Essays on Nerve

Ahmed, Sofe (2012). Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory Oedipus complex: A critical study with reference to D. H. Lawrence’s “Sons and Lovers”, Internal journal of English and literature Vol. 3(3), pp. 60-70.

Summary Annotation

One of the most often argued critical and debatable questions of modern psychology and literature is definitely Sigmund Freud and his Oedipus complex. Introducing his theory in the field of modern psychology and literature trend, Freud initiated the confrontation of opinions. However, there exist a lot of other valuators, according to which, Freud’s concept of Oedipus complex should be treated with great respect. Outstanding ...

It has never been a secret for people that physical activity stimulates the brain and provokes its development. Living in the modern world, it is hard to imagine our life without TV-shows, serials, computer games or Internet. It has become very complicated for us to devote our free time to something helpful, useful and effective. When talking about brain development and physical activity it is necessary to mention that scientists have devoted decades to the research of the fact that when we do sports, we stimulate our brain and improve our cognitive skills. It has been proved that exercising ...

During an afternoon shift in a post-surgical ward, I came across several patients who had undergone surgery in the noon. John had just returned to the ward when I took charge and the nature of his surgery demanded that he be monitored very closely. From the patient information chart made available to me I understood that he had undergone a surgical procedure for an optic nerve injury. I also observed that all the observations concerning his post-operative examination were normal and suggested absolutely no cause for any anxiety. I started my usual round of the post-surgical ward by going ...

Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to the next

The transmission from one neuron to another is characterized by exchange of electric charge across the membrane of each neuron (Fields, 2014). An unstimulated neuron would be polarised (McCance 2014). In the polarized state, there is difference in the electric charge across the membrane. However, during exchange, a neuron is said to undergo polarization, wherein there is an excess of Na+ (sodium ions) outside and excess of K+ (potassium ions) on the outside (Fields, 2014). Nerve impulse is transmitted through the process of polarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization (McCance 2014).

Compare the structure and functions of the CNS and PNS.

The nervous system comprises of the central nervous system (CNS) ...

The purpose of this assignment is to discuss the negative effects of prolonged diabetic treatment in adult patients. In particular, the assignment focuses on the effects of insulin infusion on patient suffering from diabetes with high potassium counts in his body Additionally, the patient's history shows that he had diabetes as well as chronic heart conditions. As a result, the patient has a history of high sodium levels as well as potassium levels in his blood system. The diagnostic treatments adopted by the clinical include insulin infusion and digitalis. This led to the patient developing abdominal pains and cramping. ...

1. Biot’s respiration named after Camille Biot is an abnormal ataxic breathing pattern, where rapid series of shallow respiration are followed by a period of apnea. In order to known how AMP kinase, knock down leads to Biot respiration in mice; it is necessary to known how AMP kinase affects respiratory rate. AMP kinase is a metabolic sensor and is activated in response to stretching of the lung alveolar cells and other stressors. During respiration, the lung goes through cycles of expansion and contraction (Budinger et al., 2008). When the alveolar cells stretch during expansion, the 5′ AMP-activated ...

Cycle of communication within and between neurons

The understanding of the communication process between and within neurons or the nerve cells helps us to gain knowledge of the functioning of the human brain. Neurons gather information relating to an organism’s internal state as well as the external environment continuously and perform an evaluation of this information and the coordination of appropriate activities depending on the situation and person’s needs. Communication between and within neurons occur through the transmission of nerve impulses, which in essence are coded signals produced by certain stimulus along the neuronal membrane. Communication within neurons occurs through a chemical process whereby ...

Mechanics function of the spine

The human body is meticulously designed with a complex and specialized skeletal system that helps not only provide support and structure for the body but enhances motion and stability. The spinal cord is the extension of the brain and it forms an essential part of the central nervous system. As people age the mechanics of the body are altered (NiosiOxland 2004). Degenerative processes are inevitable and as such, the facet joints, discs and vertebrae are affected. These degenerative issues of the spine include the degenerative disc disease, which is well known; others include Slipped discs, Spinal stenosis Osteoarthritis and ...

