Introduction
Chronic pain is associated with the pain behaviors that cannot be comprehensively explained from the biomedical perspective. Pain is a psychophysiological unpleasant sensory and perceptual experience provoked by injury or diseases (Talaei, Labbaf, Tabatabayi, & Barekatain, 2015). Chronic pain experience involves the perception of the unpleasant physical stimuli as well as the interpretation of the sensations of pain and evaluation of the experience as one that creates suffering. This means that chronic pain imposes physical, emotional, and sociological stress on individuals. The relationship between the emotional, physical, and sociological factors appears causal rather than simply correlational. In the past years, ...