Essays on Mutation

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are prearranged sections in bacterial as well as archaeal genomes, which form part of an adaptive immune system against phages —viruses that infect bacteria but not humans. CRISPR and CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems have been rapidly emerging as an alternative genomic editing tool to ZFNs (zinc-fingernuclease) and TALENs (Transcription activator-like effector nucleases). In the article, “Targeted mutagenesis in rice using CRISPR-Cas system,” the author applies CRISPR/Cas system in rice (Miao, et al.). The author investigates whether the CRISPR/Cas technology can create double standard breaks (DSB) in rice callus. The successful application of CRISPR/Cas ...

Genetic counselling has been described as the process by which an individual fully understands and adapts to the contribution of genetic makeup in the medical and physiological state of the individual along with its influence on the familial implications of a disease condition [1]. Genomic medicine is at an all-time high in these years of fast developing technology in medicine [2]. The traditional process of genetic medicine and counselling involves the collection of data and interpretation of the history of pathology in the familial background of the individual along with the assessment of risks, informed consent, and psychosocial analysis ...

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Immunotherapy in Treating Human Cancer

The immune system of our body is a complex network of tissues, cells, and organs that act mutually to protect our body from unknown foreign trespassers. It recognizes the harmful particles entering the body and facilitates the destruction of those particles in order to shield the body system from any ailment. Due to any complexity or disturbance often the immune system targets the wrong particle considering it as a dangerous particle and this anomaly of the immune system may result in various autoimmune diseases like arthritis, allergies, malignancies, and AIDS (Understanding the ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

Abstract

The impact of coffee (caffeine) on diabetes is an issue that has not found significant exploration in past literature. The general hypothesis and one that has been adopted in this study is that coffee and particularly it major ingredient caffeine has significant positive influence on prevention of diabetes in humans. In this experiment, the researchers utilized a sample of eleven mice that had a genetic mutation for becoming diabetic. These mice were subjected to a diet of water (control group) and diluted coffee in the experimental group (Yamauchi et al., 2010). It was assumed that the experimental group would ...

Human Genome Evolution and Disease

Genome evolution is one of the key aspects that have helped determine the overall position of human beings from a scientific perspective, as it focuses more on providing scientists with an understanding of the changes occurring within the human body (Tomkins, 2016, p.261). The study of genome evolution has focused more on evaluating the changes in structure, otherwise referred to as a sequence, and size of the human gene within a given period. The study provides scientists with a better understanding of the changes occurring within the human body as well as some of the changes that human beings ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Introduction

Endometrial cancer refers to a type of cancer that affects the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the womb or uterus. Endometrial cancer is one type of cancer that is somewhat different when compared to other types of cancer, as it affects others parts of the body depending on its severity. That means that poor management of this type of cancer may have significant impacts to other parts of the body attributed to the spread of this cancer to different organs. The cancer arises from an abnormal growth of cells within the womb thereby resulting in a situation ...

Introduction

We’ve learned that DNA is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents, but have you ever thought about what exactly this DNA encodes for? How do our cells use DNA as a set of instructions for life? How is the information in our DNA/genes used by our bodies? And what happens when the DNA is mutated or not used properly?

Materials

DNA sequence Computer with an internet connection Procedure Obtain your DNA sequence from your teacher. It will be emailed to you at the beginning of the week.

Convert your DNA sequence into a complementary mRNA sequence.

EXAMPLE: DNA: T A C G G C T ...

Description

The Rett syndrome is originally known as cerebroatrophic hyperammonemia. It is a rare genetic disorder which commonly affects women although there are cases where it could be found in male patients. It is considered as a postnatal neurological disorder which affects the grey matter of the brain. Rett syndrome is also considered as a progressive disorder which affects the development of the brain. It is also considered as one of the common cause of mental disorders among women. It occur about 1 in 10,000 births and it typically develops at age 6 to 18 months. The signs or ...

