Essays on Ovarian Cancer

Assignment 3

Assignment 3

QUESTION 1 (1 point)

a) Statistical combination of the results of two or more studies

QUESTION 2 (1 point)

Figure 2 of the Jordan et al., meta-analysis depicts a forest plot illustrating the estimates of the association between hysterectomy and ovarian cancer. How many of the individual studies (in figure 2) reported statistically significant reductions in the risk of ovarian cancer in women with hysterectomy, compared to women without hysterectomy? Ans) There were 20 individual studies that reported statistically significant reductions in the risk of ovarian cancer in women with hysterectomy, compared to women without hysterectomy.

QUESTION 3 (1 point)

How would you interpret the overall summary estimate (relative ...

Ovarian Cancer is cancer that begins in the ovaries, the reproductive organ found in females. According to Medical News Today (2016), the majority of ovarian cancer will begin in the outer lining, or epithelium, of the ovary. The germ cells can also form tumors as can the stromal tumors. The germ and stroma are the two other main cell types found in the ovaries (“Ovarian Cancer,” n.d.). Other forms of ovarian cancer include ovarian low malignant potential tumor (OPMPT) and low malignant potential (LMP) (Green, 2016; Nordqvist, 2016). After a discussion of the symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and prognosis of ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Abstract

Worldwide, ovarian cancer is ovarian cancer is the sixth most diagnosed cancer and is responsible for the most deaths annually than any other disease of the female reproductive system. It has a poor prognosis because the symptoms are vague even into Stage IV of the disease. Epithelial ovarian cancer constitutes about 90% of diagnosed cases. Research has demonstrated that hormone therapy, chronic pelvic inflammation, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants are factors in the etiology of ovarian cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 is also associated with breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, fallopian tube cancer, prostate cancer, and primary peritoneal cancer. ...

The questions on whether or not States should legalize abortion has been a debatable issue among policymakers, scholars, and theorists as well, the same applies to the notion of mercy-killing or Euthanasia. Evidently, religious doctrines and existing codes of ethics forbid the ending of human life, from the point of conception to that of old age. To that end, States endorse laws that dictate the ideal punishments for murder; by that logic, even those who opt for suicide break the law but the fact that they are dead makes it impossible to have them serve a jail term. Thus ...

The administration of proper medication is essential to the treatment of a health complication. As such, medical practitioners need to enforce proper measures in the issuance of medicine to enhance the betterment of patients (Bojesen et al. 375). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of medicines through the utilization of a case study. This study will be in line with the code of conduct for Oncologists since the medical practitioner in this scenario deals with cancer patients. Since the maintenance of confidentiality is essential to the success of the medical practice, the practitioners’ and patient’ ...

Introduction

Studies relating to lung cancer treatment can save lives and make the lives of cancer patients more comfortable besides increasing the quality of life. According to Lardinois et al., (2003), there are three primary types of lung cancer; they include non-small cell, small cell, and carcinoid lung cancer. Statistically, non-small cell lung cancer, for example, Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma account for the highest occurrences of all lung cancers to a tune of 85% [1]. It has been established that both environmental and genetic factors do contribute to lung cancer significantly. Continued exposure to carcinogens, ionizing ...

SOAP NOTE

Age in years: 42 Gender: Female Subjective CC (Chief Complaint): A 42 year old female presented to the Gynaecology clinic with the complaint of severe pain in abdomen with heavy menstrual bleeding (on the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle). History of Present Illness: The patient was apparently well almost 3 months back when she gradually developed extreme pain in the lower abdomen prior to and during the menstrual cycle. The cycles were normal before these three months. She never had such excruciating pain before. The pain used to commence a day or two prior to the cycles ...

Part 1

Patient safety, ethical stand and patient centered care is more concerned with healthcare givers providing patients which they deem harmless and also takes into account their wellbeing both emotionally and physically. Effective communication is the key tool that can be used to address the problem of undesirable patient outcomes since it has been established that a reduction in stress and anxiety is usually brought about by patients complying with their medication and also being involved in a proactive form of effective communication. In addition to reduced stress levels, it is also crucial to note that effective communication boosts the ...

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125), which is encoded by MUC16, is the only biomarker currently used for immunohistochemical diagnosis of ovarian cancer (Tanyi and Scholler 1098). Literature suggests that 80% of the patients with ovarian cancer express CA125. The expression pattern is different among the different kinds of ovarian cancer; 85% in serous ovarian cancer, 12% in mucinous cancer and 40% in clear cell carcinoma (Tanyi and Scholler 1098; Kaspar and Crum 44), which helps in differential diagnosis.

Differential diagnosis among various types of ovarian cancer. There are five types of primary ovarian ...

Introduction

Prostate cancer was identified in 1853three hundred years after the discovery of the prostate gland by Andreas Vesalius in 1538. Prostate cancer was considered as a rare malady, as a result, of the poor detection methods in the 19th century. The treatment of the rare malady was the removal of the testes in the 1890s, in the dawn of the 20th century doctors shifted from the removal of testicles to the removal of the prostate gland. Charles Huggins discovered chemical castration, a procedure that involved the use of estrogen to reduce the influence of testosterone in men who were suffering from prostate ...

Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers

The genetic diversity associated with cancer cells are shocking huge; and identifying a suitable prognostic marker is a real challenge. Prognostic cancer markers aims to evaluate objectively a patient’s overall outcome, response to treatment and chances of cancer recurrence. Prognostic markers can also help to select patients for a particular treatments and help predict the beneficial effect of the therapy. DNA, RNA, epigenetic patterns, signaling pathways, proteins, and metabolic biomolecules have been used as prognostic cancer markers. (Mehta et al., 2010)

Given below are few prognostic biomarkers commonly used in cancer medicine:

1. Beta tubulin: Beta tubulin regulates microtubule assembly in the cell. Class III tubulin are expressed by tumor of both neuronal ...

