Essays on Microbiology

In order to prevent the transmission of cryptosporidium to the public via public drinking water systems, various surveillance systems and regulations have been implemented hitherto, in order to increase the treatment of surface water supplies. Among these techniques is the molecular surveillance for the presences of cryptosporidium in water using PCR which resulted following the cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee Wisconsin in 1993 (Johnson, et al., 1995). The outbreak resulted in effective systems being implemented to improve the quality of water treatment globally as Mac Kenzie, et al., (1994) observes. Guerrant, (1997) documents the onset of validation studies in Milwaukee ...

Overview

The significant outcome related to the over prescription of antibiotics by the physicians attributes to the pattern of antimicrobial resistance that develops inside the patients who consume extra doses or combination of antibiotics for treating their sore throat manifestation . The antibiotics resistance across the patient population is effectively determined by the measurement of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) through laboratory analysis . The configuration of dilution solution of antibiotics stock and interpretation of the MIC findings through the analysis of bacterial growth over agar plates provides an insight regarding the MIC of antibiotics and the corresponding resistance of the developed ...

Introduction

Microbiology is a fundamental branch of medical science from which the discovery and treatment of various microbial causing diseases takes place. In terms of practice, Obstetrics and Gynecology are unified aspects of medical specialty that deals with management of pregnancy and care of female reproductive health. With the two concepts employed, more sophisticated women’s health issues can be effectively addressed. The role of microbiology in OB/GYN practice includes detection, prevention, and treatment of several bacterial infections among women including the common ones such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia Trachomatis. These bacterial infections do not often manifest in symptoms ...

Article Summary:

The article entitled The Biology of Vibrio vulnificus provides a short discussion about the more important aspects of this pathogen. This pathogenic bacteria are known as one among the most deadly foodborne pathogen in the US, contributing to about 95 percent of deaths related to seafood acquired microbes in the country. Reports revealed that a larger number of cases occur during the more temperate months of May and October. The period of incubation is quite rapid, with an average of about 26 hours after ingestion, and the patient showing symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, pain in the abdomen, ...

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Introduction

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a very influential technique that helps in amplifying the specific segments of DNA. This biochemical procedure is performed in-vitro that is quite different from cloning. This technique is a fusion of synthesis protocol of distinct repeated segments of DNA and thermostable DNA polymerase application that has given scientists a very potent analytical, immunological and molecular technique used prevalently in clinical laboratory science (Garibyan & Avashia, 2013). PCR is based on three primary steps that include denaturation of the template into single strands, annealing ...

In addition to the direct physical manifestation of swarm phenotype –increased length and number of flagella, swarm cells often produce wetting agent, usually a surface of some type, for instance, the surface in Serrtia (serrwettins) and Bacillus (surfcatin) (White, 2006). In both cases loss of surfactant dramatically decreases swearing proficiency in Bacillus as well as strains of E. Coli do not make surfactants, which is probably why they are such picky swimmers. Surfactants act mainly to maintain surface wetness, which in turn allows cells to swim in every shallow layer of fluid on the surface. Research findings indicate that ...

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection which often develops as a result of poor handling of mechanical ventilation. Such as, poor nursing practice in caring for patients with difficulty in breathing can lead to microorganisms entering patient’s body through a tube inserted especially via mouth and nose of the patient. When these microorganisms get into the respiratory system they cause lung infection which is referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In preventing this infection, it is important that nurses adopt best practices to reduce the incidence of VAP and provide quality care that is aimed at improving the ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids” Abstract The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

QUESTIONS ON BIOCHEMISTRY

Questions on Biochemistry Describe the difference between an obligate and a facultative aerobe. Obligate and facultative aerobes are the same in terms of their ability to use oxygen in their respiration process. However, obligate aerobes requires oxygen to oxidize substrates such as sugar and fat to produce ATP (energy). Obligate aerobes are more efficient in converting substrates to ATP. The key process in aerobic respiration is the conversion of sugar to ATP shown in reaction 1 below:

In the reaction 36 molecules of ATP is produced per molecule of glucose. It is actually a slow process which comprises 3 ...

