Essays on Operant Conditioning

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

In Behavioral Psychology, the term ‘conditioning’ is used to refer to a theory that learning can allow a human being or animal to modify the response (reaction) to a stimulus (event/object) (Hill, 2001). There are two types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning with distinct characteristics. When the two types are contrasted, it is easily noticeable that both approaches involve diverse learning patterns. As far as classical conditioning is concerned, it involves “learning by association, and refers to the conditioning of reflexes – how animals learn to associate new stimuli with innate bodily reflexes” (Hill, 2001). According to operant ...

The objective of this paper is to address to questions raised at the end of the captioned case study.

Question 1: Which motivation theory(s) do you think would help communicate the importance of vacation time to your employees? I would use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, positive reinforcement and expectancy theory to help communicate the importance of vacation time to my employees. Maslow’s hierarchy of need will help emphasise the need of being social and role of family in building intimacy and belongingness. The communication will work towards need creation in the employees mind to crave for family timing and time to retrospect. I will use the expectancy theory to make them believe that vacations benefit ...

Research Paper

Abstract Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined as an impairment in neurobehavioral functioning that is characterized by constant and dysfunctional indications of inattention and hyperactivity. Individuals with ADHD usually have major disabilities in interpersonal, social, and academic performance. Moreover, ADHD is related to a number of co-morbid disorders and disabilities like learning impairments, disruptive behavioral patterns, and mood disorders. Numerous treatments have been studied by researchers, but most of them focused on pharmacological treatments. Generally, there is a lack of research on the effectiveness of behavioral treatments in treating ADHD. One of the potential treatments for ADHD-- positive ...

Learning allows our brains to record and preserve beneficial behaviors and know how to avoid harmful ones. The consequences of the experiences we have or observe are stored in our memory as knowledge to influence our future behavior. The paper explores behavior change through a focus on the learning theories; classical and operant conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

It is a form of learning in which the response to a voluntary behavior influences whether or not the behavior will recur; this occurs through the use of reinforcements and punishment. Following the experiments of B. F. Skinner, we can conclude that a person or ...

PART A- Operant Conditioning Theory

Operant conditioning is a theory on behaviorism that was formulated by behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner. It focuses on an individual's changes in observable behavior. According to B.F. Skinner, once a behavior is followed by reinforcement, it is more likely to be repeated; however, if it is followed by punishment then it is not likely to be repeated (Plotnik, R., & Kouyoumdjian, 2014). Bobby is a seven-year old child who is used to getting gifts from his parents every now and then right from a tender age. Every time his mother decides to go to the mall, she takes him with ...

Behavioral interventions can be grouped as either antecedent-based interventions (ABI) or consequence-based interventions (CBI). CBI is a group of practices in which the problem behaviors are addressed by manipulating the reinforcement or punishment stimuli following an observed behavior, whereas ABI refers to a group of behavioral interventions that are concerned with the modification of environmental factors that are believed to precede problem behaviors (Tullis, Cannella-Malone, & Payne, 2015). Therefore, ABI strategies are implemented before the problem behavior occurs, so their unique quality is the possibility of problem behavior prevention, which makes the behavioral change easier to maintain compared to results ...

There are many theories as to how a person may become who he or she is. Some people believe that they are directly shaped by the events that happen in a person’s past, while other thinkers state that people go through different dialectical stages that led up to one’s current state. In this sense, there are many elements that one must be aware of in order to adequately analyze one’s life development. Three of the most important development theorists are B. F. Skinner, John Watson and Erik Erikson; these three men founded Operant Conditioning, Behaviorism and ...

Introduction

Mary’s case reflects a serious case of criminal behavior, not counting the numerous crimes committed against her by her family members. Mary is a serious psychological case, as she has faced numerous negative influences in her life and suffered serious emotional trauma. Raised by a father who was abusive against the family and a mother who was emotionally distant, Mary’s childhood and most formative years were spent facing damaging abuse that would affect her for the rest of her life. Her step-father, who arrived on the scene when Mary was nearly ten, sexually abused her and her ...