Advantages and disadvantages of having a circumcision

Various persons and groups have advocated for and against circumcision, often citing various advantages or disadvantages to back up their respective positions. Some advantages according to Elist (2013a), the National Health Service (NHS) (2016) and Webmd (2014) include the reduced risk of developing urinary tract infections (UTIs), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) especially HIV, cancer of the penis and cervical cancer in female partners. It also acts as prophylaxis against balanitis, balanoposthitis phimosis and paraphimosis as well as facilitates the maintenance of penis hygiene (Elist, 2013b; NHS, 2016; Webmd, 2014; Wiswell, 1997). Disadvantages of the procedure include complications which may ...

Average velocity

The average velocity reported for microtubules propelled by kinesin expressed in insect systems is much higher than that reported for kinesin expressed in E. coli with a calculated mean and median of approximately 2.9330μm/s and 2.7974μm/s respectively for kinesin expressed in insect systems and 1.1579μm/s and 1.0903μm/s respectively for kinesin expressed in E. coli. This result is similar to result obtained by Korten et al. (15: 64) and Agayan et al. (29: 2265–2272) and the lower velocity observed in microtubules propelled by kinesin expressed in E. coli is likely due to the presence of ...

In most healthcare settings primarily in oncology care units, the patients being taken care of here are usually faced with a myriad of treatment and post-treatment problems which compromises their state of wellbeing. The fact that these patients are under intense cancer treatment process makes them experience a lot of pain which in most cases compromises the quality of their life (Ripamonti et al., 2012). Individuals battling this condition are usually affected by the pain which is influenced by different factors like physical, emotional or environmental. These factors have been established to affect the nervous system of the body ...

Functional Electrical Stimulation in Stroke Rehabilitation

Age-related changes in the spinal column produce a degenerative process known as spondylosis. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is associated with changes in spinal column resulting in direct compressive and ischemic dysfunction of the spinal cord. Some symptoms, such as motor and sensory abnormalities, have been related to this dysfunction.1 Genetic, environmental, and occupational factors influence in the development of this condition, affecting not only old people, but also a spectrum of different ages, being a big source of disability and affecting negatively quality of life. 2 Clinical findings in cervical spondylotic myelopathy can be subtle, such as reduction in ...

Introduction

Diabetes impacts the body’s capacity to secrete or utilize insulin, a hormone that regulates the level of sugars in the blood. Possible complications that occur due to diabetes include heart attack, cardiovascular disease, and kidneys failure. This research paper analyzes how diabetes impacts the human body.

Circulatory system

Diabetes contributes to the disposition of fats in the blood vessels over time. The fat deposits may inhibit blood circulation and result in hardening the blood vessels, a condition known as atherosclerosis. Baoge and Tao (2015) assert that atherosclerosis is a vital pathologic cause of cardiovascular disease. Also, inhibited blood circulation may ...

1.Diaphoresis is a medical condition of the body that an individual often sweats because of a drug side effect or symptom of a disease. Motor dysfunction has associations with the nerve and muscle center responsible for movement; this term defines the improper functioning of the muscle. Cyanosis is a condition related to the low supply of oxygen in the blood where the skin color of an individual as well as mucous membranes appears to have purple or blue coloration. The peripheral nerve connects the central nervous system and the brain to the entire body neurons; any damage or pressure ...

Advantages

Male circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin. Circumcision may be performed for various reasons such as medical reasons, religious and cultural reasons and HIV prevention. Firstly, circumcision might be done to treat the following conditions: Phimosis is a condition wherein the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the glans penis. This can be a cause for pain during erection and may cause urination to be painful and difficult.

Recurrent balanitis is the inflammation of the foreskin and head of the penis.

Paraphimosis wherein the foreskin can’t be returned to its original position Penile cancer Aside from the medical reasons mentioned above, circumcision is a religious and ...

Vestibular Projections

Vestibular projections in the central nervous system consist of vestibular end organs which communicate with the brain stem and the cerebellum via the vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve. These nerves are also connected to the auditory fibers. Thus damage caused to these structures can cause both vestibular and auditory disturbances. The vital function of the vestibular system is to coordinate head and eye movements. The ability of the eye to stay focused on an object even while the head is moving is brought about by the vestibular system.

Vestibular Cochlear Nerve

The vestibulo cochlear nerve or the auditory nerve is ...