Infection in cancer patient with febrile neutropenia: epidemiology, microbiology and management

Abstract Febrile neutropenia (FN) is characterised by a decrease in neutrophils number to values below 500 cells/ mm3 and an occurrence of fever higher or similar to 38.3ºC. It commonly occurs in cancer patients as a result of chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy destroys carcinogenic cells but also attacks in many cases some normal cells including essential elements of the immune system. Fever is one of the characteristic symptoms of FN and is usually associated with the presence of an infection caused by various microorganisms. Bacteria, including Gram-positive isolates (currently dominating) and Gram-negative species (dominant in the 1970s), are usually ...

The field of microbiology was very limited until the discovery of the microscope, though it did exist in a very practical sense. Though scientists were ultimately wrong about what actually carried and transmitted the plague, for example, they were correct in hypothesizing that it came from an outside source. Between then and now, the microscope was developed, and has been improved upon more and more. Now we have a great classification scheme for prokaryotes (assuming bacteria). It follows the standard domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The standard for most eukaryotes is also the same for ...

Lab report

Abstract The contemporary microbiology world has witnessed a gradual interest in identifying the types of microbes that are resident in the human body more so due to plausible health benefits they may bring and because of their possible detrimental effects. In this regard, fear of the pathogenic consequences of microorganism in the body has pioneered the advent of hand sanitizers aimed at checking this effect. As a standard procedure in microbiology especially in laboratory experiments, sanitizers are used in eliminating microbes from the surface of the hand. The conducted experiment in this write-up thus aims to analyze the presence ...

Microbe-Host Analysis

Microbe-Host Analysis

Introduction

It is unknown how long Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus or staph) has been on this planet. We have been too busy trying to conquer all of successful attempts that it has made to evade our weapons against to establish an intricate epidemiologic profile of it. We do know when it was discovered to be a harmful bacteria, though. One of the primary toxins of staph, PVL, was first discovered by an assistant in Belgium by the name of H. van de Velde in 1894. He was taking care of some rabbits in a laboratory and noticed a ...

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INTRODUCTION:

Pathologists or microbiologists play a very vital role in the management and diagnosis of any disease. They get immense help by performing certain series of tests which aids them reaching to a conclusion. One such test is called as gram staining which is used widely as the most primitive test for the identification of various bacteria According to Beveridge, the gram stain essentially delineates bacteria into two broad categories. It does that by giving color to these bacteria and bacteria that attains purple or violet color are ...

Virulence and Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention

InstitutionVirulence and Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Bacterial Infections We live in a day that was much like 100 years ago, before antibiotics existed at all. The reason for this is that almost as soon as a new antibiotic is introduced, bacteria develop resistance to it. In 2008, a type of bacteria was found in China that has 45 specific genes meant solely to confer resistance to antibiotics just in its plasmid. Plasmid is a cellular material generated by bacterial colonies that are hard to penetrate with antibiotics, even without resistance genes (Lutz, 2016). As the search for ...

Article Review

Synergistic effect of human plasma and antimicrobial peptidomimetics and antibiotics on pathogenic bacteria: The Application is a promising tool in enhancing the efficacy of future antibiotics. This work aims at summarizing and critiquing the Research in Microbiology journal research paper titled ‘Improved In vitro evaluation of novel antimicrobials: potential synergy between human plasma and antibacterial peptidomimetics, AMPs and antibiotics against human pathogenic bacteria’ .

Abstract

Condisering the hurdles of cytotoxicity and adverse side effects posed by existing antibiotics and the ever rising resistance of microorganisms to these compounds, there is a dire need for development of innovative antimicrobial peptidomimetics (AMPs) . Despite ...

Organism # 6

Molecular Biosciences 101 Section # Purpose Materials and Methods Gram Staining: Three circles were marked at the bottom of a clean glass slide and they were labeled as gram(+), gram(-) and unknown respectively. The three labeled circles were then inoculated with microorganism 6 using an inoculating loop. The bacterial smears were then air dried and heat fixed over a gentle flame. The slide was then flooded with primary stain, crystal violet for a minute by placing it on a staining rack. Excess crystal violet was washed off with a gentle stream of water. Thereafter, gram iodine was added and ...