In 1872, the 22-year-old George Huntington presented a paper describing an elaborately outlined inheritance pattern of a disease, which during the time was referred to as "chorea." In his paper, which was presented at the Meigs and Mason Academy of Medicine at Ohio, George described all the features of the adult-onset form of the disorder and outlined the disease’s autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Although the mechanism underlying the inheritance pattern of the disease was not understood until the rediscovery of Mendel’s works, his paper was so comprehensive that George Huntington quickly became widely acclaimed. In fact, he ...

[Author Name] [Author Affiliation] [Author’s notes with more information about affiliations, financial obligations, conflicts of interest and how to contact] At any given time, we are in contact with millions of bacteria; some of these bacteria are beneficial to us, while others are not. On occasion, the harmful bacteria are allowed access to our bodies and begin to replicate. Subsequently, we become sick and visit the doctor who prescribes an antibiotic. The antibiotic enters our system and destroys all of the bacteria it comes in contact with, including the good bacteria that helps the body fight off disease. ...

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One of the most common types of cancer that occurs in males is prostate cancer. This cancer has no treatment and has caused many deaths in the world. But since there is advancement of medical technology, there are survivors of Prostate cancer. Around 2 million men population in US are survivors of Prostate cancer ("Prostate Cancer"). Basically prostrate is a small nutshell shape gland present in males that is solely responsible for the production of seminal fluid and not only it produces it ...

This research is about radiation exposure to pregnant females. Pregnant females are often exposed to radiation from medical equipment such as X-Ray machines, security scanners, hazards from nuclear facilities, and other equipment in the workplace. There has been raising concerns as to whether radiation has any impact on pregnant females. While some argue radiation is harmful, some people believe radiation has no impact. This paper will review evidence gathered from previous investigations. The paper will discuss radiation and its impacts on the pregnant females. The paper will conclude with a summary of the findings. Radiation can be classified as ...

Abstract

Hemophilia is a genetic condition that is traceable in generations. The disease is usually linked to the excessive bleeding of the patient at a point where the blood vessel is damaged. A lot of research on the disease has been carried out trying to define the origin of the disease and offer extensive support to the solution of the condition. Over time, the disease has attracted extensive attention as the cases of the disease increase. It has not been easy to control the disease since the condition has been overwhelmingly disturbing to the patients as well as the family ...

Different cultures have developed different mythologies and creation stories that try to explain the origin of humans. Similarly, scientists have established the processes of evolution that provide an explanation of the same. However, evolution is different from the mythologies and creation stories in which it is based on the scientific language. Another difference between the creation stories and evolution is that evolution is grounded in the ideas that can be tested. According to Chapter 2, Evolution can be termed as the scientific way to depict how the species appear and change over time. To provide a clear understanding of ...

Evolution is the scientific way of explaining how species come into existence and how they change over time. Evolution is also a mythology which explains the origin of human beings. Most of the evidence for evolution, which come as a result of historical and cultural processes contributes to scientific thought, hence making the scientists accept evolution as a fact. The process of evolution has many areas of discussion, for example, the four forces of evolution, the concepts of species and population, variation, isolation mechanisms, and speciation. This paper explains the concepts one by one in details. There were different ...

1. a. The pKa value of an amino acid is an indication of how strong or weak an amino acid is, based on the said acid’s dissociation constant. An amino acid that has a high pKa value is weaker than on that has a low pka value. Given that an acid’s dissociation constant is Ka, the pKa value is given by the formula: pKa = -log10Ka pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA]),It follows that for Cys12, 7.4= 7.2 + log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 7.4-7.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 0.2 = log([Cys-]/[HCys]) 100.2= Cys-/HCys Therefore, Cys-/HCys = 10-4Similarly, ...

Evolution is the process by which organisms undergo various changes over time. The change occurs in the physical and behavioral aspects of the organism. There are fundamental processes or concepts in the process of evolution. This paper discusses these concepts in details.

Species, Population and Variation

Species refers to a group of individuals, which naturally interbreed to give rise to offspring. Organisms, which belong to the same species, are referred to as a population. Members of a particular population can have different biological compositions or genetics. This mechanism is referred to as variation and is mostly caused by genetic drift.

