Essays on Placenta

According to the Institute of Medicine in the United States of America, the following are the guidelines for weight gain in women of different body mass indeces – Underweight women, i.e. those with a BMI less than 18.5 are required to gain 28-40 pounds, normal weight women, i.e. having a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 are required to gain 25-35 pounds and overweight women, i.e. those with a BMI above 25 to 29.9 are required to gain 15-25 pounds (“Assessing Your Weight”, n.d.). For pregnant women, the required daily allowance (RDA) of the two macronutrients Calcium and Choline should be ...

Age: 34 Yrs

LMP: October 28, 2015 EDC: August 10, 2016 Gestation: 40 weeks Obstetric History: Elena is a 34-year-old female who presents to the maternity clinic with labor pains. The client is a G3 P3 T3 A0 L2. The previous children were delivered by normal vaginal birth. She had a pre-pregnant weight of 137 lbs and a current weight of 176 lbs.

First Stage of Labour

The patient reports that contractions started seven hours ago at home. The contractions are regular occurring after approximately five minutes with a duration of 45 to 60 seconds. The cervical dilation is at 6cm. After two hours, the contractions ...

Patient history

JM is a 28-year old Hispanic 38 weeks pregnant, admitted into the maternity unit. This is her first pregnancy and seems calm and relaxed, except for the normal anxiety of this stage of pregnancy. Her obstetric history; G1, T1, P1, A0, L0

1st stage

Subjective: The patient verbalizes that she is afraid of the delivery process because it is her first time into the maternity ward. Patient verbalizes extreme abdominal pains. Objective: Patient exhibits, facial tension, poor eye contact and grimacing observed. Patient appears anxious, pre-occupied as well as decreased perceptual field. Vital signs (T-370 C, BP- 138/74 mmHg, RR-14 cpm, ...

What are the female reproductive parts of the angiosperm flower?

The female reproductive parts of a flower include the stigma, the ovary, and the style. Their collective name is normally referred to as carpel. a flower may be composed of one or several pistils. For reproduction to occur, all these parts play an important role. The stigma is the female part of a flower that receives pollen grains. It normally has a sticky surface to enable pollen grain to stick and germinate on it. There are several shapes of the stigma. The different shapes enable them to be well adapted to their role in reproduction. Some of the shapes ...

Medications pass from the mother to the fetus primarily through the placenta in the same way as the nutrients the fetus needs for growth and development. Substances which a woman takes when she is pregnant can affect the fetus in several ways: act directly on the fetus, cause damage and abnormal development or lead to the death, change the function of the placenta, usually due to narrowing the blood vessels, violate the exchange of oxygen and nutrients, or just cause harm to the fetus due to the decrease of blood supply. Teratogens are all those substances that have a ...

The first complication in many pregnancies is the fear of premature delivery. Such a realization increases the risk of health problems to the unborn babies. Studies have shown that more than half of all twin pregnancies do not stay up to the full term which increases the risk of miscarriage to the mother. The second complication that Teresa is likely to face is preeclampsia. This condition has been found to affect between 10 to 15 percent of all women carrying twins (Thomopoulos et al., 2013). Preeclampsia is characterized by traces of protein in the urine, high blood pressure to ...

Vanishing Twin Syndrome

Vanishing Twin Syndrome In 1945, Walter Stoeckel proposed that the general population of conceptions were higher for multiple fetuses that supposed, suggesting that a twin or multiple fetuses may die in utero and subsequently be reabsorbed without clinical evidence by the surviving fetus/es, mother, or placenta (Stoeckel, 1945, cited in Levi, 1976). Named the “vanishing twin syndrome”, the cause is generally not known. If abnormalities are determined, they appear related to early development and are chromosomal; improper implantation of the cord may also play a role. This paper presents a brief overview of the etiology, demographics, consequences, and tests ...

Pregnancy presents a unique condition and it is of utmost importance by the care provider to conduct all the necessary assessments not only for the purposes of securing the health of the mother but also that of the unborn (London et al., 2015). The first weeks of pregnancy present a unique phase of pregnancy since most birth defects occur during these initial weeks. Examples of the defects include; neural-tube and congenital defects. This makes it necessary to conduct thorough and comprehensive assessment of the unborn and the mother so as to prevent the occurrence of these conditions. As such, ...

Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy: Effects, treatment and the outcomes

The aim of this study is to evaluate vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and its impact on pregnancy course, the best way of management, and the outcome of this management Bone metabolism in humans is associated with a complex steroid hormone system which comprises of vitamin D (Harvey, et al. 2014). Many reports have suggested the potential benefits of vitamin D across therapeutic areas including vascular health, placental function, metabolism, and immune function (McAree, et al. 2013). Data based on biological and clinical findings suggest the key role of vitamin D in women reproductive health. However, there is ...

Abortion is the removal of fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. A spontaneous abortion is called a miscarriage. When the procedure is allowed by the law of a country, then it is considered as one of the safest procedures in medical sciences. In the US, it is considered 13 times safer than the childbirth. This procedure should only be performed by a licensed health care professional. It is a personal decision to end a pregnancy and it may need to have a counselling session before going for an abortion. The legal position of abortion is ...