Introduction.

Antimicrobial agents refer to an exceptional group of chemotherapeutic agents that are used in the treatment of the diseases caused by microbes. Generally, antimicrobial agents either kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. As its name suggests, Antimicrobial encompasses its sole purpose which is to kill the infections arising from microbes (Daglia, 2012). Furthermore, these agents can be categorized according to the function they play. For example, agents that are responsible for killing microbes are known as microbicidal whereas those that merely inhibit the growth of microbes are known as biostatic (Ghosh et al., 2012). Antimicrobial drugs are not ...

The Importance of Microbes to Animals from Eating to Evolution

Microbes are any living organism that throughout its lifespan is too small to be seen with our naked eye. Most microbes are single-cell organisms. Microbes are the oldest form of life on earth – dating back over 3.5 million years ago when the Earth was still covered with boiling oceans. While microbes are typically thought of as bacteria, microbes can include protists, fungi and microscopic animals. Without microbes, animals could not eat, breathe, or possibly even have evolved at all. Without animals, well, they would probably be just fine. Microbes are important to animals in numerous ways, from eating to ...

Microbial Genetics

This is an area of study within microbiology and genetic engineering that studies the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms. It is an area of study of great significance in the field of health and medicine. In this essay I will be focusing on this significance both positive and negative as it relates to the field of health and medicine and the new ways in which genetic engineering is finding its application. HIV infection usually infects cells with CD4+ markers. The other markers that are essential in making infection of these cells possible are CCR5 and CXCR4 without which cell entry ...

Condition such as a disease, before and after a diagnostic test, respectively. The result of the diagnostic test could be either positive or negative. In reality, the subjectivity of the probabilities is merely based on a piece of information, whether an individual has a condition or not. The condition is regarded as a psychological phenomenon to those who go through a certain diagnostic test. In addition, the probability is always a 0 per cent or a 100 per cent result. The difference between the pretest and posttest probabilities on a certain condition is a major ...

Executive Summary

This research aims in understanding the role and responsibility of in-flight catering in the process of offering quality food and services. The core approach is to comprehend all those aspects that are considered to attain enough excellence and meet the expectations of the consumers. In this context, to exemplify in-flight catering company, the paper chose Emirates

Flight Catering that has already established a strong niche of being one of the popular and most preferred in-flight catering companies all over the world. In the process of the research, it has been discovered that there are many aspects that are important for a ...

Central venous catheter is a device used by medical professionals for infusion therapy. Infusion therapy refers to a broad range of procedures and techniques that clinicians use to deliver fluids and parental treatment of the sick. In the arterial and intravenous therapy, fluids and medications infused into the vascular system using CVL. Clinicians and patients have exposed themselves to risks since the healthcare instituted the use of intra-venous therapy to treat the sick in intensive care unit (Concannon et al., 2014). The most dangerous are exposure to possible bloodbome pathogens, needle stick injuries and CRI or bacteria.

Although the emergence ...

Before the 16th century, the existence of micro-organism had not been discovered. It was until a microscope was invented that micro-organism become a subject of discussion (Barnett 2003). Microbiology is the study of microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms are the smallest living organisms that cannot be observed with our naked hence they need to be magnified using magnification tools such as microscope. Examples of micro-organisms are bacteria, virus and fungi. Fermentation in simple terms is the conversion of sugar into acid, gases and alcohol by enzymes that act as catalysts (Pumphrey and Julie 1996). Fermentation is a process that occur takes place in ...

Microbiology helps us understand microbes and how they interact with humans, plants animals as well as the environment. Microbiology is an important part of who I am. My years as a Masters’ student in the Biology department at the Laurentian University has cemented my love for microbiology and grounded my feet in research. This is what I wish to continue doing in future by making biomolecular science my mainstay. To be the best in biomolecular science research, it is imperative that my choice institution for my PhD studies be at the forefront in this field of research. Based on what ...