The Four Forces of Evolution

The evolution process ...

Abstract

In the novel ‘Black Hole,’ teenagers who engage in sexual behavior contract a decision that leads to genetic mutations which are hard to conceal. The disease is a replica of the Aids Pandemic and the struggles which teenagers have to endure during their adolescent years. The importance of the study is to identify how teenagers in the book the black Hole relate to the youth in the current society. Teenagers experience hormonal imbalances which cause them to lose control and are mostly controlled by their sex drives. Sexual attractions are common during this developmental stage of life, and most ...

Gene Expression and Signaling Class

Short Answer Different Phenotype in PTEN Mutations While PTEN is either mutated or lost in both spontaneous and heritable cancers, the p110 alpha is frequently mutated in major forms of cancer such as breast cancer, endometrial, colorectal, ovarian, and prostate cancers with a greater prevalence of breast cancers (Nagata et al., 2004). Besides, the monoallelic loss of PTEN mostly contributes to the growth of tumor in the context of other somatic mutations in which case the count of PTEN proteins correlates with the severity of cancer, an indication that PTEN is haploinsufficient in functionality. Additionally, while the gene encodes ...

Different concepts in philosophy have shown the changes and development that has taken place over time. This paper seeks to discuss different aspects of philosophical thought and how the show development over time. In the first concept is the concept of hero and saint in the emergence of romanticism. The concept of hero is seen in a romantic hero which at the time this was a protagonist who despite having flaws was still in a position of leadership. A good example of a romantic hero is Dante in ‘Divine comedy’. He feels lost in what is considered a norm ...

Introduction

The treatment for multitudes of diseases and disorders resulting from genetic reasons have been ambiguous since long as the only cure could be the correction of genes and DNA in the specific region. Gene therapy gave a promising horizon to the correction of such genetic defects whereby molecular tools are applied to reverse the mutation or any other changes in the DNA. The advancing biomedical research have offered several tools for gene therapy since last few decades that have been able to perform the desired roles but with one or the other limitations. Lately, CRISPR-Cas9 based tools for gene ...

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Introduction

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a very complicated neurodegenerative condition including the motor and non-motor manifestations that lead to neuronal loss. Currently, only symptomatic therapies are available but nothing is known yet to prevent this degenerative process. This is a multi-factorial condition with multiple risk factors that includes increasing age, genetic vulnerability, and environmental determinants. All these factors mutually play a role in the pathogenic process of PD. Medical sciences have achieved major advances in understanding the process working behind PD development that are Nigral Dopaminergic Apoptosis, Protein ...

Abstract

This paper is about the investigation of Parkinson’s disease, and in particular is involved with the examination of its symptoms, stages, causes, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment, and social impacts. Finally, the paper analyzes and evaluates two ongoing on Parkinson’s disease researches, which are also examined in respect to their impact on Parkinson’s disease patients. Key words: Parkinson disease, Parkinson disease causes and impacts, Parkinson disease symptoms and prevalence, Parkinson disease diagnosis, and Parkinson disease ongoing research.

Idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressively evolving disease with main manifestations resting tremor, muscle stiffness, slow movement and loss ...

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1 in 2500 births. CF is a disease that affects many organs including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, pancreas, intestines and reproductive system. Over the past 20 years, our understanding of the manifestation and management of the disease has progressed dramatically. CF was once considered a condition of childhood and there was very little expectation that children would enter adult life. However, CF has become a multisystem adult disease with the increased survival attributable to advancements in standardized treatment, introduction of ...

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with irreversible and progressive loss of memory. The disease causes memory destruction and cognitive dysfunction, and finally the ability to perform simple tasks is affected. Recently the disorder is ranked as among the leading cause of deaths in the United States after heart diseases and cancers thus making it the third leading causes of death especially in geriatrics. Alzheimer is the main cause of dementia among the old people. Dementia simply means loss of cognitive functions which involves thinking, remembering as well as reasoning, and change in behavioral abilities to ...

