Essays on Philosopher

Kantianism is an ethical theory developed by the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. The theory focuses on the correctness or wrongness of the actions themselves, as opposed to the correctness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions or the disposition of the actor (Holzhey and Mudroch 35). Kant's ethics further hold that people are bound to an ethical duty by universal ethical rules. Therefore, to act right in accordance with Kant's ethics would be motivated by appropriate universal principles that treat everyone as an end rather than just a mere means. The philosopher further asserts that being motivated by ...

The Cave

Plato’s The Cave is an allegorical story which Socrates was telling one of his followers Glaucon to explain to him the difference between a philosopher who seeks wisdom and others who aim to remain in ignorance. In the story, Socrates tells of a group of people who have been chained facing an empty wall their entire lives. They are unable to look anywhere, except the wall. Right behind them is an assembly line of items that are constantly going by which are reflected onto the wall by the light which comes from the fire that is behind the ...

Philosophy, by definition, is not only the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom but also asking questions that seemingly have no answers. Ancient Greece had no shortage of wise men called the Sophists. While they taught young men wisdom for money, their objective was to prove themselves wiser than their opponents by making their arguments appear stronger than it really was. To them, the truth was relative and arguments, as Protagoras admitted, could be distorted to their advantage. Of course, Socrates, being part of the Sophists, did differently by using their reasoning techniques in order arrive at the indisputable truth ...

Introduction

Ethics came from the Greek word ‘ethos,’ or character. In the modern context, ethics refer to the study of normative behavior. It is commonly understood as standards of behavior that ought to be followed under certain circumstances and the moral reasoning behind such actions. Ethics does not necessarily make people do good; nor is it an attribute that is only exclusive for good people. In fact, there are good people that exhibit unethical behavior, especially when under pressure. Professor and author, Denis Collins, for instance, observed that there are many good individuals who engage in unethical behavior because they ...

In 399 BC, one of the greatest ancient thinkers, Socrates, faced the trial upon the accusations of his corrupting influence on the Athenian youth, rejection of gods recognized by the Athenian state and invention of new gods. In the course of the trial, the philosopher was given an opportunity to defend himself, and his speech interpreted by Plato under the title Apology has survived until nowadays as a prominent example of rhetoric and argumentation. Socrates moves from explanations of his actions to critique of the values and misconceptions of his accusers (particularly, Meletus). Although one would expect a person ...

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Introduction It is common to see people using animals for sports and entertainment. Examples of sporting events that use animals are horse racing, cockfighting and many others, while zoos and circuses are among those who keep animals for entertainment. While most people enjoy these events and public display of animals, there are those who believe that such activities are unethical and morally wrong. There are, at least, four major reasons why people should not use animals for sport and entertainment. These are violation against nature; violation against the sensitivities of other people; cruelty against animals; and violation ...

Plato held the belief, illustrated by his use of the analogy of the Cave, that we live in a world of illusions, with the true forms of the everyday objects which surround us being shrouded behind said illusions. According to his own philosophy, every object or concept (such as beauty or goodness) has a truth behind it; one which is perfect in every way. Furthering this idea, Plato believed that behind the world of illusions we live in which clouds our ability to see the true world, is a world which is populated by all those perfect forms of ...

Dr. Elizabeth Sikes

UCOR-2500-13 Close Reading of Plato’s Allegory of the Cave “There would, therefore,” I said, “be an art of this turning around, concerned with the way in which this power can most easily and efficiently be turned around, not an art of producing sight in it. Rather, this art takes as given that sight is there, but not rightly turned nor looking at what it ought to look at, and accomplishes this object” (Republic 518D-E). The foregoing quote in the Allegory of the Cave provides insight into the importance of proper education and balanced teachings that would enable people ...

Introduction

The primary purpose of philosophy is to clarify and refine the human thought processes so that the state of affairs and hence the reality of the world are clear. As such, philosophical problems are a failure to come up with the explanations of things that happen in the environment and by extension in the world. Philosophy is critical in refining the human's basic concepts that are applied to understand the reality. Just like in other sciences that are driven by the experimentations in the search for the truth, philosophy is informed by the questions that cannot be easily answered ...