InstructorDate

Introduction Pathogenic microorganisms cause diseases by infecting the body through various ways, such as by entering through cuts on the skin, through the pulmonary route by inhalation, and through the digestive tract by ingestion. Because we consume food on a regular basis, it is important to determine that whatever we eat is free from pathogenic microbes. This is a particularly serious issue especially in the food industry, whose components must strictly abide by regulations set up by regulatory bodies, especially for microbiological counts (i.e. quantitation) in food products (Jay, 2000; Alcamo and Warner, 2010). Population numbers of microorganisms are ...

Biology of Disease

Mode of action of;- Dexamethasone The Glucocorticoid receptors are discovered intracellularly in all tissues. They enter cells through inactive dispersion and structure a complex with a receptor protein (Rhodes & Hartnoll, 2002, P.10). This intricate then experiences an irreversible enactment and enters the cell core, where it ties to the DNA, hence prompting organic impacts instigated by these hormones, which include expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis, as well as expanded lipolysis (Ahmed, 2007, P.13). Dexamethasone is utilized to treat numerous provocative and immune system conditions, for example, rheumatoid joint pain and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an abatement in quantities of ...

(City, State)

Introduction

Tuberculosis or TB refers to a common, deadly, and infectious disease that is caused by a number of mycobacteria strains (Kumar, et al., 2007). The most common mycobacterium that causes TB is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB usually affects the lungs, although it is also possible for the other body parts to be affected. The disease uses air as the medium of spreading the infection when infected people sneeze, cough or transmit fluids from the respiratory organs through air. Some of the symptoms associated with the different TB variant, as well as TB stages, include chills, loss of appetite, fever, ...

This stage starts with target identification. A biochemical mechanism established in a disease condition is chosen. Thomas (137) establishes that drug candidates, discovered in biotech/pharmaceutical research labs are tested for their contact with the drug target. Numerous molecules for all potential drug candidates undergo rigorous screening process. This may include functional proteomics and/or genomics among other screening methods. After confirming interaction with target drug, they classically validate that target through checking for activity versus disease condition that the drug in being developed. After vigilant review, one or several lead compounds are chosen. There is no specified duration of time for ...

I have always wanted to work closely with people in an intellectually stimulating environment, and, to my mind, a career, of a Microbiologist is one of the best ways to achieve this. My interest in Microbiology started at a very young age and continued to be my greatest passion for years. When I was studying for my undergraduate degree in Botany and Microbiology in 2007 at King Saud University (Riyadh), I had an intensive training in the Medical Microbiology laboratories at National Guards and King Saud Hospitals in Saudi Arabia. During the training, I gained a lot of valuable experiences, learned scores ...

It is widely assumed that the skin has organisms that contaminate it and which might cause pathological transformations when injected into the body through the injection of a needle. With this assumption as basis patients, nurses, trainee doctors and medical students are trained to prepare the skin before injecting it through cleansing with a kind of antiseptic to keep away any infections at the site of injection. Alcohol swab that is comprised of 70% of isopropyl has been used since the 19th century as the oldest and most highly effective antiseptic for the preparation of the skin just before an operation. ...

The History and Modernization of Poultry Inspection Systems in the United States and the Food Safety Hazards that are Being Diminished because of Those Systems

Abstract

The accessibility, health benefits and low cost have kept the demand for poultry consumption up and poultry slaughter production plants moving forward; however, up until recent years there has been a lack of quality inspection standards leading to an increased amount of food safety issues. The pathogens that contaminate raw poultry products for human consumption are an issue in the United States. There have been new advances in technology which has led to an improvement ...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It has generally ...

Introduction

The human body possesses a remarkable capability that can however be jeopardized by disease. Dental conditions occur as some of the most pertinent concerns in human health. Often connoted as Xerostomia, dry mouth occurs as one the dental conditions that jeopardize human health in different ways. Speaking of dry mouth, this connotes to any dental condition that precipitates dryness of the mouth. In fact, dry mouth occurs in cases where an individual experiences frequent episodes whereby the mouth becomes unusually dry. Many at times, dry mouth is elicited by the decrease in saliva production, which is often caused by the ...