(Author Name) (Course Name/Number) The human brain is simply fascinating, and although it is at the very core of all human reasoning, intellect, and ability, it is still largely unexplored and misunderstood. The physical and social sciences have collaboratively conducted hundreds, if not thousands, of studies aimed at understanding the connection between the brain and human behavior, but even more interesting are the physiological processes that are intertwined to create a roadmap of human behavior, response, and consciousness that drives our very existence. These physiological processes are comprised of nervous systems functions, sensory system functions, and brain functions, which ...

The human brain is the most complex part of the human body that is very hard to understand. Our brains behave in a way that neuroscientists and psychologists have never understood. Its ability to control body functions and consciousness is one of the most challenging section that these individuals are still struggling to figure out. The human brain capacity of 1350 cc and it is made up of a very complex network of neurons that develop during the last three months of development (The Function of the Human Brain, 2016). The way we perceive the world around us is ...

Abstract

The progressive loss of structure and function of neurons together with their death is called neurodegeneration. This process often causes such an illness as Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the main causes of dementia that has different symptoms, among them, are language problems, disorientation, rapid mood changes, indifference to life, loss of short memory, strange behavior and inability to manage self-care. Scientists have not discovered the exact factors of the disease yet. Genes, obesity, head injuries and depression can be the ground. Unfortunately, there is no any cure of Alzheimer and elderly of 65 and ...

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Abstract The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is an important connection between the spine and pelvis. The shape and contour of the joint changes with life, i.e. it changes from flat shape to angular with the passage of time. SIJ is commonly involved in the painful conditions of pelvis and lower back. It can also result in transient numbness or tingling sensations and/or elevated level of urinary frequency. The complex anatomy and biomechanics of SIJ have an important role in the development of the low back pain and other symptoms, and they are also involved in making it ...

Describe the underlying pathology of COPD and the common pathological characteristics of the condition. Discuss the impact these pathological changes have on normal function, including how alveolar ventilation might be different in Mr Wenham compared to a normal individual. The hallmark pathological attributes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are one, poorly reversible airflow obstruction and two, a progressive atypical inflammatory response within the lungs. The abnormal inflammatory response denotes the responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems to long-standing exposure to noxious gases and particles especially cigarette smoke. Notably, all cigarette smokers have some degree of inflammation ...

NeuroFascia is an interesting topic that teaches about the connection between the fasciae and the nerves, which traverses the entire body. After doing the method number two, which is being the person under treatment, I felt the essence of Neurofascial therapy when it comes to relieving body’s nerve problems. In fact, it was written that Neurofascial bodywork courses can deliver a natural sense of a full-range, nerve-oriented technique (neurofascia.com). It was also a different form of learning when I was the one who were being treated using the Neurofascial technique, which was quite different compared to being the ...

Pain is a commonly experienced phenomenon among patients. Despite the commonality of the phenomenon of pain, it is a complex concept to describe and explain. There are different types of pain that are diagnosed using different metrics in primary care –somatic, neuropathic, and visceral pain, depending on the location of the pain on the body. Pain can also be acute or chronic, based on the length of time that a patient has experienced the pain. Due to the complexity of the phenomenon of pain, it is poorly understood in the nursing practice. Performing a concept analysis of pain is ...

Muscle contraction is a very important activity that enables an organism perform various bodily movements and flexible actions, in response to nerve stimuli. Muscle fibers are multinucleated long cylindrical cells that have an outer membrane called sarcolemma, and are mainly composed of contractile elements called myofibrils (Dougherty, 2016). Myofibrils are made up of repeating units called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres in turn are composed of (thin) actin and (thick) myosin protein filaments called myofilaments (Dougherty, 2016). The muscle fiber structure and organization is shown in Fig 1.

Contraction Mechanism – Sliding Filament Theory

According to the sliding filament theory, during contraction myosin filaments remain constant in length, ...

Introduction

The exchange of respiratory gas is limited by the capacity of the respiratory muscles to circulate air in the lung. Ventilation fails when muscles do not have the capacity to cope with the load brought by the mechanics of the pulmonary system. It is crucial to comprehend the mechanics of respiration/breathing not only for purposes of diagnosing how the system has failed and to offer the correct prescription for treatment of the failure, but to be capable of providing the most effectual temporary respiratory support through the use of a mechanical ventilator, as well. The first category explains the ...

