhibition. Curcumin is the primary coloring agent found in turmeric, a tuber of the herb Curcuma longa Lin. It has widespread use as a flavoring agent (Aggarwal and Bokyung 87). It is also well known for its medicinal value commonly used to suppress ...

Virulence and Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention

InstitutionVirulence and Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Bacterial Infections We live in a day that was much like 100 years ago, before antibiotics existed at all. The reason for this is that almost as soon as a new antibiotic is introduced, bacteria develop resistance to it. In 2008, a type of bacteria was found in China that has 45 specific genes meant solely to confer resistance to antibiotics just in its plasmid. Plasmid is a cellular material generated by bacterial colonies that are hard to penetrate with antibiotics, even without resistance genes (Lutz, 2016). As the search for ...

Seawater Pretreatment Process

Desalination or treatment of seawater is a process in which fresh water that is suitable for consumption is extracted from the saline water (Pearce, 2007). Many methods are used in the desalination process, but the most applied and efficient one are reverse osmosis. The sea water that is fed to the reverse osmosis plants, many times has large particles which end up spoiling the membranes of the plants due to the high level of large particles in the seawater (Van Hoof, Hashim, & Kordes,1999). Therefore, to reduce operation cost and treatment time, there is a need for a pretreatment ...

Summary

The neural network controls physical activities. Recently scientists have found out that the neural network can be observed to show different levels of activation depending on an organism’s mental activity. Scientists have gone further to devise actual methods that detect brain activity in particular instances. The brain and the neural network never stop working; however, certain tasks cause the brain and the neural network to work faster, harder and more intensely (Garcia). These unique activities usually register or appear as spikes or dips in the never-ending sequence of brain activity. Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs) are a promising ...

Biology

Abstract This is a practical report on human physiology EMG. The experiment recruited 85 subjects to examine the level of the signal emanating from muscle contraction in the lab. Some of the participants were left-handed while some were right handed. Males and females with varying levels of activity were recruited. The results indicated that more males exhibited maximal compression force than females as attested by the higher numbers that returned quickly to half the clench force. The level of activity of the participants positively correlated to slow return to half of the maximal compression force and reduced signs of ...

Report on Arsenic-Free Water Filters

Introduction

Arsenic concentration in water varies depending on the source. This report is based on the discussion of the measures of reducing the levels of arsenic in the tube-well water. In this case, three criterions are selected for the study. Each of the methods chosen will enumerate its merits and demerits that suit the application.

Problem

Arsenic is semi-metal element found in the periodic table. It is an odorless, tasteless element that occurs naturally in water, rocks and soils, air, plants and animals. Arsenic poisoning from various water sources such as well present a significant problem across the globe. The ...

[Client Name] Water is a colourless and odourless liquid, and is very important for human development and survival. It covers 75% of the earth's surface and is mostly found in lakes, rivers and seas. In addition, the human body comprises 78% of water. Water is an interesting molecule and consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. It is covalently bonded and possesses a very interesting characteristic, i.e. polarity. Polarity ensures that water is an effective medium for the dissolution of other polar compounds. In so doing, water is an enabler for many biological reactions (“The Chemistry of ...

Chapter 9

Question 1

Binary mission in prokaryotes Mitosis and Meiosis in eukaryotes Question 2 The development of embryos as well as the growth and development of bodies. Important in asexual reproduction. Question 3 The term cell cycle refers to an ordered set of events leading to cell growth and division into two daughter cells.

Question 4

Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle characterized by the absence of cell division. During this phase, the cell obtain nutrients, the organelles duplicates, protein synthesis takes place, and cells duplicate its genetic material (its chromatids). The genetic material is located in the nuclei of ...

Question 1

In mitosis, the number of chromosomes before and after cell division do not change. Mitosis results in daughter cells are having a diploid number of chromosomes as the parent cells.