Mirna Salim

Introduction Cats have been living with us for thousands of years. As opposed to other domestic animals like cows and sheep that provide as with food and other raw materials, it has never been clear the main reason why human domesticated cats. Some schools of thought believe that cat was domesticated to help human eradicate rodents which were destroying crops. However, others believe that cats were domesticated just to be pets, to keep human company. This research will not major in the reason as to why cat was domesticated, but rather will focus on the origin of the domesticated ...

Introduction

Research in lung cancer treatment can save lives and improve a patient’s quality of life. There are three main types of lung cancer: Non-small cell, small cell, and lung carcinoid cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer, such as Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma make up about 85% of all lung cancers (Molina, Yang, Cassivi, Schild, & Adjei, 2008). Both environmental and genetic factors are significant in the cause of lung cancer. Chronic exposure to carcinogens, ionizing radiation, and viral infections can lead to alterations of the DNA in tissue lining the bronchial epithelium of the lungs. Furthermore, ...

Abstract

Cancer of the lungs is among the leading causes of cancer in the world. It has two forms; small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC constitutes about 85% of cases of lung cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its mutations are found to have an important role in this cancer. Therefore, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can work effectively against NSCLC. Gefitinib, which is a first generation TKI, and afatinib, which is a second-generation TKI, are effective as a first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. Erlotinib is effective as a second-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. ...

Precision medicine in Neurodevelopmental diseases

The present lecture focuses on the genomics, its significance in treating current genetic diseases and future scope. Started with the basic introduction of human genome the lecturer presented the most advanced approach of genomics in combating the multiple incurable human diseases via developing tailored mouse models. Human genome includes 3 billion nucleotide bases that are inherited from the parents. Human genome sequencing was one of the greatest achievements of the medical science that have grown rapidly. The total cost for the first sequencing project had been 3 billion USD that lasted for around ten years but now one can ...

Dan Koeppel, in the essay ‘Can This Fruit be saved?’ Explains two contrasting visions of how well to address the impending (banana) crisis. One of the visions is based on the traditional methods of production, aimed at the manufacture of a banana plant with the same taste and appearance as the Cavendish to the extent that consumers cannot tell it is not the one. Aguilar is one of its proponents. Aguilar serves as a head banana breeder at Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Investigation (FHIA).The other vision is shared by bioengineers and is aimed at altering the chromosomes of ...

Movies are a source of entertainment and act as agents of recreation. Around the world, millions of people at one point in their lives will admit to having watched a movie. Whether it is at the big screens, rental DVD’s or streaming online. With a larger followership, movies are popular with both the young and old, the polarity of the film may be due to the theme expressed, or the role the main actor plays in the movie. Furthermore, the popularity of the movie may be because of affiliation with another big box office hit of the year ...

Abstract

In the following case-study, Joshua is a newborn infant presented by his parents Samuel and Rachel to the pediatric outpatient unit of Robertsbridge, Sussex for screening and medical advice for sporadic vomiting at the time of breast feeding and seizure-like episodes. Samuel and Racheal also report sweet odor in the urine and loss of weight. Blood tests demonstrated increased concentrations of leucine and isoleucine. Genetic testing on the skin biopsies reveal mutation at Exon 6, c.659C>T of the of BCKDHA gene with a protein level p. A220V and Joshua exhibits about 1.5 % lesser than normal deficiency in the ...

Chapter 9

Question 1

Binary mission in prokaryotes Mitosis and Meiosis in eukaryotes Question 2 The development of embryos as well as the growth and development of bodies. Important in asexual reproduction. Question 3 The term cell cycle refers to an ordered set of events leading to cell growth and division into two daughter cells.

Question 4

Interphase is a phase of the cell cycle characterized by the absence of cell division. During this phase, the cell obtain nutrients, the organelles duplicates, protein synthesis takes place, and cells duplicate its genetic material (its chromatids). The genetic material is located in the nuclei of ...