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Introduction China is home to the most ancient and enduring human civilization. This civilization flourished for thousands of years and have survived through many succession of rulers and dynasties. The study of China’s civilization is important in order to understand China’s contemporary society. Chinese civilization can be categorized into three broad historical periods: ancient China, Imperial China and modern China. These periods, however, only serves as an imaginary partition in order to identify a certain time in the history of China. But in reality, Chinese civilization is continuous and was never interrupted even through there ...

Philosophy Questions

1. Ross’ s Moral Theory is considered to stand between Kant’s strict deontological theory and theological theory of utilitarianism. According to the philosopher, there existed several prima facie duties that people had to hold in respect if they did not contradict one another. In case they conflicted, human’s intuition would help to make the right choice and find the weightiest and the most important duty. Ross stated that any prima facie obligation could be redefined by more important ones. While Kant saw all obligations absolute and exceptionless, Ross allowed maximization of the good as one of the ...

Introduction

Meaning in life (MIL) is a concept which is fundamental to numerous individuals as it is based on their values and it can be a source of motivation. According to Allan (2014), virtues and character strengths have been linked augmented levels of fulfillment and meaning in an individual’s life. In the book “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone” the concept of meaning in life is illustrated by a young orphan who pursues a great destiny. This story follows a young boy – Harry Potter who lost his parents at the age of one year after they were murder ...

Summary

The Romans made many decisions which were pertinent to the internal affairs of the city of Rome. Rome disunited itself from the Plebs and the Roman Senate making the city free and more powerful. Liberty was placed in the hands of both the people and the Nobles, provided these individuals had a greater reason to gain or protect. The government in Rome was keen on eliminating the enmity between the Populace and the Senate. Religion was an important aspect in Rome, and the lack of a medium between the Roman Catholic Church led to the destruction of Rome. A ...

II. Short Answer Questions Answer each of the following 4 questions with a 3-5 sentence paragraph. Write legibly and in full sentences. You may write on the back of the sheet. (12 points each: 48 total) 1. What philosopher used the idea of Tetrapharmakon? What does this word mean? What is the purpose of this teaching? List and describe the different parts of this idea. It was philosopher Philodemus who first used the idea of Tetrapharmakon. The word Tetrapharmakon means the Four Cures, which are the summary of the four basic doctrines: - Do not fear the god - ...

1. Answer: Mobile communication devices including different personal digital assistants are not limited to voice calls and short messages only. These devices can easily browse the internet and can use different types of utility and facility applications, such as viewing maps of a certain place, tracking other people via a GPS system and so on. A device with so many features certainly helps a person as well as the society to ease the lifestyle. On the other hand, bad people can use these features to harm other people. In the recent days 22nd July 2016, an eighteen-year-old guy attacked ...

History is a source of knowledge. It is an exceptional chance to learn from someone’s experience, which is especially important when in to comes to studying leadership. World-famous intellectuals, like Galileo, Machiavelli, Charles Darwin and Karl Marx are the quintessence of unconditional leadership, as their innovative contributions to science, politics and economics made a significant impact on the course of history. Niccolo Machiavelli, a 16th century Italian diplomat and political thinker, wrote a revolutionary “The Prince” political treatise. Between the years 1498 and 1512 he served as a political analyst and a diplomat in Florence. That period is ...

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“At his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and justice he is worst”—Aristotle The above statement made by Aristotle emphasizes the significance of law and justice in not only maintaining order, but also help to affirm the nobility and distinction of human beings. In Thrasymachus’s account of justice, the philosopher presents his argument that different individuals and different states perceive the concept of justice differently. For the purposes of this essay, I will be focusing on 377a and 344e, while paying special attention to 338d-339a, 338a-339d, and 343b-344c. ...