Synopsis of wit

Wit begins with Vivian speaking to the audience. She is a patient at a major research hospital and has been diagnosed with ovarian cancer (Edson 3). She treats her sickness with the same impartiality as she would research. Before she was hospitalized, she was professor Bearing. She played the role of scholar and teacher specializing in the Holy Sonnets of John Donne. In her play, Margaret takes the audience through the many achievements of professor Bearing by illuminating on the past and the present achievements. Vivian takes the audience through what happens to her when she is treated with chemotherapy for a ...

INTRODUCTION

Ovarian cancer has a prevalence rate of around 3% among all the cancers seen in women all over the world. Most of the ovarian tumors are non malignant or non cancerous. The tumors which are cancerous or have low malignant potential can prove to be life threatening due their spread to various sites within the body. The different categories of ovarian cancer are as follows: a) Epithelial ovarian tumor b) Ovarian germ cell tumor c) Ovarian stromal tumor - Epithelial ovarian tumor: They can be either malignant or low malignant potential tumor. The tumors with low malignant potential are less threatening ...

Out of all the professions that individuals pursue, the medical profession is one of the most mind intensive. Professionals in this field usually have to undergo intensive session of training for a long time. This is because human health is a very sensitive issue that requires those charged with the responsibility of maintaining it to be competent and efficient. Because of the sensitivity of human health, the professional in this field are viewed as very powerful. In some situations, the health and wellbeing of a person is placed in the hands of a medical professional, and if the medical professional does not do ...

Introduction

Cancer is a chronic disease in which there is out of control growth of cells. There are over hundred types of cancer, and each type is distinct with the rest in the sense that particular human cells are affected initially.Breast cancer affects the breast tissues, mostly the inner lining of the ducts or lobules supplying milk to ducts (Cedolini et al. 2014). Cancers having their origin in ducts are called duct carcinomas and those having their origin in lobules are referred as lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer is commonly prevailing and alarmingly high incidences of this disease in women all over ...

Op-Ed

Testing minor children for breast cancer risk needs to be a public policy for all children who have risk characteristics. We need to take advantage of all opportunities to help a child lead the healthiest life possible. It is our duty as members of society. It does take a village to raise a child after all. A village includes families and the medical community. Public policy can be developed and initiated to make sure children from age 16 to 25 have an opportunity to test for BRCA1/BRCA2. All cancers begin due to genetic mutations. Mutations are changes in DNA cells. Some changes ...

Health care management is considered as a vital component in clinical settings. With the growing needs and demands of patients, appropriate strategies need implementation by the health care professionals. Patients who present severe life threatening conditions appear in need of great support. Here, the ultimate goal is to promote an improved patient outcome and quality of life (QOL). This task could rely on the skill and professional expertise of caregivers especially, nurses. Nurses have great potential in caring patients. They could incorporate special patient tailored strategies to improve outcomes. This description focuses on ‘nursing interventions to promote patient outcomes’. ...

Introduction:

The function of many living organisms is coupled with a vast array of cells .These units in turn serve as role playing agents for the fundamental physiology that determines the well being of organisms. However, variations in cellular environment are thought to regulate cell growth, division and survival. A network of molecular pathways or signaling events are interlinked with the cellular functions .Alterations in this specific functional aspect could lead to unnecessary complications which may lead to health abnormalities. In such context , the present description is concerned with highlighting about mTOR Signaling in Carcinogenesis. mTOR stands for mammalian target ...

Health outcomes in developed countries differ substantially for mothers and infants who formula feed compared with those who breastfeed. For infants, not being breastfed is associated with an increased incidence of infectious morbidity, as well as elevated risks of childhood obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, leukemia, and sudden infant death syndrome from diseases such as pneumonia, otitis media, gastroenteritis such as necrotizing enterocolitis, and lower IQ scores (Stuebe, 2009, pp. 222, 224). Breastfeeding offers infants the immune resistance of the mother, which comes from the mother’s plasma cells which are developed to fight specific immune threats ...

Personal Journal Entry

Yes, I know it has been a long time since I felt like writing. Now that I think of it, I can’t even believe it myself how long- it was June, 2012 when I last wrote any piece of writing. Anyway, it all happened for a reason and now, thank God, I am back, as good as new. I must admitthe last 5 years have been a great pain in the neck, but now there are about to end, I feel more than relieved. Just want to get up one morning and just it all behind like a bad dream that ...

1. Explain how nurses can be familiar with the nature and sources of genetic information so that they can assure privacy and confidentiality for their patients? The detection of genetic disparities that play a role in disease offers information that is improving the understanding of disease biology, hence providing new and specialized therapies. Therefore, it is important for practicing nurses to be aware about genetic and genomic information. Through health promotion, provision of care and understanding patient, nursing brings a significant aspect of genomics. The practice of nursing is gradually inculcating genomic and genetics as part of its fundamental obligation ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules (approximately 22 nucleotides in length) comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate (modulate) gene expression (Wiemer, 2007, p.1529; Zhang et al., 2006, p.9136; Garzon et al., 2009, p.168). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006, p.131). Currently, 4167 miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007, p.1530).

The miRNA genes are dispersed across the genome in gene clusters or as single genes. At least 50% of the miRNA genes are ...