Research Question: Does a diet such as low fat and low cholesterol really help lower LDL? Hypothesis: It may or may not. Early research sometimes suggested not eating eggs would help lower cholesterol. This resulted in limits for how many eggs one should eat, if any. Determine if a low fat and low cholesterol diet really works with the study outlined below . Compare two groups of patients: one group eliminating foods which may alter LDL levels and one which continues on with their usual diet before diagnosis of the high LDL levels. Foods to be considered are eggs, 2% ...

Introduction

For the specification of the control of an aircraft, other parameters and equipment’s other than the basic aircraft control are required. This is because there are various dynamic performance criteria that need to be factored in the aircraft control system design. The basic aircraft system requires a navigation and control so that it works efficiently. The basic structure of the aircraft system is identified as below with the various parts performing various functions:

Aircraft system block diagram

The stability augmentation and transient response improvement are provided by the estimation control of the linear feedback block of the system. The forward loop provides ...

Introduction

Avian influenza also is known as bird flu and results from viruses acclimatized to some birds. People may be infected with avian influenza when they get into contact with the infected birds or infected fluids from the birds (Capua and Dennis 10). In this report, the discussion is about the evolution of avian influenza, characteristics of the virus, epidemiology of the virus, as well as the mode of transmission. Moreover, the paper talks about the gene expression of the virus, infection of the human by the virus, evolution of avian influenza's vaccines, and criticisms surrounding evolution of the virus.

Overall features of the avian flu virus

...

Introduction

Stem cell therapy has proved to be a boon for the medical world. It has made treatment of many diseases a lot easier than it could have been ever imagined. Diseases which were earlier considered untreatable can now be treated with the help of this latest development in the field of Medical Science, known as the stem cell transplant. Many medical researchers believe that stem cell transplant have enormous potential to change the face of disease among the humans and relieve them from their sufferings. There already are a good number of stem cell treatments existing in the medical ...

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Introduction

Worldwide diabetes in children and adolescents is a heavy burden, 
but in developing countries it is associated with even greater 
difficulties. MODY is a kind of disease that strikes young people; and although the disease is spread worldwide and represents one the same pathology, a condition in which the disease can be fundamentally different.  Diabetes among young people happens when glucose is not trapped in the cell accumulates in the blood; and sensitivity to its own insulin called insulin resistance is decreased. Insulin resistance usually precedes the ...

Source

Abstract Sickle Cell Disease is a life-long debilitating disease that affects nearly 100,000 Americans (Sickle Cell Disease). Sickle Cell Disease is most common among people of African, Caribbean, Indian, Mediterranean, Saudi Arabian and people of Central and South American descent. Many scientists attribute Sickle Cell Disease to being the result of an evolutionary response against malaria (University of Utah Health Sciences) The reason for this is because the majority of cases of Sickle Cell Disease are located in regions of Africa or exist in descendants of Africans who used to live in areas that had high levels of ...

Etiology

Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder that plagues people indiscriminately around the world. Typically coming on in old age, the disease is characterized by neurons, or nerve cells in the brain, breaking down or dying . The specific cause of the disease is still unknown to scientists today despite copious amounts of research, but we are quickly learning there are many factors playing a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease in an individual. For example, according to Environmental Health Perspectives, one of the greatest etiological perspectives is one’s genetics and genetic history. Genes specific to an ...

Introduction

Organizations constantly explore methodologies and tools that can assist them in gaining competitive advantages, and competitive advantage arises when an organization has or does something different and better than its rivals (Thompson, 2013). Understandably, both the manufacturing and service companies introduce innovative products and services respectively in a bid to gain the competitive advantages. The cornerstone for product and service innovation in the contemporary world is Information Technology (IT) because it helps the manufacturing and service companies to offer superb services and products to their customers. It is noteworthy that Information technology and other services related to it have ...

Gene Editing Techniques

1. Gene Editing – General Background Gene editing entails inserting, deleting and replace the DNA in a genome of an organism utilizing engineered nucleases. Sections of the natural gene are replaced and completed using a synthetic DNA chain. Also, the natural repair process gets rid of the mismatches and gaps in the DNA. On the other hand, gene disruption is a technique by which the DNA fragment is utilized to replace a genome sequence with a chosen marker gene like the kanavanine resistance. DNA –binding proteins are proteins that consist of DNA-binding domains and hence have affinity for single and ...