Introduction

Child abuse and maltreatment is a broad term that refers to different types of abuses that children may experience in their environment. Abuses and maltreatment may come in the form of neglect, exposure to violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse. Children are the most vulnerable segment of society when it comes to abuse and neglect. Being unable to protect and care for themselves, some children are subjected to abuses and maltreatment, most often, by family members themselves. The perpetrators of abuse and maltreatment of children may also vary. Aside from parents and siblings, children can also be ...

Affiliated University

The mother intends to change her children's level of consumption of peas. She hopes to make her children want more of that commodity than the current quantity. The mother wants to influence her children's appetitive behavior (Pittman, 2009). The mother uses positive reinforcement to shift her children's level of peas’ consumption from low to high level. Positive reinforcement is evident because the child who shows a higher affinity for peas receives a reward. On the other hand, the child who maintains a constant or even lower level of appetite does not receive any reward. There is no direct negative ...

The effective delivery of the healthcare services requires the effective nursing leadership in order to ensure that the nursing staff is highly motivated to incorporate the healthcare services. The current paper enlightens the prevalence of low morale among the nursing staff and recommends the intervention of the effective leadership style to enhance the staff morale.

PICOT Statement

The current paper incorporates the following PICOT statement: Among the nursing staff with low morale, can transformational leadership, compared to authoritarian leadership, increase the morale of the nursing staff in two months?

Problem: Low Morale among Nursing Staff

Intervention: Transformational Leadership Comparison: Authoritarian Leadership Outcome: Increased Morale among Nursing Staff ...

Introduction

The process of learning in animals and humans come through a series of situations that come together to motivate, and ignite the brains and enable them to repeat specific actions in the face of certain circumstances. The basic logic presented by psychologists and biologists is that there is intrinsic motivation based on the brain which controls the nerves and models of an animal or human being. This implies that an external variable triggers an extrinsic motivation that gets the organism to ignite the internal or intrinsic motivation in order to undertake certain actions and internalize it in order to ...

B.F Skinner (1938) came up with the Operant conditioning theory which he described as, the process that one is able to explain the behaviours of an individual by looking at the actions preceded the happening or occurrence. As per the theory, various factors when brought into the picture will cause an individual either to continue acting in a particular way or they may be used to deter him or her from acting in that particular manner. This theory was then further divided into two; Reinforcement and Punishment. As per the theory, Reinforcement is the consequences that encourage an individual ...

What examples of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment do you notice? What schedule of reinforcement is being used?

Firstly, Sheldon tries to argue with Penny. However, this negative method has no results, and he decides to give her chocolates as positive reinforcement for what he considered good behavior. This method is often used with dogs and it really works. When Leonard notices that, he wants Sheldon to stop making experiment with his girlfriend. As a result, the other negative reinforcement is used by Sheldon- he sprays water into Leonard’s face. Finally, Sheldon understand, that the best positive reinforcement is sex, as Penny could easily modify Leonard’s behavior with it.

Will Penny’s changes last?

Her behavior changes a bit, she ...

“Performance management systems, which typically include performance appraisal and employee development, are the “Achilles’ heel” of human resources management. They suffer flaws in many organizations, with employees and managers regularly bemoaning their ineffectiveness” (Pulakos, 2004). Performance management involves planning, and employee input to determine methods and techniques to improve the performance of employees and align these improvements with organizational goals. In this paper, the internal and external job roles and responsibilities of retail sales associates will be highlighted, an organizational modification plan that can be used to encourage specified behaviors in the retail sales associate capacity, methods for measuring ...

Understanding one’s behavior is essential to the maintenance of proper communication channels. In fact, lack thereof compromises the possibilities of understanding the actions of individuals lacking the capacity to express themselves vocally. In many cases, verbal communication does not fulfill all the interaction requirements, therefore, creating the need to appreciate the essential concepts of behavioral psychology. Specifically, the operant and classical conditioning are essential concepts that seek to explain the nature of the behavior of people and animals. A Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov, first proposed classical conditioning and it emphasizes the placement of a neutral action before a ...

<Institution> THESIS: Spanking, when done according to a set of rules, should not considered as a form of child abuse because it can foster discipline and diminish unwanted behaviour.

BACKGROUND:

According to the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, around 1,520 cases of children’s death were attributed to child abuse in the year 2013 all over United States (as cited in National Children’s Alliance, 2014). In addition, the National Children’s Alliance (2014) reported that they served more than 290, 000 victims of child abuse in 2013, and the numbers went up to 315, 000.

