Essays on Mortality Rates

Article critique

The title of the study provides a clear and succinct indication of the issues which will be touched on in the main study. The issues which will be discussed in the study includes nurse staffing, nurse work schedule and patient mortality have been clearly captured. Such a realization provides the reader with a sneak preview of what to expect when they read the study.

Abstract

The abstract of the study provides a clear breakdown of what the reader should expect to see while reading the paper. The problem of the study has been clearly stated as the independent effects which ...

There are times when a nursing problem arises as a result of a number of findings, and these findings are pulled together into a summary in order to see the big picture created out of these findings. This act of pulling together is what Brown & Ochs (2018) calls a systematic research review (SRR) or systematic review, which helps researchers identify “what is known with certainty, what is tentatively known, and what the gaps in knowledge are regarding an issue” (p.175). It serves as a link between the individual studies performed and the decision making done in order to create ...

Age has been considered the biggest achievement one has to attain a lot of respect in the society. The elderly are considered as the most valuable members of the society because they have a lot to give to the growth of a community. In middle life, the number of the aged in the community was higher since people were expected to live longer. During the average life, the elderly were well cared for. They had many siblings who could be at their disposal to meet their needs. For instance, the Arabs and Islam law taught that the children should ...

A total of 57 million deaths were reported worldwide in 2008, and the majority of those deaths were caused by either non-cardiovascular diseases (36 million; 63%) or cardiovascular diseases (17.3 million; 30%) according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011). The highest mortality rates are associated with ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, which account for 45% and 29% of the cardiovascular-related deaths in men and 37% and 33% of cardiovascular-related deaths in women, respectively (see Figure 1). Ischemic heart disease is considered the most common cardiovascular cause of death as it accounts for 7.6 million deaths worldwide (Institute ...

In the article titled, “Longevity Among Hunter- Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination”, by Michael Gurven and Hillar Kaplan, the authors find that survival of Homo sapiens has gradually increased and people who lived before us, has a shorter life span than people of the current time. The longevity in this article is described as senescence-associated age of death. If human lifespan is divided into three phases: childhood, adulthood and older adult (after 40 years of age), mortality rates are higher among older adults. Lifestyle changes and better sanitation practices have helped to reduce mortality rates across all three phases of ...

Policy Analysis: Issue of Health Disparities in Alaska Natives and American Indians

Health disparities among Alaska Natives and American Indians (AI/ANs) have been reported since the initial contact that occurred nearly 500 years in the past. Moreover, the disparities are common in every age and across a wide spectrum of various disease categories (Sarche & Spicer, 2008). Accordingly, AI/ANs endure persistent health disparities that include health status decline, barriers to essential health services, and high uninsured rates. The group also experiences a lower status of health in comparison to other Americans (Frizzell, 2016). The disproportionate burden of disease and reduced life expectancy in AI/ANs can be attributed to cultural differences, discrimination in ...

One of the developing African countries challenged with severe health problems and requiring special attention from international organizations is Angola which has been marked by increasingly high levels of malaria incidence. Malaria is considered the main health problem haunting Angola (Schwartz et al., 2001) and this tendency has been persistent for years. The number of deaths caused by the disease has been varying but extremely high – around 21,000 cases in 2012 (UNDP, n/a). Moreover, the disease affected non-Angolan residents during the civil war in the country lasting until the early 2000s: the troops of the UN peacekeeping mission ...

CHAPTER FOUR

Introduction This study will mainly focus on the ways that can be proposed so as to make the medical care provision of Russia be improved. The results that will be achieved from this research work will immensely contribute to the improved and much efficient health care provision in Russia.

Findings

Notably, the research methodology employed a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative analysis. We shall therefore look at the various prospects of Russian healthcare business in the global international healthcare market. Some of the most visible prospects and fragments that are the backbone of the healthcare sector include demographic issues, ...