Sciatica and Associated Depression

References Koes, B., van Tulder, M., & Peul, W. (2007). Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica. BMJ, 334(7607), 1313-1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39223.428495.be 6 pages – sciatica and depression – essay – 10 pages References Koes, B., van Tulder, M., & Peul, W. (2007). Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica. BMJ, 334(7607), 1313-1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39223.428495.be 6 pages – sciatica and depression – essay – 10 pages Sciatica Pathology. Sciatica is a common ailment characterized by radiation of leg pain and disabilities related to the pain (Koes, van Tulder, & Peul, 2007). Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, and testing; imaging is used in the event there is a suspicion surgery may ...

A. The human cerebral cortex is divided into three main areas: sensory, motor and associated areas (Association Cortex, 2016). Sensory areas belong to the peripheral nervous system. They extend from the spinal cord to the receptor cells located in all parts of the body. The primary function of sensory area to carry impulses from the receptor cells to the brain for interpretation. These impulses can be those of sensations like touch, pain, smell, taste and sight. The motor area or the primary motor cortex is located in the interior part of the brain at the central sulcus. Its pyramidal ...

A. An anticholinergic is a drug used in the treatment of diseases such as asthma, muscular spasms, insomnia and gastrointestinal cramps (Healthline, 2016). The drug is also used with anesthetics as it inhibits the action of parasympathetic nerve impulses by preventing acetylcholine reaching the receptor cells of nerve impulses. This may lead to memory loss, confusion, drowsiness and even sedation. These effects are more pronounced in old-aged people. Loss of muscular strength and fainting is a symptom which could be seen in the patient. Use of anticholinergic drugs is not recommended for patients with conditions like glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, heart ...

Part A: Cranial Nerves:

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves emerging from the brain’s underside passing via cranial openings leading to various parts of the head, neck and body trunk. These nerves are naming, and numbering of these nerves is based on their position i.e. from the anterior to the posterior of the brain. In this case, the olfactory nerve is CN1 while CN12 is the hypoglossal nerve (Wissmann, 2013). In this paper, only four of the twelve cranial nerves shall be discussed i.e. the Olfactory nerve (CN1), Oculomotor Nerve (CN-III) which are sensory nerves, and the Trigeminal Nerve (CN-V) and ...

Secrets of the Mind by V.S. Ramachandran Secrets of the Mind with V.S. Ramachandran The secret functions carried out by our brain first came into the attention of Dr. Ramachandran while examining the case of an amputee, Derek Steen, who lost his right arm above the elbow in a car accident. His condition garnered a curiosity in Ramachandran when he (Derek) reported that he had felt tingling and stroking sensations in his right arm (that was removed surgically) while shaving the left side of his face. This opened an opportunity for Dr. Ramachandran to study phantom limbs in detail. ...

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the bruising of the brain due to an impact received on the head. The brain injury can be termed as primary if its caused directly by the impact blow or secondary if its caused by reaction processes such as swelling due to inflammation. Common types TBI include hematomas, contusions, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), concussion, and coup/contrecoup lesions. The type of injuries are characterized by symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, amnesia, loss of consciousness, going into a vegetative state or a coma or death in extreme cases. There is no clearly defined body of knowledge ...

INTRODUCTION

The 12 cranial nerves are olfactory nerve I, optic nerve II, oculomotor nerve III, trochlear nerve IV, trigeminal nerve V, abducens nerve VI, facial nerve VII, vestibulocochlear nerve VIII, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X, spinal accessory nerve XI and hypoglossal nerve XII . Cranial nerves that transmit information from the brain to the eye are optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve and facial nerve. The primary function of the cranial nerves in the eye is innervation of muscles in the eye, control of vision, controlling lateral and vertical movements of eyeball in the eye and ...

Surgical Anesthesia

Pharmacology and Indications Licocaine Licocaine is a type of medication used with an aim of numbing tissues and nerves within a given area of the body, which provides that anesthetic effect for the body. The most popular brand names for this particular drug are xylocaine and lignocaine. Some of the common effects associated with this particular medication include drowsiness, muscle twitching, nausea, and confusion (1). The severity of the side effects depends wholly on a patient’s reaction to the chemical composition of the drug. Regarding its mode of action, licocaine works by blocking the voltage-gated Na+ channels, which ...