Question 2

Mitosis is divided into four phases: Prophase- in this phase, the chromosomal material (chromatin) condenses forming compact chromosomes which are seen as two chromatids joined together at the centromere. The mitotic spindle also starts to assemble with the help microtubules Metaphase- In this phase, the spindle fibres become attached to the kinetochores of chromosomes. Chromosomes move to the equator and are aligned along the metaphase plate via spindle fibres ...

Mechanisms by which Incompatible Red Cells may be Cleared from Circulation

Introduction One of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality is related to haemolytic transfusion reactions.1 Many factors that account for haemolytic transfusion, and complement activation is the most widely studied and documented feature linked with such reactions and fatalities, and many researchers have focused on the role of complement initiation, activation and regulation with respect to these reactions. Others have focused on the underlying strategies involved in mitigating the complement modulation, in the event of an incompatible red blood cell transfusion.1 Many reports have stated that incompatible red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are the leading cause of death in ...

In Vitro Models of Skin for Topical and Systemic Drug Delivery Applications

The drug delivery is a significant process in medicine development. The development of topical or systemic drugs requires models that present the mechanism of the drug activity. Topical delivery of medicine has a long story of application. The advantages for the topical delivery are as follow: self-administration and simplicity of application, absence of side effects, high surface area for drugs absorption. However, the method has recently been recognized as far less efficient than the systemic drug delivery (oral or injectable) (Kulkarni, 2009). The paper presents advances in understanding the drug delivery using in-vitro models.

Topical Drug Delivery Models

The artificial in-vitro models are ...

Close your eyes. Listen to the sound of percussion kits. Do you feel the intrigue in the air? Hear the violins starting playing. Can you imagine yourself in a dramatic movie, looking at an amazing place with a valley in front of you? Or do you feel like visiting a new, unknown planet out in space? It is our Sound Project, reminding you of a soundtrack from a Hollywood blockbuster. As to the physical part of the project, it should be stated that the electronic sound was created on the laptop. After being generated on the laptop via vibration, ...

Introduction

Avian influenza also is known as bird flu and results from viruses acclimatized to some birds. People may be infected with avian influenza when they get into contact with the infected birds or infected fluids from the birds (Capua and Dennis 10). In this report, the discussion is about the evolution of avian influenza, characteristics of the virus, epidemiology of the virus, as well as the mode of transmission. Moreover, the paper talks about the gene expression of the virus, infection of the human by the virus, evolution of avian influenza's vaccines, and criticisms surrounding evolution of the virus.

Overall features of the avian flu virus

...

Abstract

The prodrug design is an efficient and powerful method that can be practised in a wide range of parent drug compounds, administration routes and preparations. Its main goal is to overcome the drawbacks of regular drug compounds by effectively targeting the drug's particular site of action for improved therapy. This assignment seeks mainly to depict the different classifications of prodrugs and the role these play in drug design through the use of several examples. A brief description highlighting the modern aspects of prodrug design is also covered here.

Introduction:

Prodrugs are inactive forms of drug compounds that undergo chemical or ...

Introduction:

The experiment is about measuring the capacity of neurons in given factors using the cockroaches’ leg. Neurons are very important in a living cell. It gives power to all parts of the system. It transmit signal to every inch of a muscle up to the other end organs. It comes in various sizes, but basically they have the same function in almost all cells. The main structures of the neuron are composed of cell body, which has the metabolic function; the dendrites that usually receives the signal from other neurons; and lastly the axon that sends signal to the ...

Abstract. In recent time, connectomics which is filed aimed to construct wiring diagram of the brain at the level of synapses and their connections has gained an increasing interest and is very promising for neuroscience. Advance in technology allow to acquire huge volumes of data and the challenge for researchers and scientist now is storage, visualization, and processing of the data. Developing GPU technology provides effective solutions for computing on large datasets and its visualization. Moreover, several recent work propose techniques for optimized segmentation, reconstruction, proofreading, and visualization of connectome. However, existing solutions are still not efficient enough and ...