Main Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

According to the World Heart Federation (WHF, 2016), the majority of cardiovascular disease (CVD)’s etiology stems from risk factors that can easily be controlled or managed or modified although a few other risk factors cannot be controlled. For that matter, the risk factors can be grouped into two broader categories (I) modifiable factors and (II) non-modifiable factors. For the modifiable factors, they include hypertension, cholesterol, unhealthy diets, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity, and the use of tobacco (WHF, 2016). On the other hand, the non-modifiable factors include age; the risk of CVD increases with age because as a ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Hypernatremia and hyponatremia Hypernatremia and hyponatremia are among the most common electrolyte disorders in older people. Hypernatremia is caused by an increase in the concentration of the sodium in extracellular serum to more than 145 mEq per L. On the other hand, hyponatremia is caused by a decrease in the concentration of sodium in body, i.e. less than 135 mEq per L. Hyponatremia can be acute or chronic (Buttaro, 2013). Both hypernatremia and hyponatremia are commonly found clinical problems in critically ill patients. They are often asymptomatic, but in some patients their symptoms appear that can ...

Chapter One: Introduction to Pre-Eclampsia Study

Chapter One: Introduction to Pre-Eclampsia Study As one of the leading global causes of maternal mortality, pre-eclampsia and related conditions have a remarkably wide impact (Sibai, Dekker & Kupferminc, 2005; Ghulmiyyah & Sibai, 2012). Diseases like pre-eclampsia can strike women of any age and with any socioeconomic background. The issues associated with pre-eclampsia are global, but there are certain populations that are more heavily impacted than others—and these populations are the ones that require investigation (Sibai, Dekker & Kupferminc, 2005). Pre-eclampsia is a condition that is associated with high maternal blood pressure and protein in maternal urine, but it is a ...

Introduction

The Institute of Medicine, U.S.A, identified global health problems as health concerns that transcend national boundaries. These health issues are influenced by environment prevailing in other nations. Thus, there is a need for cooperative action from countries across the globe to find solutions to these concerns. With the kind of high mobility seen today, an epidemic outbreak in Africa, can readily spread to rest of the globe, if measures to contain its spread are not taken on a global scale. Polio eradication, containment of influenza virus, policies to restrict tobacco use are examples of policies that were instituted to ...

Purnell’s Model for Cultural Competence

Introduction The modern health care faces multiculturalism and diversity challenges that arise due to cultural differences of the health care professionals and among the clients. As such, various initiatives and strategies have become necessary to inculcate cultural sensitivity or competence among health care professionals. Healthcare organizations face the challenges pose by multicultural diversity as well as ethnic and racial disparities among the service providers (Campinha, 2011). Therefore, they are avidly adopting various strategies to address this issue. They develop statements, initiatives, and standards to encourage health care professionals to become culturally competent. Purnell’s Model has been proposed for ...

Nantsupawat, A., Nantsupawat, R., Kulnaviktikul, W., & McHugh, M. D. (2015). Relationship between nurse staffing levels and nurse outcomes in community hospitals, Thailand. Nursing & health sciences, 17(1), 112-118. The study examines the relationship that exists between the staffing levels of nurses and the subsequent nurse outcomes whereby the study was conducted in various community hospitals in Thailand. According to the author understanding the various factors that influence nurse outcome especially job dissatisfaction as well as emotional exhaustion could enable policy makers as well as hospital administrators in developing strategies to enhance the satisfaction of nurses and minimize emotional exhaustion ...

Introduction

The use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators to deliver shocks is used as a life-saving approach when treating ventricular fibrillation events and ventricular tachycardia (Miyake et al., 579). The continued use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators to deliver shocks is not based on the knowledge of its effectiveness. Several studies have shown that this approach is associated with some negative effects. For instance, Miyake et al., (579) reported that the efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillators is unknown even though it is continually used. Miyake et al., (579) further reports that the use implantable cardioverter defibrillators has been to result inappropriate discharges. ...

Introduction

The use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators to deliver shocks is used as a life-saving approach when treating ventricular fibrillation events and ventricular tachycardia (Miyake et al., 579). The continued use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators to deliver shocks is not based on the knowledge of its effectiveness. Several studies have shown that this approach is associated with some negative effects. For instance, Miyake et al., (579) reported that the efficacy of implantable cardioverter defibrillators is unknown even though it is continually used. Miyake et al., (579) further reports that the use implantable cardioverter defibrillators has been to result inappropriate discharges. ...