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a syndrome, the causes of which rarely lie on the surface. It is characterized by obsessive thoughts (obsessions), for which a person responds with certain actions (compulsions). Obsession is a thought or desire that constantly emerges in the mind. It is difficult to control this thought or get rid of it, and it causes a lot of stress. In this paper I would like to tell what is obsessive-compulsive disorder, by what factors it may be caused, reasons of its appearance, what factors contribute to the development of this disease and how it is treated.

Briefly about OCD

Common ...

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with irreversible and progressive loss of memory. The disease causes memory destruction and cognitive dysfunction, and finally the ability to perform simple tasks is affected. Recently the disorder is ranked as among the leading cause of deaths in the United States after heart diseases and cancers thus making it the third leading causes of death especially in geriatrics. Alzheimer is the main cause of dementia among the old people. Dementia simply means loss of cognitive functions which involves thinking, remembering as well as reasoning, and change in behavioral abilities to ...

For over the years, there is a relative increase in cases of children with birth defects. Recent statistics with regards to the American babies suffering from birth defects reveals that for every 4 and a half minutes, there is a new case of baby born with a birth defect, which can also be summarized as 120,000 incidents of child birth defects every year, and it is expected that the number of child victims will rise for the succeeding years (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Birth defects on newborn babies may affect almost any part of their body ...

INTRODUCTION

Cannabis Sativa was one of the most used plants up until its ban in the 1970’s in the United States. However, California passed the use of the plant for medicinal purposes by a wide margin in the Proposition 215 of November 1996 (Kramer). There are proponents and opponents to the use of marijuana in any situation, and both sides bear strong views to support their case. In California for instance, it is permitted by law for ill patients to cultivate and use marijuana. The law stipulates that they should have a medical recommendation from a physician. The use ...

During the last century, scientists involved in research and studies on drug abuse were governed by the powerful misconceptions and fabricated stories about the addictive nature of the drugs and the reason behind drug addiction. Proper scientific studies on drug addiction started in the 1930s when the research was done to learn the behavioral aspects of addiction. People who were addicted to drug usage were considered as immoral individuals and those who lack willpower. During that time, these viewpoints shaped the response of the society towards drug abuse, considering it as an immoral act rather than treating it as ...

Essay Assignment

Essay Assignment

Abstract

In this paper, the aspect of disease development is focused in five sections. A critical review of various health conditions attempts to demystify some contingencies that are attributable to the disease process. This approach becomes integral in establishing causal explanations for various health derangements. It covers the aspects of bio scientific research used to create strategies that help in mitigating disease occurrence. The outcomes of this paper are relevant in the subject of managing diseases in human populations across the world. Q1. Dementia is a mental disorder that begets memory impairment and personality changes (Flicker, 1999). Alzheimer’ ...

Patterns of development can be referred to as the emotional, psychological and biological changes that happen in human beings from birth and until the end of adolescence stage (Shaw et al. 677). It is a perpetual process with foreseeable sequences though it is valuable for every child. Typically patterns of development do not advance at an even rate, and every stage is impacted by the previous type of development. Development in human beings occurs due to genetic factors leading to maturation. Also, learning and environmental factors play a role in the development of children. Typically, the first five years ...

Psychology is the scientific study of how the mind works and how people chose to act.

(Feldman & Dinardo, 2009, p.5) Psychology encompasses many areas of analysis: how people feel, how people act, how they learn, how they are driven, and how they think. Understanding why people behave the way they do can benefit people in many areas of life. If you know why someone does something it is easier to find a way to get them to do it. The reverse is also true that if you know the cause of someone’s behavior you may be able to find the remedy to stop that behavior. This field of study is extremely useful in working ...

Brief summary

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is considered to be a health problem because of the millions of people who are using it worldwide. The article states that excessive cocaine use will cause changes in the prefrontal Cortes (PFC) (Terraneo, p.37). The reason for this is because PFC plays a significant role in the addictive cycle such as the inhibitory control, reinforcement learning as well as cravings. Many types of research that have been conducted show that the loss of inhibitory control is brought on by drug behaviors. The article looks at the animal studies that have been carried out in ...

Aneurysm

An aneurysm is a medical condition where a weakness in arterial walls causes an undue localized swelling of an artery. Aneurysms may stay asymptomatic or rupture, causing severe troubles and can even be fatal. Even though most aneurysms are not detected and do not cause serious issues, studies reveal that Aortic aneurysms are a reason for over 25000 fatalities in the US each year, as per facts intimated to the Center for Disease Control & Prevention (CDCP). About 30000 brain aneurysms rupture are reported every year, causing death in around 40% of cases, as per the statistics by the National ...

