Essays on Monomer

(Author’s affiliation) Diabetes is a polygenic disease characterized by significantly higher levels of glucose in the blood. In this disorder, metabolic disorders lead to persistent thirst (polydipsia) and excessive level of urination (polyuria). Diabetes is caused by insulin-related disturbances in the body. In healthy human beings, pancreatic β cells have insulin that is found as a hexamer having three insulin dimers attached together by two central zinc ions. The insulin monomer has a 21-residue A chain as well as a 30-residue B chain. These chains are cross-linked by two disulfide bridges, i.e. CysA20-CysB19 and CysA7-CysB7. There is also a ...

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated at transcriptional, post transcriptional and translational levels (Tomizawa,  Lekstrom-Himes, and Xanthopoulos 17). Transcriptional control is the primary means of regulating gene expression. Eukaryotic transcriptional control functions at three levels: modulation of the activities of activators and repressors; variations in chromatin structure; and effect of activators and repressors on assembly of initiation complexes (Lodish et al. 368). Regulation of transcription initiation is the most widespread form of gene control in eukaryotes. However, in some cases, transcription may be attenuated and regulated at subsequent steps, such as during or after the transcription process (Cooper ...

Formation of bone during foetal development occurs through the process of ossification. This process is extremely important to proper bone length, density, and uniform skeletal formation. It is driven by a complex network of genes that code for signalling proteins whose function is to turn the ossification process on, off, or slow it down. Defects in these genes can cause problems with the ossification process, and can lead to conditions of skeletal dysplasia (improper formation of bone). One such condition is Achondroplasia, one of the most common forms of dwarfism, or congenital short stature (Lister Hill National Centre for Biomedical ...

Essay Examination

Living things have distinct characteristics that differentiate them from non-living things. They respond to variations in environmental conditions for instance decrease or increase in temperature. A living thing is able to detect the changes in the environment and react in a manner that can help it maintain the normal external and internal conditions. For example, most living animals move away from high temperatures. Plants too, respond to the saline environment by excluding sodium and chloride ions. Living things also respire. As a result they take in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxides. Moreover, living things acquire nutrients and energy from the ...

Long chains of molecules are called polymers. Many small molecular units (called monomers) form polymers, which depending on their arrangement are so useful in everyday life; making materials like silk, wool, or plastic bags. Most of the polymers are organic compounds; it means that they are carbon chains connected to hydrogen, Oxygen or nitrogen atoms. The electrons of these atoms are shared between two atoms that are located in the low energy bonding orbitals. This stops the polymers from making electricity and the electrons play the role of a non-conductor. In 1997, a set of highly conductive polymers were discovered. ...

Introduction

As a multi-functional protein, Cytoplasmic Actin can be found in all eukaryotic cells at higher concentration levels of over 100 μM. It is the most abundant protein found in most eukaryotic cells, which makes it a critical player in different cellular functions, such as maintaining cell shape and polarity to transcription regulation. The structure of Cytoplasmic Actin is distinguished by a large number of polymorphic proteins which form the filaments. In eukaryotic organisms, such as archaea and eubacteria, actin-like proteins activities are related to sub-cellular organization, motility, cell shape maintenance and cell cycle progression; they are either associated to cell membrane or ...

Structure and Functions of Cytoplasmic Actin

Cytoplasmic actins refers to the conserved proteins. Actin can be found in all eukaryotic cells, and are involved in variety of cell motility. Protein structure is formed by combination of variety of amino acids by losing the molecule of water. Proteins get involved into variety of biological functions, and proteins have different types of structures depending upon the requirements. This paper intends to discuss different types of protein structures, their functions and other related aspects. The structure of proteins can be divided into three categories i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary. The structures of proteins are polypeptides-sequences that get ...

Polyvinyl chloride refers to the polymer that is third-most manufactured polymer. It is produced following a polymerization process using the vinyl chloride as the monomer (Patrick). The polyvinyl chloride is abbreviated as PVC and was accidentally produced Eugen Baumann, a chemist in France in the year 1835 and again in 1872 by Ivan Ostromislensky and his colleague Fritz Klatte. During the two incidents, the vinyl chloride was exposed to sunlight resulting in the production of a white solid in the flask where vinyl chloride was contained. Some of the major uses of PVC include in the construction since its more effective compared ...

Report on Vinyl Chloride

Report on Vinyl Chloride The case involves a man who went into a polymerization tanks measuring 8 feet in high and 5 feet wide. The man went into the tank alone at night, and there was no light in the pit. After 20 minutes, the man did not return, and somebody went to check him. The man was found lying in the pit. The person who was looking for the man climbed in order to get the man out, but the person was overwhelmed by the gas. The person immediately shut the open valve feeling dizzy. The person dragged himself ...

Introduction

Polymers of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) are used in the manufacture of acrylic plastics. The first plastic polymer was developed in 1843. The process makes involves two reactants, methacrylic acid and methyl alcohol to produce an ester called methyl methacrylate. Fittig and Paul were the first chemists to discover the polymerization process of turning methyl methacrylate into polymethyl methacrylate in 1877. Later on, in 1936 the process was used to manufacture acrylic plastics for commercial purposes. PMMA is highly resistant to ultraviolet radiation and weathering and is an ideal material for making airplane windshields, automobile taillights, and skylights (Riegel et ...

Research Question

Polystyrene is a very commonly-used material in the food and consumer electronic packaging industries. This paper will revolve around the research question “can polystyrene have other uses aside from its common uses?” The HIPS will be of particular importance here because much of the paper will revolve around the use of HIPS, how it is used, and how it differs from typical polystyrene. HIPS, which stands for High Impact Polystyrene is used in the research and development and manufacture of mechanical prototypes and other tools that are often subjected to high impact environments, stress, and tension. It is one of ...

Actin in Plant Cells

Actin, one of the most abundant proteins, occurs in all eukaryotic cells constituting almost five percent of cellular protein. Actin is the predominant component of the cytoskeleton. It is worth noting that the all-important cytoskeleton of a plant has three principal components; actin filament, microtubules and intermediate filaments (Jeon, 2003). As a component of the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells, actin is of crucial importance in a plethora of cell processes that act in concert to govern cell growth and morphology. The cell processes influenced by the actin cytoskeleton include; cell division, organelle movement, vesicle trafficking, organelle motility, and cell signaling, ...