In preparing for this assignment, a list of all countries of the world by land area was obtained from the CIA website and was sorted in a spreadsheet from countries with the largest land area to countries with the smallest land area. A total of 224 countries were obtained, and after elimination of all countries with a land area smaller than Belgium, a total of 137 countries remained. Data on global infant mortality rates was obtained for each country in the reduced list and was recorded as deaths/1000 live births . To obtain a dissection of these figures in to ...

Introduction and summary

Equal access to healthcare is essential to the sustainability of any nation. In fact, lack thereof compromises the survival rates of any population as it heightens the mortality rates. In the article, of disparities and diversity: Where are we? Gloria Sarto seeks to provide a rationale for the high levels of differences in the medical sector. She compares the minority population’s accessibility to healthcare facilities as opposed to the largely white community in the United States. Through this comparison, she establishes a credible argument on the need to eliminate health disparities among people around the globe. For instance, ...

Abstract

The uses of radiation revolutionized medicine when experimentation on its potential applications begun. X-Ray technology, discovered by Wilhem Roentgen, is currently used as a common tool for diagnostics; Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie dedicated themselves to further investigations in the field, discovering additional radioactive materials (polonium and radium); radiation therapy is a popular treatment for cancer. This paper analyzes the historical background behind these two applications of radiation in the medical field. Moreover, the different types of radiotherapy are described (external-beam radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy). The concept of radiation homeostasis, which is the notion that low-dose ...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Abstract The intensive care unit in most hospitals plays the role of providing care to patients dealing with life-threatening conditions. The technological and other set ups in these hospital units are vital in ensuring that these patients continue to receive the best regarding care while with the intentions of having them emerge with desirable outcomes. There are however challenges relating to the care that these patients receive since, in most cases, they are usually under mechanical ventilation. A patient under this condition faces the risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia if the ventilators are not handled with the required care. ...

Performance management is an important tool for the supervision of human resource in an organisation as it makes sure that the available scarce resources are utilised efficiently and effectively. The purpose of a performance management plan is to develop or design a planned, organised, systematic-wide methodology to process policy and performance measurement, evaluation and the enhancement of the health services being provided. According to Epstein and Manzoni, management control scholars have for a long time advocated for the alignment of strategy, structure, and systems that leads to a rise in a firm’s organisational performance standards needs to rise. ...

Introduction

Rational and other forms of discrimination, including ethnic discrimination have been the bane of major political discourse in the history of the United States. The steps that have been gained over the last several years have yielded tremendous success in the recognition of most of the basic rights of the minorities who according to the U.S. Census Bureau (2008) form at least forty percent of the population in the United. However, despite the successes of the human rights activists in ensuring that every citizen is accorded equal rights, the disparities that are still experienced in the provision of health ...

Breast cancer is identified as the most common cancer among women in the world (Chlebowski, Chen, Anderson, Rohan, Aragaki, Paskett, and Prentice, 2013). The prevalence rates have increased in the recent past, a trend associated with lifestyle attributes such as improper diets and lack of exercise. In as much as genetics play a contributory role in the development of breast cancer, a significant part is associated with these changes. An interesting aspect is that the ailment affects women differently in relation to differences in racial and ethnic considerations. In this regard, Asian women are the least affected group in ...

Pediatric Health

The health and well-being of human being are one of the crucial concerns of health care practitioners and physicians. The topic of health is broad and diverse, with many areas of specification and analysis. Scientists have had studies on the human health and come up with methods to improve and handle human health cases. The study of human health requirements has become a widely studied topic in many institutions. Off all the topics and areas of concerns in the health, I find pediatric health an area worth concentrating on. Pediatric health is defined as the branch of health care ...

The study of infectious diseases has always been crucial to mankind because of the devastating effects it has had on the human race. The influenza epidemic, for example, occurred repeatedly in the 20 th and 21st century, spreading across large regions and multiple continents. Influenza in 1918 killed an estimated 50 million people world wide. This was higher than the amount of people that died in World War I. About 500,000 fatalities occurred in the US which was approximately 28% of the US population at that time. The number of deaths that took place in 1957 and 1968 ...