3 Paragraph Answers

Book One

The three types of good life that Aristotle talks about include the happy life, a virtuous life, and the action-based life. Aristotle does not believe that money-making or material wealth can lead to a good life. According to the philosopher, human good should always feature three essential characteristics. As such, it has to be something that is distinctively human. Furthermore, it has to be self-sufficient. The philosopher suggests that human good is the ultimate characteristic. Money does not form part of any of the three characteristics. The science that studies the highest good is known as ...

There is no doubt that there have been several women writers who have not been awarded a justified position in the so-called “canon” of English literature. There are names such as Margery Kempe, Marie de France, Lady Jane Grey, Mary (Sidney) Herbert, Mary Queen of Scotts, Aemilia Lanyer, Elizabeth Cary, Mary Wroth, Katherine Philips, Margaret Cavendish, and many more who challenge an equivalent share of fame, with the labors of their classical male contemporaries because of their prestigious works. The prime focus of the paper is to discuss Margaret Cavendish, a writer from the 17th century and presents a ...

Even though one is bombarded every day with experiences that seem to be from the outside world, it is important to reflect on their validity and source before coming to a premature conclusion using only intuition. There is a general consensus that there is an outside world, which is what people feel and navigate through every day, and which has certain characteristics. Nevertheless, if one stops to critically examine the evidence that there is for this conclusion, one can see that many other interpretations are also possible. Most philosophers do not negate the different experiences and the possibility of ...

Introduction

The essay will compare the skepticism of two ancient philosophers concerning popular religious, spiritual and superstitious beliefs. The first philosopher we will look at is Lucretius who was a well-educated Roman popularly known for his poem “On the Nature of Things.” The second philosopher is Wang Ch’ung who was born in China and studied at Loyang academy in the capital. He is said to have had remarkable memory and gained a lot of knowledge in Chinese literature. The two philosophers did not believe in the religious beliefs and came up with arguments to convince the masses that they ...

There are many different theories as to how a person should lead his or her life. One of the first and most important philosophers to have thought about this in the Western tradition was Aristotle in his Nichomachean Ethics. In this text, he proposes an ethical theory based on virtues that a person should cultivate in order to be happy, or under a state of flourishment. For him, virtues are habits that one should establish in the mean of two excesses. For example, the virtue of temperance should be developed as a midpoint between pain and pleasure in order ...

Introduction

Virtue ethics are the theories that gives importance to our moral values that effect our mind and our character. It not only helps us to decide what is rightness or wrongness in our decision but also provides a guidance to be a good person that we wish to achieve .Virtual ethic was prevalent from the time old civilizations started. The philosophers always guided the rulers and the common people to follow the path of virtue ethics. Among the famous philosophers whose ethics are followed till date are Aristotle, father of Greek philosophy and Confucius, father of Chinese philosophy. Virtue ...

Abstract

While power is a secular affair these days, ethics and moral with their connection to religion seem related to what refers to activities associated with the governance of people and territories. Of course, neither of the two provides a comprehensive view of the complex notion of politics, yet both complement the concept with precious meaning. Thus, moral adds an important dimension revealing domestic politics as a set of activities prioritizing social welfare. Furthermore, the perception of governance through the prism of virtuous leaders, as done by ethics scholars, such as al-Farabi, allows people to perceive politics as a unique ...

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28, 1712. His family was of French origin. Jean-Jacques, who lost his mother at birth, was first raised by his father, who made him read him adventure stories and Plutarch's Lives. Then he spent two years with his uncle Bernard, who put him up to board with the Lambercier pastor at Bossey. Then, Rousseau returned to Geneva and was apprenticed to an engraver. But one day, in order to escape a deserved punishment, he went to the priest of Confignon, a village two leagues from Geneva, and told him he wanted ...

Introduction

Many philosophers have identified various branches of egalitarianism. One such branch is the luck egalitarianism philosophy, which recognizes distinctive interpretations and critiques. Elizabeth Anderson formulates a distinctive branch of egalitarianism that opposes luck egalitarianism, namely the democratic equality philosophy. This essay will first delineate the main points of Anderson’s opposition to luck egalitarianism and democratic equality. After this review, there will be applied an insightful analysis of the presented principles, which will be opposed. For a balanced presentation, there will also be provided a response to the identified objections.