Background

The nation of Turkey has one of the lowest rates of HIV infection in the world. While this rate has increased in the last several years, the reason is likely due to better reporting by health facilities around the country, rather than simply more infections. Also cited as part of the reason for increasing rates of infection is the recent influx of refugees and other immigrants from regions such as Africa, where infection rates are much higher than in Turkey proper. The primary mode of transmission is through heterosexual contact, although the stigma of homosexuality has probably influenced patient ...

*Corresponding author. email:

Abstract

Alu elements are a group of mobile elements amplified in primate genome through retroposition. One of the Alu elements is the TPA-25. This element presents a high degree of dimorphism within human population, showing different alleles frequencies in different human group. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique allow the amplification of part of the nucleic acid, including DNA being detecting by agarose gel. The objective of this study was to compare the genotypes of several individuals by using the Alu insertion detected by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cell samples from 82 students were taken. Samples proceed from ...

HeLa cell line is a human cancer cell line that does not undergo apoptosis or cell death, and can be continuously cultured indefinitely in-vitro (AccessScience Editors [ASE] 2014). In general, human somatic cell cultures cannot be maintained in laboratory conditions beyond certain no of generations. Hence, HeLa cells are very useful in medical research for studying cell behavior and cell death, in developing new cancer therapies and vaccines. Since their initial culturing, HeLa cells have been cloned several times, and distributed throughout the world for various research purposes. Though today several immortalized cell lines are available, HeLa still remains ...

Introduction

While it is hard to expound on life’s origin, in biology, we have learned that evolution occurs when the original species of life forms or living organisms develop and experience changes and alterations as they adapt to their environment. Thus, life constantly transforms and results in variety or variation among species and population.

Species, Population and Variation (between populations)

Species is a group of living organisms of the same features that can reproduce and whose fertile offsprings can likewise reproduce and so on within and among that particular species; while population is a closely associated group of the same species living at a certain ...

The safety of genetically modified foods has been a significant matter of dispute in the last years. Many people are suspicious of GMOs claiming that they have been introduced not so long ago and may bear considerable risks. However, during nearly twenty years that “bioengineered foods” have been on the market, there haven’t been documented any serious cases of health hazard due to their consumption (AMA CSAPH). Thereby, it can be stated with a high level of certainty that it is secure to eat genetically modified products. A wide range of respectable institutions supports the idea that all ...

Article 1

a. The study (Balaraman & Mathew, 2006) presents the experimental investigation of cyclosporine production by Tolypocladium fungi. This is the experimental research. b. The authors found that the maximum production of cyclosporin was significantly (at 0.05 level) higher in glucose (8%), casein acid hydrolysate (3%), malt extract (2%), peptone (1%), and amino butyric acid (0.5%), comparing to medium with lower glucose content (4%).

Article 2

a. The paper by Irum & Anjum (2012) is a full-size research paper on experimental study of methods to enhance cyclosporin by Aspergillus terreus by mutation induced by UV and chemical mutation. b. The mutation resulted in morphological ...

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disorder that mainly affects infants after their third month after birth. This disease affects the central nervous system by destroying nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. This results in the loss of motor skills meaning the infant is not able to turn over, support their neck, crawl or even sit down. The condition worsens as the infant grows with seizures, loss of hearing and vision and general paralysis with intellectual disability setting in. Tay-Sachs is a very rare condition often found among people with Jewish heritage but some cases have been ...

1. What techniques/training will the scholarship provide? The scholarship will train people on the aspects that relate to the testing and culturing of samples used in research. Testing hypothesis will be made possible through the project. The hypothesis testing skills are needed to test the hypothesis in the study. The study will base on the ability to take records and measure outcome. The project will offer training on how to test hypothesis and measure outcome. On the other hand, the scholarship will train clients on how to collect samples, record and interpret scientific data. When the project is done, ...