Velocity of Longitudinal Pressure waves in Solid Bars

The purpose of the experiment is to compute the Young Modulus of specific rocks and metals by determination of the velocity of longitudinal pressure waves through the samples

Introduction

The speed of any mechanical waves of most material posses a unique relationship with both the elastic property of the material and the inertial property of the medium. The velocity of a mechanical wave is directly proportional to the square root of the quotient of elastic property and the inertial property. V= Elastic propertyInertial property There are three basic types of pressure waves; infrasonic waves, sound waves and ultrasonic waves. Infrasonic ...

Question 1

For succinate oxidation to fumarate there is yield of 2H+ and 2 electrons; however, the process of the reaction skips one step thereby leading to 2 ATP. The resulting FADH2 electrons skips the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation by moving into the electron transport chain located in CoQ. This can be illustrated as NADH -> CoQH2. Consequently, there is 2 ATP forming stages found in the electron chain from CoQ to O2 used in this course (Schwender et al, 50). Indifferent to the first scenario, oxidation of malate to produce oxaloacetate results to NADH, with production of 2H+ and ...

Microfiltration ceramic and polymeric membrane filters have been used for the last century in the treatment of safe drinking water. Customers everywhere have been comparing which between the two types is cost friendly regarding capital, maintenance and operation cost in general. Research has as well been done to find washing and chemical cleaning efficiencies for the two membranes. For instance, ceramic microfiltration filters cost between US$32.56 to US$69.56 depending on the size, color, and manufacturer. Polymeric membrane filters cost about US$ 8.99 to US$ 15.45 in Amazon online shops. This shows that initial cost for polymeric filters ...

Introduction

There were many terminologies in nursing that pertain to the same thing. As such, there were confusions since one may document differently from another or perform another method differently. Furthermore, to address this, a standardized nursing language with standardized terminologies was born. Moreover, a standardized nursing language is defined as a language that are understood by every nurse with regards to health care (Rutherford, 2008). The use of standardized terminologies in nursing is likewise considered important in the health care industry to ensure that the services delivered are of high quality. This helps documentation and data management to become ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Article Review

Synergistic effect of human plasma and antimicrobial peptidomimetics and antibiotics on pathogenic bacteria: The Application is a promising tool in enhancing the efficacy of future antibiotics. This work aims at summarizing and critiquing the Research in Microbiology journal research paper titled ‘Improved In vitro evaluation of novel antimicrobials: potential synergy between human plasma and antibacterial peptidomimetics, AMPs and antibiotics against human pathogenic bacteria’ .

Abstract

Condisering the hurdles of cytotoxicity and adverse side effects posed by existing antibiotics and the ever rising resistance of microorganisms to these compounds, there is a dire need for development of innovative antimicrobial peptidomimetics (AMPs) . Despite ...

Yeast, Epithelial and Dental plaque

Compare your observations from the four activities of fresh wet mount, direct staining using crystal violet, and indirect staining using both Congo Red and crystal violet. Wet mount of S. cerevisiae under magnification of X10 and X40, revealed the cells as being independent, with oval shapes. All the cells in wet mount, had same shape appearance, with borders that could not be clearly distinct. However, in wet mount, it was not easy to determine epithelial cells shape. In the direct staining, cells shapes could be determined since cells had a violet color. This made the cells to be visible ...

In the process of wound healing, angiogenesis is also known as neovascularization. The process commences in lined with the proliferation of the fibroblast when the endothelial cells mover towards the wound site. Oxygen and other nutrients are required for the formation of epithelial cells and the activity of fibroblasts. In comparison to the fibroblast and epidermal mitigation, angiogenesis is crucial for other stages of wound healing. The process of angiogenesis is complex and occurs in the following stages: Latent period: In this stage, vasodilation and premeabilisation are known to permit leukocyte extravasation during the haemostatic and inflammatory phase. Decontamination ...