Section 1

Elizabeth Anderson is one of the major critics of ...

Cohen’s idea about the way society works has attracted a great number of opponents and advocates. He explains his idea by telling the audience the example of the camping trip. During such trips people share food and everything that they brought to a picnic. In such situation we can witness a so called socialist equality in the community. Every person participates in the process. There is no advantage taken. Every person who came to the picnic shares and contributes towards the event. And then people turn into capitalists. Different people show their demands because they believe that they ...

The Existence of God

The world is definitely the most marvelous and exciting gift ever received. Though everyone is constantly facing various hardships along the way and has to overcome rather complicated challenges, it is still worth living for. Nothing could be compared to the possibility of admiring sunsets, walking in the rain or simply inhaling the smell of the flowers around. The whole universe is ready to present its breathtaking wonders and reveal all mysteries to those who are ready to experience the unknown and set off on an unforgettable and adventurous journey. The biggest mystery is surely the creation of the ...

Two of the figures in the painting include Plato’s and Aristotle’s images. Plato was a Greek Philosopher and his importance at the time was the contribution he made in the development of philosophy, western science and mathematics as a foundational figure (Steinkruger, 2014). He was chosen to be a part of the work in Sistine Chapel due to his philosophical views related to ideal government and societal ethics which are vital in religious teachings. Aristotle was also a Greek philosopher and his contribution included views on metaphysics that continues to impact Christian theology (Steinkruger, 2014). His image ...

Central to Book V of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics is an analysis of the correlation between not only laws and justice but also the one that exists between a combination of the two and virtue. Apparently, no matter how one looks at a given situation, there are high chances that he or she is both right and wrong simply because justice is a complex phenomenon. Notably, the man’s assertion of just people does not stem from small actions or situations that either show or compel an individual to act in a just manner. On the contrary, as Aristotle ...

The Yin-Yang concept has been an integral part of the Chinese culture for many years with the Chinese citizen viewing it as a means to gaining personal balance. In essence, the Yin and Yang way of thinking are distinct to the Chinese culture by perception of the main human principles and in terms of they view the universe and its occurrences. The phenomenon is a Dual-Polar concept that aims at enabling the coexistence of two different extremities such that it differs from the western way of thinking. The western way of thinking unlike the Yin and Yang way of ...

If death is really true, based upon the animistic quality of our five physical senses, then how do we know that we are truly alive and breathing and not in a dream? It has been proposed that people who are aware of the existence of their surroundings mostly rely on their five senses, which may cause illusions. The ethereal yet grounded theory of existentialism provides the landscape for a more positively-identified pathway which reaches across the separation that exists among humans.            When thinking about the quote ‘existence precedes essence’, the concept lends room for credibility that Morrie was right ...

Every philosopher in the ancient times was concerned with the study of human nature in relation to the environment. Three thinkers used different perspectives of argument in relating the work of God and sufficient reasoning why, how people came into existence and the varying actions they had towards objects. They are discussed as follows; Leibniz was the first German philosopher who existed early 17th -18th century, in his principle of sufficient reasoning he stated that, every action that was done by human had a purpose and a cause and that the existence depends on God’s free choice. He ...

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There is no denying the fact that Ancient Greek’s philosophers brought a lot of useful and sufficient ideas, thoughts, and decisions to the people’s society. Plato was one of the brightest mind of that time. His works inspire people from all over the world. Moreover, his scientific approach and writing manner help many students to understand the core of philosophy, the structure, and basics of our society. Therefore, in order to see and evaluate several important issues such as good and justice, the Plato’s Allegory of the Cave is presented in this paper. ...

Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) – a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Aztec Empire. In 1504, Cortes left Spain on the ship "Quintero". In the next 15 years, he fought in the Antilles with the natives. In 1511, together with a prominent Spanish commander D. Velasquez participated in the capture of the island of Cuba. Velasquez became governor, and his favorite Cortes – Secretary. In 1519, a military expedition under the command of Cortes was organized. He entered the capital of the Aztec empire Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) and captured Montezuma – leader of the Aztecs; long time was governor of Mexico. In 1541, ...

Philosophy 223

Exam is open book, open notes, however, there should be no internet use or looking at other sources (besides the Kyabgon Traleg book The Essence of Buddhism and The Monk and the Philosopher) and no talking to anyone about the exam, etc.

Remember, “Karma means nobody gets away with nothing.” Ruth Denison

Please observe the academic honesty policies of the College. I am obliged to report any suspicion of violation. See the Dean’s office or me if you have any questions. Especially in a take-home exam situation, it is important to avoid even the appearance of impropriety. Also, give credit to other sources, even if just to say, ...

Philosophy 223

Exam is open book, open notes, however, there should be no internet use or looking at other sources (besides the Kyabgon Traleg book The Essence of Buddhism and The Monk and the Philosopher) and no talking to anyone about the exam, etc.

Remember, “Karma means nobody gets away with nothing.” Ruth Denison

Please observe the academic honesty policies of the College. I am obliged to report any suspicion of violation. See the Dean’s office or me if you have any questions. Especially in a take-home exam situation, it is important to avoid even the appearance of impropriety. Also, give credit to other sources, even if just to say, ...

Glaucon is depicted in Book II of “The Republic” (Plato) as a philosopher concerned with the value of justice. He wishes to decide if it is worth being a just person just for the sake of justice. He argues that there is no reason to prevent a person from behaving in an unjust manner if that person can get away with it – in other words if someone can reap the rewards of wrong behavior, but not deal with the consequences of their actions. The Man without a Face (1993) tells us of a McLeod, a man who was involved ...

Introduction:

general overview of the research project; outlining of the main objectives of the work.

Project 1: Theoretical part.

Examination of Aristotle’s theory of tragedy, represented in his treatise “Poetics”; outlining the main points delivered by the authors; giving definitions to the philosophical concepts of Aristotle’s theory explaining their essence in artistic context.

Project 2: Practical Part.

Matching the main principles of tragedy to the play written by the great Shakespeare; analyzing the congruence of the tragedy principles delivered by the philosopher of the Antiquity to the tragedy produced be the Medieval playwright; the researches own speculation about the concept of tragedy its main features in ...

Different social theories claim that every behavior can be modified to a better one. Panopticism is one of these theories, which has its origins in the book “Discipline and Punish” by Michel Foucault. The french philosopher spent a lot of years examining human behaviors and trying to find ways how to improve it, make it better and easier for others to understand. He collected his knowledge in the book and presented it to society, which should change after got acquainted with the message of the book. He used the panopticon to illustrate the tendency of subjugating citizens by disciplinary ...

“Is Google Making Us Stupid?”

Since its creation in the 1990s, the internet has been an immense tool in acquiring knowledge in an instant. To help with the pursuit of knowledge, search engines, such as Google, have continuously been created in hopes of being the better way of finding specific information. Recently, there has been some concern about the constant use of Google and how it affects peoples’ mentality. The people who are against using Google on every search claim that the engine is making people stupid by replacing learning knowledge and critical thinking skills with simply obtaining information at the quickest convenience. It ...

Introduction

Yi Hwang was a prominent figure among the Korean Neo-Confucian Scholars. He led a modest life, applying what he learned to enrich his life. Hwang was a man of absolute character. He always embraced high moral standards during his time. He worked hard in his studies, securing a government job; however, later in his life, he turned down several job offers to pursue his passion of enriching the society through his works. In this essay, the writer seeks to explore the contributions Yi Hwang to Buddhist and Neo-Confucian thoughts. The author observes that Hwang made profound contribution on Buddhist ...