...

My informal learning experience is connected with the death of close relatives form cancer. Given the rise of cancer and the deteriorating environment, the use of carcinogens in the food industry, fear of cancer cannot be considered unreasonable. In my case it went beyond common sense and became a phobia. My cancerophobia is very closely linked with the fear of death. Everyone knows that according to the statistics, cancer takes the third place among the causes of death (after injuries and cardiovascular diseases). So my informal learning experience is a manifestation of psychogenic reaction to the death of loved ...

Q1 People, especially children, internalize what they see in the environment and imitate it. In this regard, a child will behave the way adults do in the environment. Moreover, one can learn by the process of association (classical conditioning) or adopts behaviors depending on reinforcement. Q2 The emotional learning system focuses on one’s understanding of the immediate experiences. In this regard, one chooses how to behave based on critical and constructive thinking. Events that may lead to emotional responses may include reaction to stressful environments or happiness. Q3 Emotion determines one’s way of reacting to events. It ...

Human relations and behavior play fundamental roles in a human service setting. They act as determinants for the business failure or success based on the employees’ readiness to pursue human service objectives. Also, the concepts control the culture of the firm that can either create a conducive or an uncomfortable business surrounding that will be replicated into the company’s productivity. Some behavioral approaches include the cognitive social model that proposes reinforcements by learning from observing others, the concept of reasoned action that engages behaviors at a particular place and time, and the social action theory that focuses on ...

Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia, in the year of 1849, in the family of the Orthodox priest. In 1875, he graduated from the University in St. Petersburg with the Life Sciences degree. After graduation, Pavlov studied medicine and was admitted to the Institute which specialized in Veterinary. He was in Germany and Belarus. There he was making experiments in the laboratories, researching digestion. But after coming back to Russia he began to study glandular secretions. His experiment animal was the dog. Pavlov applies surgical techniques to those dogs that is why it was difficult to make the ...

Albert Bandura was a prominent researcher who advanced a key behavioral theory that he later referred to as social cognitive theory, or SCT. The cornerstone of SCT is that people learn via observation (Denler et al., 2014, p. 1). Moreover, Bandura states that people’s personalities are not only molded or shaped by their environment, but people also affect their environment (Denler et al., 2014, p. 1). Thus, Bandura takes classical conditioning and operant conditioning one step further by asserting that there is a multi-faceted interaction between a person, their environment, and subsequent behaviors (Denler et al., 2014, p. ...

mmmmm dd, yyyy

The following discussion will examine aspects of learning and motivation.

Positive and Negative Reinforcement The reinforcing contingencies of positive and negative reinforcement provides the motivation for employees to repeat certain desireable behaviors. (Hitt, Colella and Miller, 2014) Positive reinforcement is the external stimulus from people or organizations which moves a person to do something willingly because he feels pleasure or is expecting to gain from his action. When we recognize that there is a cause and effect pattern that is consistently bringing us good feelings or benefits, then we normally respond positively to the action and even encourage its recurrence. Common examples abound in all stages ...

Spring, 2016

I was raised in the conservative Christian family in the atmosphere of strict rules and respect toward elder people, especially toward parents. My mother is a nurse and my father is a pharmacist. I also have one younger and one elder brother. My parents raised me and my brothers using authoritative parental style. They were highly controlling and demanding and disciplined us for minor misconducts. However, I`m very glad that my parents were so strict, demanding and controlling they made me a good and respectful person. The theory of Skinner can be applied to how my parents raised ...

The reinforcement strategies applied in team members’ organizations.

Introduction: In almost every organization today, employees are often organized in teams. It is also a common observation that team members and leaders will always want to be appreciated for the work they do. Teams generally comprise of members with unique skill sets, competencies and management skills working under a team leader, and their combined effort is expected to lead to organizational growth. However, teams do not always work as expected even if all members are qualified for the task and thus, there is a need to reinforce their behavior and actions. The reinforcement theory was first proposed by ...