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection which often develops as a result of poor handling of mechanical ventilation. Such as, poor nursing practice in caring for patients with difficulty in breathing can lead to microorganisms entering patient’s body through a tube inserted especially via mouth and nose of the patient. When these microorganisms get into the respiratory system they cause lung infection which is referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In preventing this infection, it is important that nurses adopt best practices to reduce the incidence of VAP and provide quality care that is aimed at improving the ...

According to a World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that one-third of the world’s population doesn't have regular access to vital medicines. More than 50% of populations in parts of Africa and Asia and more especially in India where the people lack direct access to the essential and most necessary drugs. Despite the fact that India has low drug prices, only a third of the population has access to essential medicines, and even fewer people would have access to these drugs with the introduction of pharmaceutical patents. Access to medication is a fundamental right for every human ...

Disasters

Disasters are events that disrupt the normal conditions in a community causing suffering to the people of the society or infrastructural damage beyond the adjustment limits of the community. Man-made disasters are easily preventable through proper policies and effective public awareness programs. However, natural disasters happen suddenly with little or no warning bringing the need for disaster preparedness to minimize their impacts. Hospitals and local emergency services play a crucial role in disasters. This is because, in any disaster situation, the priority is safeguarding human health and life.

Top Disasters to Prepare For

Different parts of the world experience different natural calamities hence every ...

Infection in cancer patient with febrile neutropenia: epidemiology, microbiology and management

Abstract Febrile neutropenia (FN) is characterised by a decrease in neutrophils number to values below 500 cells/ mm3 and an occurrence of fever higher or similar to 38.3ºC. It commonly occurs in cancer patients as a result of chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy destroys carcinogenic cells but also attacks in many cases some normal cells including essential elements of the immune system. Fever is one of the characteristic symptoms of FN and is usually associated with the presence of an infection caused by various microorganisms. Bacteria, including Gram-positive isolates (currently dominating) and Gram-negative species (dominant in the 1970s), are usually ...

Abstract

Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that directly involves the main male reproductive organ, the testes. The testes are basically a loose sack of skin and flesh located below the penis. Testicular cancer is a rare form of cancer only accounting for between 1% and 3% of the total number of cancer cases in the male population in western countries. It is also one of the most curable forms of cancer. Nonetheless, it is still a condition worth reviewing. The research question in this paper asks whether survivors of testicular cancer indeed suffer from a testicular cancer-related comorbidity ...

Learner's Full Name

Assignment Title Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Cancer Rates Smoking is injurious to health and causes numerous deaths every year. In the United States along lung cancer mortality rates have been estimated to be around 100 men per 100000 aged between 50 and 54 (.Numerous research articles, funded studies and an extensive body of epidemiological data links cigarette smoking to a wide variety of cancers. Long time smokers have been found to suffer from cancers of the lung, head and neck, urinary tract, pancreas and the bladder. Other studies on smoking related cancers have also found that smoking can ...

For a long time now, nurses have been fighting against inadequate staffing and the outcomes that such issues have on them and the patients under their care. Additionally, the ever ballooning needs of the health care system have resulted in the number of patients requiring care going above the available healthcare personnel (Aiken, et al., 2014). As such, the available nurses presently working in the country, both at the state and the federal level are overwhelmed by the responsibilities bestowed on them. From the foregoing, therefore, it is evident that finding the optimal level of the nurse-to-patient ratio has ...

What explains the decline in mortality in developed countries? Are there lessons to be learned in relation to the poor in developing countries today? I. Introduction

A. General Information

In general, the mortality level is deservedly considered to be among one of the characteristics that reveals both economic and social health of the certain state and that clearly describes the effectiveness of the policies that governments get used to adopt. In this context, the most significant particular demographic indicators are commonly the following: 1) Infant mortality rate; 2) Maternal mortality rate; 3) Mortality amid able-bodied citizens; 4) Mortality caused by external factors; ...