Biology

Abstract This is a practical report on human physiology EMG. The experiment recruited 85 subjects to examine the level of the signal emanating from muscle contraction in the lab. Some of the participants were left-handed while some were right handed. Males and females with varying levels of activity were recruited. The results indicated that more males exhibited maximal compression force than females as attested by the higher numbers that returned quickly to half the clench force. The level of activity of the participants positively correlated to slow return to half of the maximal compression force and reduced signs of ...

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, which affects the central nervous system. It was first described as a separate disease in 1868 by Jean-Martin Charcot (Compston and Coles, 2008). The average prevalence of the disease globally is 30 people from 100000 (Milo and Kahana, 2010). However, the incidence of multiple sclerosis varies greatly depending geography. While in the African countries it happens comparatively rarely, its frequency is increasing consistently in Asia and America. In Europe, multiple sclerosis happens with the highest rate in the world. There are four clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (Compston and Coles, 2008). Relapsing-remitting MS ...

Introduction

At an old age, multiple medical medicals are almost unavoidable. The wellness of the body reduces and several elements may contribute to the ill condition of the individual. The elderly need special care with proper medical interventions. Geriatrics is a specialty aiming at resolving medical issues for old people. It is significant in promoting prevention as well as treatment of diseases in older adults. The medical wellness for the elderly is affected by some factors. One of the most sensitive factors influencing the participation of older individuals in medication regimen is the irresponsiveness of the body to the drugs. ...

In fact, there are considerable differences in physical activity, emotions, interests, perception between men and women. Numerous scientists have explored and discussed if these differences are conditioned by social factors or biology. To make it clear, some think that it is biology that defines human behavior, tastes, skills etc.; others adhere to the opinion that society is a more influential impact on formation of behavior. In other words, socially created features of men and women are called "gender", "sex" is determined by biology. Unfortunately, nowadays it is possible to see numerous mistakes and discrepancies concerning the use of both ...

Cochlear implants are very instrumental in ear care. These developments are enabled by advances in technology; hence, allowing medics to offer the world of sound, music, and speech to people who would otherwise spend their entire or large part of their lives in soundless cocoons. As research indicates, the United States has had more than 30,000 cochlear implants on people across all age groups since 1999 (Ear Surgery Information Center, 2016). However, this eminent success in cochlear implant surgery has not really watered down the discourse surrounding the effects and implications of cochlear implants. Particularly, there has been ...

Part 1

Pain can be classified based on its type. For instance, it can be acute, cancer or chronic of by pathophysiology that can either be visceral or somatic. Neuropathic pain is the pain ensuing from injury to the tissues hence causing nerve dysfunction. Neuropathic pain is therefore described as a shooting, throbbing, burning, lacinating or cold sensation. Cancer pain can also be defined as the pain that arises from both neuropathic and nociceptive pain. It is therefore important to identify the mechanisms as well as different forms of pain considering that selective treatment helps improve the outcomes of pain control. ...

Chiari malformation is a disease of central nervous system, which affects the position of the cerebellar tonsils. It was named after the Austrian scientist Hans Chiari, who described this condition in the 1891 (Schijman, 2004). The pathoanatomic basis of this disorder is the inferior position of the cerebellum and brainstem comparatively to the anatomic standard. In a healthy person, cerebellar tonsils are located above the foramen magnum in the postcranial fossa. Due to this disorder, they are dislocated to the level of the first or second vertebra. Normally cerebrospinal fluid is constantly circulating through the cavities in the brain. ...

Introduction

The body is on an ongoing and continuous quest to maintain an environment characterized with equilibrium. Scientifically, this state is called homeostasis. It is the body’s internal mechanism that is meant to make the person survive, despite the numerous internal and external changes it may encounter. The body of a person who was acutely exposed to a colder than usual environment would, for example, react by preserving the heat that is currently stored in and generated by the body—something which can be done in a lot of ways such as, but may not be limited to vasoconstriction, ...