Block 1

The ability of a rat to learn is the most amazing one in this study carried out by Willard Stanton Small. Being the first to build a maze to for rats, Small used the maze to study the behavior of rats. He took the rats and placed them in a maze where they lived (Pineno 2010). At the center of the maze, he placed food. He then observed the ability of the rats to remember the corridors in the maze that normally give them a pathway to access the food in the middle of the maze. Small indexed and ...

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Introduction The aim of this paper is to provide a thorough review of a scholarly article. Thus, this assessment of the article will illustrate how fear conditioning is at the core of the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety-related, mental disorder that can result from experiencing a life-threatening stressor (e.g., a car accident, natural disaster, war and combat, and all forms of abuse (Meyers et al., 2013).The source chosen are used to support how the formation of PTSD symptoms such as fear, anger, and anxiety are a product of classical conditioning (fear conditioning)(Duits ...

Initial Reaction to the Intervention

Upon the first consideration of the intervention used by Vaz, Volkert & Piazza (2011), the initial reaction was the effect of the intervention on the nutritional status of the child and behavior modeling. Concerning the child’s nutritional status, the concern is that the negative reinforcement through the avoidance of non-preferred foods resulted in the inadvertent positive reinforcement through the presentation of preferred foods. If the preferred foods cannot provide a balanced diet, then the use of the intervention can have counterproductive results. With regards to behavior modeling, the concern is that the child might enjoy the attention of the ...

Abstracts

The purpose of this research paper was to illustrate applications of behavior analysis to practical, real-life examples. In the first section, the report discussed concepts such as MOs, positive and negative reinforcements as well as reinforcement schedules. These concepts apply in cases discussed in this paper, which increase comprehensive reception and retention of the information contained in it. Subsequently, the paper analyzes the application of behavior intervention plan in a yelling case. The plan helped individual reduce yelling habit premeditated steps that invoke consciousness in behavior change process. Later, goal-setting skills helped in minimization of job stress in yelling ...

Assignment 2: The Major Areas of Psychology

Abstract: Psychology is the study of human behavior and the mind. Unlike pseudoscience, it applies scientific method in comprehending the way of the world. There are five major areas in psychology. Developmental psychology focuses on the life span development of humans. Secondly, cognitive psychology focuses on the use of attention, memory, perception, and the capacity of the brain to think and solve problems. Thirdly, behavioral psychology refers to how humans behave, as a result of what they learn over their lifetime; it can be under classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational conditioning. Fourthly, social psychology refers to the behavior ...

Psychology is a discipline studying human behavior and mental processes. It is a scientific study which includes diversity of perspectives and approaches. When psychology appeared there were two main theoretical perspectives such as functionalism developed by William James and structuralism discovered by Wilhelm Wundt. Functionalism was focused on exploring human behavior, mental processes and its cause. This very approach was the one which made an important contribution to contemporary psychology. In 1879 Wundt opened his laboratory devoted to psychology, it is considered that he also separated psychology from philosophy. Nowadays there are several main perspectives in psychology which search ...

Introduction

In this essay, we will discuss questions about how depression, schizophrenia and eating disorders are explained in different theories and approaches. Also, there will be addressed questions about the treatment of these mental diseases, about techniques used by therapists of different psychotherapy approaches in the treatment of listed diseases and effectiveness of some approaches. 1. Description of different explanation of depression, schizophrenia and eating disorders 1. 1. Psychodynamic explanation of schizophrenia According to the psychodynamic theory, one of the reasons of schizophrenia is a destruction of the organization "ego", which affects the interpretation of reality and the needs of ...

Intervention Plan for Roland

Identify the function of the challenging behavior Roland sustains his challenging behavior because it is positively reinforced by the antecedents and the consequences of violating the expected behavior (Chandler & Dahlquist, 2014). Roland desires the attention of the teachers and that of his peers. He gets this attention by talking about cars and motorcycles, two things about which he is very passionate. He also loves control. When he is in a situation where he has not control, for instance, where he instructed on what to do, he exhibits the challenging behavior. With regards to attention, it is not of any ...

Introduction

Organizational culture denotes the procedure an organization follows in conducting its daily activities (Alvesson 2011). Corporate culture impacts the efficiency of the staffs, which subsequently affects the output of the business. A well-ordered culture motivates workers to improve their performance; hence, attain higher output. The external environment refers to the relationship developed by the company and stakeholders such as suppliers, retailers, and customers. The external environment has an important impact on the business since it affects the organizational culture. This paper will provide a literature review on organizational culture.