Introduction

Everyone would like to live his or her life in the best way possible. This notion goes without saying, although there has been contemplation of the question since time immemorial. Which is the best possible kind of life to lead. As a result, philosopher and sages from all walks of life started devoting their lives to establishing the right answer. These philosophers, started writing books to demonstrate to the world their versions of how to live the good life. The two philosophers whose perceptions of living the best possible life are widely known are Plato and Lao Tzu. In ...

The fundamental principles of utilitarianism are morality and the welfare of the majority. Utilitarianism believes that morality will make the world a better place to live in. Any act that produces a good consequence is considered as morally good. The nature or intention of the act is not important in utilitarianism. Human beings are expected to act in a manner that produces benefits to the majority. Utilitarianism places more emphasis on consequence and not on the intension. People are expected to put away self-interest for the sake of common good that benefits all. Common interests are given importance over ...

The academic field of philosophy provides the much need knowledge and introspection about the self, the society and the world. Among the many eminent philosophers of the world, Greek philosophers were among the most influential with all of their vision, knowledge and explication. Their works are still hailed as impeccable and commendable by the modern day philosophers and critics. There can be no denial of the fact that Plato is one of the foremost figures in the domain of philosophy in the entire timeline of human history of this world. Plato has been successful in leaving an immortal mark ...

Abstract

Sigmund Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis, has made lasting contributions in the field of psychology because of his theory on psychosexual and personality development. His unorthodox psychological techniques and theory were influenced by his forerunners and then, after his lifetime, left a lasting impact about how nurture explains human consciousness and behavior, especially, on mental illnesses. His three aspect of the mind: superego, ego, and id, are apt psychodynamic explanations about the workings of the mind and human behavior among his avid followers of psychoanalysts. Further, his stages of psychosexual development: pre-genital, oral, etc., not to mention Oedipus and ...

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Introduction The philosophy of transcendentalism is based on the belief that there exists a higher form of knowledge or reality that could not be fathomed by human reason, which humans can achieve. As defined by scholars, transcendentalism is the idea that people “have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that ‘transcends’ or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel”. Transcendentalism is not a new concept. Historically, the idea of transcendentalism can be traced to the works of the Greek philosopher, Plato and the doctrines of major religions such as the ancient ...

21st of April 2016

This social movement unites people with different points of view on the relationship between humans and animals. Maximalist approach adherents believe that we need to waiver farming, animal husbandry, hunting and other ways of using animals for human needs. The main idea can be expressed through a verbal formula: "Man and animals are equal and therefore have equal rights; to kill animals is just as crime, as to kill a person." However, this theory does not hold out to any criticism, as the idea of equality between men and animals is highly irrational. Animal protection extremists, or eco-terrorists affect ...

The Existence of God: God is dead by Nietzsche

In a parable contained in his book titled “The Gay Science” Nietzsche made a controversial statement where he claimed that God is dead. Indeed, this statement elicited many opposing opinions not only because it appears inflammatory on the face of it, but also because of the philosophical weight it carried. Contained in the parable of “The Madman”, the text indicated, “God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under ...

Thomas Hobbes is a 17-century English philosopher famous for his contributions into the theory of political philosophy. Thomas Locke believed that that the success of any state is in the monarchy and that only people’s full obedience to the sovereign can guarantee them protection and safety. Thomas Hobbes saw a success of a state in the theory of social contract under which people, initially born with rights, relinguish all their rights to the monach who, in his/her turn, protects his/her people and guarantees peace in the state itself. This theory is based on the idea that all people ...

Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, who lived between January 1516 and April 1626. He had other titles such as being a statesman-served as an Attorney General and Lord Chancellor; he was a scientist, author, orator and a jurist. His philosophical works continue to be influential especially due to the application of science. His writing career spanned between law and philosophy in science. Initially, he often wrote to the courts before writing on science in 1620. His famous work, the Great Instauration also called the interpretation of nature was aimed at introducing a new way of investigating nature. It ...