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are those organisms that are less than a millimeter in size and require the help of a microscope to view them. Microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular but have very simple cell structure, unlike the highly developed, complex organisms such as larger animals and humans. Microorganisms are classified based on criteria such as their cell structure, pattern of growth, nutrition, reproduction method, etc. However, microbial classification is a challenging task due to the dual nature of some microorganisms that exhibit both animal and plant like characteristics. Some microorganisms are photosynthetic like plants but they also ...

Lab report #

Introduction In recent times, synthetic antibiotics have caused resistance in microorganisms and also, have shown unwanted side-effects. This has demanded for alternate therapies to combat infections. Scientists have developed interest in plant extracts, especially the ones that are traditionally used as spices, for new antimicrobial agents. Spices are traditionally used to give a distinctive flavor to the food but, they also contain potential antimicrobials which are also documented in literature. Even Louis Pasteur demonstrated the antibacterial effect of garlic and onion extracts. Salsa contains three main ingredients which have potential antimicrobial compounds. First, Lemon (Citrus Limon) is reported to ...

Identification of mystery microbe based on its morphology and biochemical properties

The experiment was conducted to detect the species of a given mystery microbe. The microbe was subjected to a battery of tests in order to identify its physical and biochemical characteristics. Based on the tests, different possible microbe species were eliminated to finally arrive at the right conclusion. The possible microbes included Escherichia coli, Providencia alcalifaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Sarcina aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis. The first test conducted was to detect the Gram staining properties of the given microbe. This helped in identifying whether the given microbe had a thin ...

Literature review of CVL

Introduction The management of the sick with serious disease like cancer requires a stable central venous access to be used for a variety of treatment that includes antibiotic and blood samples or product. It also allows the resuscitation of fluid, hemodialysis and parenteral nutrition and cytotoxic chemotherapy to access blood-stream so that medical professionals can observe and microbial culturing of the patient. In addition, it is used to monitor the pressure of central venous. The importance of educating the patient was emphasized too so as to avoid keeping the patients in darkness and not knowing what is happening to them ...

Introduction

Bacteria are the very first life forms in the history of our planet. Since the beginning they were exposed to extreme changes of temperature, pressure, pH and nutrients; hence, to survive, they had to adapt themselves. One strategy of survival is to go into suspension or dormancy, by converting themselves into a seed form or spores. When conditions become normal, these spores germinate back to vegetative form. This property is also seen in pathogenic bacteria that infect higher animals such as humans. One such group of bacteria is from the Genus Bacillus.When exposed to stress, these bacteria go into dormancy ...

Abstract

The report presents the results of a microbiological experiment to confirm the hypothesis that as leftover food sits out over time, the number of bacteria in the food will increase. The study was undertaken to indicate the risk of bacterial contamination and the importance of proper storage technique. The study was performed using a liquid food (corn tortilla soup) which was exposed to the external environment at room temperature. The control group in our experiment was the same food stored in a zip lock bag and refrigerated. The soup was tested over a period of time, which served as the independent variable, ...

Microbiology laboratory report

Abstract Bacteriophages are intracellular parasitic viruses that infect bacteria to carry out their multiplication. During the lytic infection cycles, phages lyse the host cells forming a clear zone called plaque on the agar media. The experiment is aimed to measure the number of plaques created when the virus T4 infects the host bacteria and their genetic material integrates into the genetic material of the host cell. This happens because the E.coli becomes resistant to T4 bacteriophage. The T4 phage was diluted in a test tube and then E.coli bacteria was added in the tubes. The mixture was poured with soft ...

Microbiology could be etymologically defined as the study of small living things invisible to the naked eye (Hogg, 2013). The progress of microbiology has been tied to the technology available at each time in history. Humans were not even aware of the existence of microorganisms until about 350 years ago, when Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed what he described as ‘animalcules’ through a rudimentary microscope he invented himself (Hogg, 2013). Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and other scientists in the microbiology field relied on the technologies available at their time to face the challenges that arose to them. At the end ...