Literature review

Culture has a long-term effect on the business. It determines ...

Introduction

Chad’s inappropriate and challenging behavior is a function of positive reinforcement. Chad seeks the teacher’s attention. Chad is not concerned by the fact that some of the attention he gets from the teacher is negative attention. The increase in the challenging behaviors has undermined his performance in class and social skills. There is a need to teach Chad a replacement behavior as well as alter the antecedents and the resultant consequences of his challenging behaviors (Chandler& Dahlquist, 2014). The following is a discussion of the replacement behavior and the intervention plan.

Replacement Behavior

Chad engages in appropriate behavior in ...

(Institute/University)

Introduction

Deviance and criminal conduct can be perceived as the “outcome of rational choices based on efforts, rewards, and costs involved,” citing Cornish and Clarke (1998). Moreover, Wang (2005, p. 105) posits that offenders are logical in their thinking patterns and will opt for choices that will reward them. This factor emphasizes the fact that even the most incorrigible and dangerous criminals and offenders will evince a reasonable thinking pattern. This is particularly true for serial criminals who exhibit intelligence to avoid capture. Over time, offenders will be to enhance their decision-making processes. Offenders will look to optimize opportunities ...

1) Explain three approaches within psychology: The biological approach to psychology attempts to understand mental processes in relation to the physical factors that make up the human body. Physiological, chemical, and genetic information can help to establish a better understanding of how the biological makeup of an individual has an effect on their cognition. Surgery, electrical stimulation, and neuroimaging grant biological psychologists the ability to analyze these processes on a more fundamental level. This approach to psychology is much more concerned with the impact that nature has on the human mind than nurture (Aos, 2013: 119). Behavioral approaches to ...

Learning is an experience, and as a teacher, I am entitled to create this experience for the learner. While a teacher can only provide the experience, it is up to the learner to utilize this experience for enhancing his performance or knowledge. For example, I will try to teach the students English spellings. Behaviorism theories can be used to explain a learning process that will lead to an observable and measurable changes in the student’s behavior, which in this case is his ability to spell English words, correctly. Pavlov Classical conditioning and Skinners Operant conditioning are examples of ...

It is appropriate to regard Leonard’s behavior as challenging. This conclusion is indicated by many behavioral characteristics from the evaluation of Ms. Alison and the special education consultant. There is evidence that Leonard’s behavior impedes his learning. Firstly, Leonard cannot concentrate during the presentations to benefit from the teacher’s lecture. Secondly, when he is prompted to do some problems, he does them hurriedly. The result is a messy and incomplete work. Ms. Alison also noted that mathematics and writing are Leonard’s least favorite periods (Chandler& Dahlquist, 2014). The behavior is also challenging because it interrupts ...

There are many different types of ethnic and racial groups in our country. The number of different races are more prominent than what there was a century ago. The way we react to other people has changed as well. People often react towards other people’s racial backgrounds because of reason that may have occurred personally, or due to worldwide situations. Reactions have a huge impact on prior experiences, situations, and events that can change how we perceived people of different races. These experiences can be negative or positive, but can change the way we react to others due ...

Introduction

There have been incidents of employee fights and incidents at Acme Manufacturing which is a Fortune 1,000 company. The General Manager (GM) informed the Human Resource manager about an occurrence that occurred in the last week that requires immediate attention. The company's manufacturing operations are carried out in three shifts thus the plant operates for 24 hours every week. In the last six months, there have been hostilities between the employees that work the third shift and those that work on the first shift. The hostilities started with criticism and jeering by the workers on the first shift ...

Personal and Population Stress Management Plan

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] Personal and Population Stress Management Plan Stress is defined as the mental tension that results from factors that alter an existing status quo or equilibrium. Stress is also defined as the body’s response that is nonspecific when any demand made upon it. Stress can help since it is a natural defense mechanism but it can also hinder because it causes fatigue when it is something that one has to cope up daily. Stressors are triggers that ...