John Stuart Mill was a philosopher who rejected the notion of psychological egoism. In essence, Mill expressed support for utilitarianism under a hedonistic belief. Hedonism in this case “implies that the mental state of pleasure is the only thing having intrinsic value (and the mental state of pain is the only intrinsic evil),” (Brink, 2014). It is the idea that everyone is pursuing a state of happiness, and should always behave and make choices that will bring them closer to that point of happiness. A person should pursue decisions that will also contribute to the greatest happiness of all ...

Symbolic communication can be defined as the things that we have given a special meaning and as such represent a particular idea. Further symbolic communication can be interpreted as a language that is dependent upon the use of symbols created for the sole purpose of achieving exactitude. A look at the use of symbolic language in the text “How Language Shapes Thought” by Lera Boroditsky. Lera progress idea of symbolic communication in her article based on the arguments that the language of thought is mostly the same type of language used by humans or the instance as form of ...

Insrtuctor’s Name

It is truth universally acknowledged that the theme of the human’s choice has always been popular with the poets and writers. It is not surprising that Robert Frost, an iconic American poet, addresses it in his most famous and most quoted poem, The Road not Taken (“The Norton Anthology of Poetry” 1232-1233). In spite of the widely spread opinion that the poem raises the problem of “being an individual” or “taking a different road from the masses” (Fagan 293), I strongly believe that the poet’s major intention is to emphasize that no matter what choice we make ...

Many centuries ago, there have been arguments on whether or not there is the existence of God. These arguments are the result of atheists and believers. Atheists are people who believe that God and other supernatural beings are man-made ideas. The existence of many religions is also as a result of differences in beliefs about God. Theism, from which theistic is derived, is that belief in the existence of God or gods. From a religious point of view, a God is either a normal or supernatural being. Some religions have one supreme God while others have many gods. The ...

Be the morality and the religion or are they interrelated? It is the question that the chapter written by Iris Murdoch about morality and the religion. The natural appears in the book of A world of Ideas Textbook, and it has precious information about the two concepts. The paper will not only rely on that book but will also seek information from other two sources which talk about the two idea. The combination of the three sources will result in a fascinating paper. Therefore, the paper will be a synthesis of combined of different sources to review and discuss ...

Peter Singer is an Australian Philosopher and is perhaps one of the world’s most controversial literally ethicist. Many people who read his book “Animal Liberation” were in great numbers moved to accept or actually embrace his vegetarianism theory while others were repugnant about Peter Singer’s “most retrogressive” attempt to place the human population and the animal population in the same even moral plane. Similarly, Peter Singer argued that severely disabled little children should in some occasions, receive euthanasia. His idea has attracted both praise as one of the most courageous idealism and denunciation as a pro-abortion idea ...

Rene Descartes’ Discourse on the Method is one of the most important philosophical texts of all time. In it, the philosopher attempts to determine how he should correctly determine his lines of logic in order to ascertain truth. He believes that this may only be possible when one puts into question the judgments and prejudices that one has formed across one’s life. These jumps in logic are usually kept uncontested throughout one’s life, leading reasoning astray. This skeptical method is necessary because these preconceived notions lead thinking astray, making it jump to answers that are not necessarily ...

Introduction

The concept of infinity is one of the most important and "mysterious" concepts in science. Even in ancient times, many philosophers and mathematicians thought about the contradictions of this concept. In mathematics, the contradictions associated with the idea of ​​ infinite numbers have intensified after the establishment of the theory of infinite sets at the end of XIX century. This theory caused many paradoxes in the previous views on mathematics (Wilkins).

Body

Introduction of actual infinity as the basic scientific concepts in math has created new problems (as usually every major innovation in science does). Because of this issue, philosophy and ...

The eighteenth century marked a period of diverse changes in Europe’s politics, philosophy, and science fields due to the influence of many scholars in what is referred to as the age of enlightenment (Kramnick, 1995). The main argument that the academicians and researchers in that period proposed that there were ways that would enable the humans to improve themselves through rational change. The scholars questioned the traditional approaches to those fields with many publications aiming to produce multiple changes especially in the area of philosophy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau counts as one of the most influential contributors of the age ...