Essays on Nuclear DNA

In archeology, DNA analysis has been used as an investigatory tool since it became available to scientists. DNA analysis, which is a constantly developing and expanding field, has allowed archaeologists to precisely and decisively obtain results that solve archaeological, historical, and evolutionary questions. Unfortunately, the methods for using ancient DNA analysis tend to destroy the samples from which the DNA is extracted. The results can easily be affected by external contamination as well, which requires the research to be conducted within specialized laboratories by trained laboratory personnel (Arandjelovic, Guschanski, Schubert, Harris, Thalmann, Siedel, & Vigilant, 2009). DNA analysis has been ...

Abstract:

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is hereditary material found in most organisms and carries the genetic information required to build and maintain a living organism. DNA was first discovered in the late 1800's, but it was not until scientists unraveled its structure in the 1950s that its importance in genetics and the whole field of biological sciences became realized. This paper assesses the structure, history and applications of DNA into solving real world problems in medicine, agriculture, biochemical research and forensics. DNA can replicate itself which ensures that genetic information and consequently biological traits can be passed on from one generation to ...

Chloroplast and mitochondria are membrane bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells’ cytoplasm. Chloroplasts are present in all multicellular plants and some algae species while mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells. Their main similarity is that both of these organelles generate the universal cell energy carrier known as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). - Chloroplast DNA Geneticists have long established that many chloroplast associated traits display cytoplasmic inheritance. This suggests that nuclear genes are not responsible for encoding of these traits. In 1963, it was discovered that chloroplasts have their own deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) known as chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). ...