The behavioral approach to psychology holds that human development is chiefly behavior learned through observation and the interaction with the environment around a person. The theories associated with behaviorism state that human development does not necessarily occur in stages; instead, it is a continuous process. In this regard, two main theories linked to the behavioral approach exist - B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory and Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. These two theories establish the perspective of the behavioral approach in explaining human development. Accordingly, the various concepts and terms of the two theories apply in explaining my choice ...

Psychology

Psychology In psychology there are three main types of parenting. They include Authoritative, Authoritarian, and the permissive parenting styles. The Authoritarian parenting style involves the parent feeling the need to control the actions of the child. The parent values highly obedience and respect and usually feels superior to the child. The child develops fear due to the harsh punishments given. Children of Authoritarian parent develop poor social skills and competences. In extreme cases the children may develop insecurities and have ant-social tendencies.

The Permissive parent has no control over the child. The parent avoids confrontation and does ...

This assignment will involve learning more about methamphetamine,which is drug we hear about very often on the news. In one page, summarize some of the information that you read on this site and include any parts that surprised you or that you found particularly interesting. Submit your summary below via the upload option (5 points). Please go to the following two sites instead for this assignment. The first link provides a brief history of this drug. The second link provides other general, overview information about this drug. http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx, http://www.nmtf.us/methamphetamine/methamphetamine.htm

Methamphetamine, a.k.a., speed, ice, meth, crystal, and crank, is a synthetic ...

Informal Learning Experience

Abstract

In this essay, we investigated classical, operant and social-cognitive conditioning in personal experience of learning a foreign language. A single participant has been interviewed about informal language learning. We have analyzed the responses basing on social-cognitive conditioning theory and clarified the cases where learning a foreign language could occur through classical and operant conditioning. The participant’s results have shown that learning through social-cognitive conditioning can be successful providing the existence of the four factors. Informal learning through classical and operant conditioning is effective as well and is widely used in the modern educational system. However, it is advisable ...

Psychology is simply the study behaviours and the way peoples mind function. Psychology tries to understand the relationship that exists between mental activities, an individual’s behaviour and what motivates a person’s action to behave in a certain way (Westen, Kowalski and Burton 2006). There are several perspectives or rather; approaches to understanding psychology and in this essay two of them will be emphasized as they will try to explain reasons for people to have road rage. Road rage is a behaviour that is very common among people especially drivers and includes behaviour such as people making threats to other drivers ...

Question 1

In teaching, the metaphor ‘widening the lens is widely used. In one way or another, this metaphor seeks to encourage teachers to take into consideration diverse perspectives whenever they are solving problems. A person should think widely before making decisions. Employing diverse perspectives is crucial in that one gets the opportunity to come up with better decisions. This approach is highly encouraged in teaching young students.

Question 2

My experiences as a student in elementary

In elementary school, there were several learning theories that were employed in order to ensure the learning process was effective. Despite this, the reinforcement theory seemed ...

Introduction

The study of mental processes and behavior, Psychology, is a rapidly growing field. Until recently Psychology was not accorded the importance it holds in our lives and in some parts of the world the importance of psychology is still largely under-rated. However psychology has time and again proved its effectiveness in cases where it has been used to correct mental problems and also improve lives. In a world where people are subjected to the pressure of achieving and where there are a lot of stress factors psychology is of great importance.

Body

Classical conditioning, a type of conditioning whose originator is Ivan Pavlov, involves ...

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge through different methods. This is what interests many academicians and scholars for centuries. Many scholars would like to know which method would foster learning the fastest and which is the most effective. Thus, learning theories had been developed, improved and constantly evaluated to measure its reliability. This paper would like to distinguish Observational learning from the other learning theories that have often been used interchangeably with the subject of this paper.

Observational Learning

Alfred Bandura, a renowned behaviorist proposed a salient technique of learning that does not require reinforcement or the traditional rudimentary precepts in ...

Introduction

Ever since the concept of operant conditioning presented to the discipline of Psychology, it has been praised, applied and criticized equally in fervor. Currently, both psychologists and economists have interests in its applications. The concepts of operant conditioning are applied in many fields such as education, business organizations, communities, professional bodies, market, international relations and even in robotics. One domain that binds both, economics and operant conditioning is consumer demand (Domjan, M. 2009). In Economics, the consumer demand is a function of price of the good and the quantity purchased. The elasticity of demand or variability of the demand is ...