As the name suggests, the paper will be about spinal cord depression. But how come do we call it a depression? The better word should have been spinal cord compression. Any defect in the spinal cord will lead to depression or not can be explained only after the disease has been manifested fully. The paper will discuss only, the condition affecting the spinal cord (Spinal Cord Depression) along with its causes, manifestations, diagnostic tests and treatments.

Etiology

Spinal cord depression occurs due to any injury that results in putting up excessive pressure on the spinal cord. As a result of ...

Please answer the following questions by first doing a “save as.” Then, give this document a name, save it, then close it. Next, reopen this document as a “shell.” Then insert answers to each question into the “shell.” Save your “shell.” This process can be repeated as many times as times as you need. You have two weeks to complete the answers to this mid-term exam. Once you have completed your exam please return your completed exam to me through the course messages function ONLY on Blackboard. The original questions on this exam must be included in your completed ...

Iron Deficiency Anemia and Its Effect On The Central Nervous System

Abstract Micro and macro nutrients are crucially important in the body. Iron functions as a very important micronutrient in the body. It helps in the central nervous system as a cofactor in the process of energy metabolism, synthesis in the transmission of the neurons. It also helps in the myelination process- a process that develops the myelin important for skin protection. Iron is also very important in tissue functions such as oxygen transportation and energy synthesis. Iron deficiency is the state of inefficient iron quantities in the body. Iron deficiency anemia is the severe deficieny state. It results in ...

Pathophysiology

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder of an acute inflammatory neuropathy that is triggered or preceded by certain infections. It is now both demyelinating and axonal in pathology (Winer, 2014). The autoimmune response of the body is triggered by the cross-reactivity between the microorganism and the nerve tissue. Bacterial or viral infection caused by the pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are the common pathogens known to trigger GBS (Kuwabara, 2004). The etiology of 60% of cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) remains unidentified. GBS cases ride during the winter and are usually preceded by a ...

The human body consists of trillions of cells that work together synchronously for the maintenance of an organism. The metabolic needs of all the cells in the body are almost similar. For the well-being of a human body and the proper functioning of all the cells, constant internal environment needs to be maintained by providing the cells with oxygen and nutrients (Homeostasis and Regulation in the Human Body < OpenCurriculum, 2016) The internal environment of the body is tissue fluid, which bathes all cells making up the body (Mader, 2016). The composition of the tissue fluid must always remain ...

Electronic Health Records (EHR)

An Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a patient’s chart that is digitalized. It is a patient record that is real and efficient in delivering the patient's information instantly when needed. The system includes not only the patient's treatment history but also the tools that a physician can use while treating the patient. It also helps to streamline the doctor's workflow automatically (Sittig et al., 2015). On this paper, we shall discuss the MediTouch EHR®. The MediTouch EHR® is one of the EHR that is complete web-based and offers the touch-screen user interface. According to Software Advice, the software ...

BIOL 3810.506

Compound Action Potential of the Bullfrog Sciatic Nerve TA: Vinoo Urity Introduction One of the primary and unique characteristics of action potential is that it can be “simultaneously elicited in every axion through electrical stimulation.” This scenario is referred to as CAP (compound action potential) which is artificial, collective nerve response. The action potential amplitude for every individual axon does not change alongside stimulus intensity, but increases alongside the CAP amplitude at higher stimulus voltage which includes other axons existing within the same nerve reaching their own threshold.

Materials and Methods

In this experiment, the sciatic nerve is removed from a frog ...

Etiology

Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder that plagues people indiscriminately around the world. Typically coming on in old age, the disease is characterized by neurons, or nerve cells in the brain, breaking down or dying . The specific cause of the disease is still unknown to scientists today despite copious amounts of research, but we are quickly learning there are many factors playing a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease in an individual. For example, according to Environmental Health Perspectives, one of the greatest etiological perspectives is one’s genetics and genetic history. Genes specific to an ...

Abstract

Schizophrenia, which is a mental illness associated with psychological effects in human beings, has been cited as one of the most prevalent diseases contributing to chronic disability around the world. The disease is exhibited by a wide range of symptoms but the most notable one is the negative effect it has on a person’s cognitive abilities. Perhaps this is the main reason why it largely leads to the incidences of chronic disability. Though it occurs very rarely in children, Schizophrenia has been reported amongst pre-pubertal children aging from fifteen years and above though with a declining phenomenon in ...