Asepsis

Microorganisms are the tiny microscopic structures that cannot be seen with naked eyes. They are present on all the living things and also in the environment. Some of these microorganisms are non pathogenic that is they do not cause any disease. However, many of the microorganisms are pathogenic in nature. The pathogenic microorganisms can cause disease or infections. Absence of these pathogenic microorganisms is known as asepsis.

Importance of asepsis

Asepsis is usually carried out in the laboratory mostly while dealing with microorganisms. The techniques used to carry out asepsis are known as aseptic techniques. If aseptic conditions are not maintained in ...

The process of identifying an organism involves the determination of where an isolate or an organism needs to be placed within a group of organisms that are already known. The process is usually done to conform to a given scheme of classification. Most of the microorganisms that may be found in the environment require to be identified aiming at identifying the different species that may be found in a given environment. The identification enables physicists and health workers to associated different sources with different organisms especially those that cause diseases. Organism classification may also help in the diagnosis of different disease by ...

I have been asked to submit a research based, essay on a Critical Incident Analysis, which occurred on the ward on which I was working during my return to nursing course this year. After looking at the various models of reflection that are available (Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle, John’s Model of structured Reflection, Rolfe’s Framework for Reflective Practice), I have decided to use Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle. The choice of this model was based on the fact that I identified more with this style of reflection, and I felt that it would suit me better compared to the other two ...

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction known as PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. It is a Molecular Diagnostic technology used for amplification of DNA. A single copy of DNA can be amplified to higher magnitudes with a thousand copies of a single DNA sequence. PCR has now been developed as a Molecular Diagnostic tool for Cancer and mainly to detect the early onset of leukemia or lymphomas. It is widely used as a diagnostic tool in the field of microbiology and is also utilized in detection of infectious micro-organisms y detecting specific disease causing genes. In the year 1993, Mulis was awarded the Noble ...

Microbiology Lab

Abstract This laboratory report tries to recognize an unknown bacterial species. The Gram stain disclosed bacteria to be both gram-negative and positive and via microscopy it confirmed to be rod and cocci respectively. Now two different bacteria were on the agar. One was a coliform and other a non coliform. The bacteria were exposed to all essential microbiological techniques employed to recognize an unknown bacterial species. The unknown comprised about 1% of the total bacterial flora of humans and even most of the warm-blooded animals. The bacteria are the most extensively studied prokaryotic organism, and an essential species in the ...

Personal Statement (PhD)

Career advancement is a crucial element in any professional field. It leads to both personal and professional growth with multiple benefits to the society. Higher education provides an avenue for achievement of such goals. In view of this I am seeking to attain higher education (PhD) in my area of expertise in order to boost my professional career and increase my opportunities in this field of microbiology and molecular biology. I am interested in joining Laurentian University in a bid to achieve both scholarly and personal short term goals. The pursuit for a PhD at this prestigious university will be especially ...

Pressure has over the time has been an important aspect in the thermal sterlialization of food . This is an alternative thermal process of food preservation which is highly effective(PATS) .The (PAT) is important in that it releases the diplicinic acid also known as the (DPA) from the individual endospores. It also rehydrates the core of the endospores and allows the process of the spore inactivation. A good combination can include 200 to 800 mpa which will also be at one hundred and twenty degrees, this combination can effectively eliminate any resistant spores of the organism Clostridium Botulinum. At a ...

Abstract

Hard work, resilience and patience are attributes that are cardinal to one achieving their dreams. Despite the fact that I was born in a humble family, I dreamed that one day I would be a PA. What I did not know is that I had to join the army for me to fulfill my dreams. I lived and attended school in Phoenix and Springfield Massachusetts. After school, I did manual and clerical jobs to make ends meet. I have my fair share of social struggles. My parents were divorced when I was still young and I had to run away from a ...

UNKNOWN #16

SUMMER 2013 INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of the lab is to separate characterize and identify microbes from unknown mixed culture using the morphological and biochemical methods.

Theory

The process of identifying bacteria is a systematic and careful process which uses various techniques to narrow down the bacteria types which are present in an unknown culture of bacteria. This process produces advantages for many factors of research of microorganisms and assists in the proper treatment of patients (Aneja 10). Several tests were performed to give the fermentation abilities, availability of specific enzymes and specific biochemical reactions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment started ...

Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases known to cause medical illness in humans, and is the second most common cause of death due to infection worldwide (Riley, 2013). The bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Tuberculosis) causes the disease; and while it is widely known that it affects the lungs of the individual, other organ systems may be affected in nearly one-third of cases (Harrison’s, 2008). Proper treatment in drug-susceptible strains leads to a cure; however, drug resistant strains or improper treatment has a 5-year survival rate between 50-65% of cases (Harrison’s, 2008). Transmission is through respiratory droplets passed from ...

Immunology

In biomedical science, immunology the study of the response or reaction of any organism to antigenic challenge(s) and the organism’s ability to recognize what is self and what is foreign. It fundamentally covers all the defense mechanisms of an organism, comprising chemical, biological and physical characteristics that aid the organism to fight predisposition to foreign material, organisms, etc. The most common immunology test is the allergy test for individuals who are suspected to be allergic or have allergic reactions to certain elements. The Blood tests for allergen specific IgE (RAST) is mostly used. The blood tests ...

Introduction

Food items are always prone to spoilage which in most of the cases is precipitated by an increase in bad microbes that cause the food to change its property and thus food becomes unsafe for eating. The main purpose of inspection of food is to trace the presence of bad microbes that are available in most of the food products but below certain level they are harmless. Microbes are nothing but cells which are so microscopic that it is not possible to detect them when they are in very small numbers. In order to detect the presence of harmful ...

Summary

This essay is on short description of the following terms atoms, molecular structure, ionic bonding, periodic table, pH, acids, oxidation, antioxidants in food, alkali cleaning agents, salts used in food, plant cells, photosynthesis, micro-organisms in the environment, bacterial morphology, comparative sizes of micro-organisms, factors affecting the growth of bacteria, bacterial spores, biological role of enzymes, catalase, and enzymic browning.

Introduction

This essay will write short notes on various topics in chemistry as well as in microbiology. Some of the terms in chemistry include atom, molecular structure, periodic table, pH, oxidation, ionic bonding among others. Some of the terms in microbiology ...

Antibiotic resistance occurs when there is a gain or change in the DNA of the bacterial organism. Most mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are associated with plasmid-mediated transfer of genetic information; using transposons facilitates the transfer of information, and in fact many common modes of resistance are associated with transposons such as beta – lactamases, tetracycline resistance and aminoglycoside resistance (Microbiology, 2007 pg. 64-65). Resistance is accomplished by one of three mechanisms (Microbiology, 2007 pg.65): - Decreased uptake - Alteration of target site: A change in the penicillin binding site of certain bacterial cell walls leads to less binding. ...

Microbiology Laboratory Technician is a career in biology that requires one to possess a college degree. Biology as a science deals with living organism and all that entails the life of the living things as well as their functioning. Microbiology as a major branch of biology involves microscopic living organisms. The study of microbiology involves learning how this microscopic organisms influence the life of other living things such as human beings. Disciplines with deal with the study of bacteria, parasites as well as viruses among others, make up the undergraduate study of microbiology. A Microbiology Laboratory Technician is expected to study the following ...

Introduction

The emergence of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays was much of a relief in the medical field especially given the fact that this model offers the most accurate way in the process of determining false-negative outcomes (Burggraf & Olgemoller, 2004).This ideology also finds support in the works of Nolte (2004) who asserts that, following the discovery of PCR and its application in a clinical setting, it has become possible to use nucleic acid amplification methods as transitions from research to clinical laboratories. This makes it possible to have a wide array of application in addressing issues relating to genetics, pharmacology, oncology ...

Gardasil is a vaccine manufactured by Merck Inc. It was invented by Eliav Barr, Barry Buckland and Dr. Kathrin Jansen who worked on the vaccine from the Merck Research Laboratories. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006 as suitable in the prevention of cervical cancer in women. In particular the vaccine has been proven to protect women against four types (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) of Human papillomavirus (HPV) (Kathrin, Barry & Eliav, 2012). Among girls, two types of HPV cause more than 75% of cervical, vaginal cancers and two others cause more than 90% ...