We have heard the cliché spare the rod, spoil the child perhaps one too many times. This line often associated with the principle of punishment. Many believe that the punishment is an effective way to rectify bad behavior because it imprints the intensity of the punishment within the mindset of the individual. However, critics of the use of punishment argues that it does not address the core of the problem but rather leave a very superficial implication which can eventually fade over time because of the person has grown immune of the punishment. This paper argues that the punishment is ...

Delinquency has persisted as one of the most disturbing social problems (Wollan, 1941). According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) 2007 report, juvenile courts are being challenged by the increasing number of child delinquents coming before them. Juvenile courts in the year 1997, handled more than 180,000 juvenile offenders younger than thirteen years. Snyder (2001) found out that juvenile courts handled an increase by 33% of juveniles aged between 7 and 12.It has been noted that compared to juveniles who first get involved in delinquency in their teens, child delinquents aged younger than thirteen ...

Learning is key to human development and behavior. Behavioral psychology is one of the methods for understanding how learning develops and the understanding of individuals. Learning is a modification of behaviors due to consistent practice and requires the interaction of behavior and environment to yield changes. Assessment of learning is performed by means of tests that quantitatively measure achievements; whether they are newly acquired mental or physical skills. Learning and performance are related but separate subjects, and learning itself may be state dependent, meaning, that the conditions under which material was learned must be replicated in order for that learning ...

Abstract

The Language Arts lesson intended for Kindergarten and 1st grade was drafted based on the major theories of language acquisition. There are several theories in language development introduced to rationalize the process involved in language learning. This paper will provide a rationale to the lesson presented herewith based on the tenets of major language acquisition theories. In order to clearly stipulate the concept of language development from which the lesson based from, the theories to be discussed will be compared and determine apparent contradictions between their concepts. Nativists and Behaviorists are two different ideas and theoretical foundation that define ...

Abstract

Operant conditioning is a form of learning where behaviors for individuals are modified by their consequences. Different occupations are associated with different behaviors. It is extremely fundamental to understand the difference between various situations and how they may be resolved. Following the uniqueness of various occupations there are solutions that are outlined to solve issues as they arise in different situations. Depending on the problem either Positive or Negative Reinforcement, Positive and Negative Punishment, Shaping, Extinction, Generalization, or Discrimination may be undertaken as a solution.

In most cases, related behaviors will attract similar solutions. Since different problems may be intertwined, they ...

Child development is an area that was largely ignored for a very long time throughout history. Children were not given much thought because they were considered as smaller versions of adults and therefore incorporated in any study that targeted adults. Their cognitive abilities, language and physical growth which normally take place early on in life was not given the necessary attention. As theorists and scientists warmed up to this area of scientific research, so many theories came up in a bid to explain child growth and development and one such theory is B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning. It is a theory ...

Psychology

Abstract Nicotine is an alkaloid existing naturally in tobacco products. It is highly addictive, and intake cessation is often marred by high relapse rates. Multiple sources of literature document the adverse health effects that nicotine dependence has on the body, including cancer, mental illness and coronary diseases. This paper explores the psychological factors behind the prevalence and severity of nicotine addiction. Section one provides an overview of the concept of nicotine addiction and the reason for its pervasiveness. Section two elaborates the psychological development of nicotine dependence, indicating the thought processes and personal motivations behind the use of ...

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is the association of an automatic reaction with a neutral occurrence. For example, a music might develop sadness for the reason that it reminds us of old buddies whom we don't see any longer. In that case, the automatic reaction of sadness is linked to a neutral occurrence. The automatic response is known as an Unconditioned Response because there's no need for us to understand or be informed to feel sad if we don't see buddies whom we want to be with. The Unconditioned Stimulation is getting divided from individuals that we want to be with us, ...

Introduction:

In this paper, the significance of good quality early childhood education has been discussed, along with the teaching strategies which encourage multicultural education. The relationship and interaction between the teacher and parents is shown to be of vital importance, in order to make a child’s learning successful and meaningful in every aspect. Some light is thrown on how a teacher can motivate children in the classroom and ignite their interest in various activities. Various assessment methods have now been developed and implemented which mainly focus on recognizing and nurturing a child’s strengths and strengthening the weaknesses or areas which need ...