Vascular System: The New Frontier in Cancer Research

Vascular System: The New Frontier in Cancer Research For the last 50 years, cancer treatment has been ruled by the fact that each type of tumor must be selected for specific cancer treatment. Thus, medics have concentrated in producing specific types of drugs for the treatment of certain types of cancer (1). The types of drugs used were specific to candidates affected. Nonetheless, cancer cells have high rate of mutation hence they are very unstable therefore some cells become resistant due to repeated drug use or exposure to chemotherapy. The high rate mutation causes the cells to be genetically ...

Lis Rodriguez

ASA COLLEGE Abstract Marfan syndrome is connective tissue disorder. It is caused by a mutation of FBN1 gene that is responsible for encoding Fibrillin-1 protein. The mutation causes the drop of the amount of Fibrillin-1 which consequently affects the connective tissue. Connective tissue loses its strength and support which leads to various defects in different parts of the body. Cardiovascular, skeletal and ocular systems are most often affected. However, further symptoms include tall and slender build, disproportionately long arms, legs, fingers and toes, a breastbone that protrudes outward or dips inward, a high, arched palate and crowded teeth, heart ...

Microbial Genetics

This is an area of study within microbiology and genetic engineering that studies the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms. It is an area of study of great significance in the field of health and medicine. In this essay I will be focusing on this significance both positive and negative as it relates to the field of health and medicine and the new ways in which genetic engineering is finding its application. HIV infection usually infects cells with CD4+ markers. The other markers that are essential in making infection of these cells possible are CCR5 and CXCR4 without which cell entry ...

Abstract

The current antiretroviral drugs have been efficient in the management of HIV by suppressing the virus's replication. It has, therefore, helped in changing this virus from a deathly disease to a chronic infection. The utilization of extremely active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) calls for a lifetime prescription to prevent viral rebound by reducing the viral load to undetectable low levels. This high maintenance of treatment and the various side effects of the drugs and non-HIV related morbidity have led to the need for a better form of therapy. There has been an extensive study on stem cell manipulation done to develop gene therapy ...

Meiosis is also called litotes. This is a process by which there occurs cell division. The result is ‘four daughter cells’ with chromosomes that number half of what the parent cell had. This process has two main phases; one, ‘interphase meiosis 1’ and two, ‘interphase meiosis 2. Both these processes are cell division processes. The first interphase involves the cells duplication process while the second interphase involves the crossing over o the divided cells (Belk, 2010).

Over the years, scientists have endeavored to study the human system. Bones and fossils, as well as DNA have been continually studied so ...

Natural selection can be referred to as a process through which biological traits turn either more or less common within a population as a function of the impact of hereditary traits on the differential reproductive victory of organisms’ interaction with their surroundings. It is a major evolution mechanism. Charles Darwin popularized the term natural selection with an intention to have it compared with artificial selection, now referred to as selective breeding.

There exists variation within every organism’s populations. This takes place partly since random mutations happen in the genome of an organism, and these mutations can be acquired by offspring. All ...

Introduction

Breast cancer is a genetic disorder so common that it has claimed the lives of many women all over the world with statistics showing that it’s concentrated on the age of 45 - 55 years. Breast cancer, along with the other category of this disease is the product of the occurrence of a metastasized tumor. Neoplasm forms when genes are expressed abnormally such that the natural outcome of somatic cells is associated. Mutation, deletion and amplification of genes that control cellular growth and differentiation also cause the formation of a neoplasm. Thus, it is very critical to understand the genetic components ...

Introduction

Marfan syndrome is named after the French paediatrician Antoine Marfan, who first described the condition in 1896 after observing the outstanding features in a five-year-old girl. The gene linked to the disease was first identified by Francesco Ramirez at the Mount Sinai Medical Centre in New York City in 1991 (Katarina et al, 1990). Marfan syndrome is an inherited disorder that harms the body’s connective tissue such as blood vessels and capillaries. This tissue holds all the body’s cells, organs and tissue collectively. It as well plays an important role in allowance of the development of the human ...