Placenta previa refers to an obstetric complication that in most cases occurs as painless vaginal bleeding especially in the third trimester and is secondary to abnormal placentation that covers the cervix. When there is a complete coverage of the cervix, a complete Previa occurs (Joy, 2015). Joy (2015) stated that if the leading edge is below two centimeters from the cervix but not partially covering it, such a case presents the marginal Previa. Partial placenta previa occurs when the placenta covers a section of the cervix. In particular, placenta previa occurs when the placenta implantation occurs at the lower ...

Source One:

http://uofmhealthblogs.org/womens/pregnancy-childbirth/oh-body-will-change-pregnancy/8463/

Posted by Helen Kang Morgan, MD on September 24, 2013 In addition to the obvious physical changes as your belly grows during pregnancy, what other surprises may your body have in store for you? Pregnancy is an exciting time, but often one filled with many questions — is my baby healthy, can I do this/eat that, and what the heck is happening to my body?

During your first trimester, you’ll probably feel tired, perhaps more tired than you’ve ever felt before. Get as much rest as you can. About 70 percent of women will also ...

- Physical exercise is very important for pregnant women, as they help them to ease the state, prepare muscles to the stress of labor and to the loads of the last trimester of pregnancy. - Conditions in which physical activity should be avoided are also listed. - It is also a good idea to include the recommended types of physical activity into daily life, while excluding certain other types. The experience of previous generations is also described in brief.

Physical Activities during Pregnancy

General routine for women during pregnancy mostly remains the same as it was before it. However, a pregnant woman doesn’ ...

Slide 2 – Introduction

Trauma in pregnancy is one of the key contributors to maternal and fetal mortality. The potential impediments include maternal injury or death, internal hemorrhage, shock, direct fetal injury, intrauterine fetal demise, uterine rupture and abruptio placentae. The leading causes of obstetric trauma are motor vehicle accidents, assaults, falls, gunshots, and ensuing injuries. Ensuing injuries are classified as pelvic fractures, or penetrating trauma, and blunt abdominal trauma. The assessments and managements aspects of obstetric trauma are distinctive to pregnancy, while initial evaluation and resuscitation is always being directed maternally. If maternal stability is established, then vigilant evaluation of fetal well-being ...

In my view, the four students acted against the ethical principles and theory of the nursing practice. This is true given that the students violated the principle of beneficence, least harm, as well as the theory of deontology. According to the principle of beneficence, the nursing students are expected "to do good" both for patients and the society in general (Benjamin & Curtis, 2010). It aims at ensuring that people obtain the greatest level of good. Another principle, which is almost similar to that of beneficence, is that of least harm where the student's actions should result ...

Within practical contexts, ethical conduct of employees is as important in nursing as it is within any other professional field. Nurses are required by occupational guidelines to provide care towards patients in the most ethical manner possible. The basic precepts of nursing ethics emphasize that nurses should not employ actions that will inflict either physical or emotional injury to their patients. This means that employees within a healthcare facility, which include the nursing fraternity, are obliged to uphold high level of standards in creating sustainable relationships with patients. According to Perron and Pronsati (2012), those high standards should be guided ...

- Sperms are normally produced in the seminiferous tubes. After production sperms are stored in the epididymis where they get to mature. During ejaculation sperms travel from the epididymis along tubes known as the vas deferens. When sperms pass by the seminal vesicle and the prostate fluids get added to the sperms. The sperms then pass by the Cowper’s gland where even more fluids are added. The semen then reaches the urethra through which it exists the human body as semen. The fluids added to the semen are very necessary because they ensure travel of the sperms. They ...

THE COMFORT AND PAIN RELIEF NEEDS

OF THE ANTEPARTUM, INTRAPARTUM, & POSTPARTUM PATIENT Pregnancy and Pain One of the miracles of nature is Pregnancy. Two cells that cannot be seen by the naked eye join and create a human being that walks, talks, thinks, loves, and lives. For women this stage of their life is a time of happiness and sometimes of concern. They realize that now they are in charge of their lives and the life of a new individual. While most pregnancies run a normal smooth course, some others can become high risk pregnancies. Mothers become aware of the many changes occurring in their bodies ...

There are a variety of birth defects that are influenced by the actions of the parent while the child is in utero. From the harmful effects of drugs and alcohol, to the physiological changes that occur within the mother’s body as a response to stress and dietary deficiencies, the influence of such prenatal events can prove to be lifelong for the child. One such disorder associated with the prenatal environment is known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which falls under the category of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. The spectrum of disorders under the FASD umbrella also includes Partial FAS, Alcohol-Related ...

Introduction

Pregnancy is associated with particular risks in women who use alcohol or drugs and this applies to both legal and illegal drugs because the fetus is connected to the blood circulation of a mother. A pregnant woman, who consumes alcohol or drugs, may have premature childbirth, abortion or even if a baby is born then he/she may suffer serious and sometimes life-long damages. Scientifically, it cannot be determined exactly at what amount and frequency of taking various drugs in pregnancy endanger a child. For pregnant women or those who want to be pregnant, there is only one piece of advice to quit ...

ARTICLE REVIEW: CONCEPTS OF PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH AND INFANCY IN CH’ING DYNASTY CHINA BY CHARLOTTE FURTH

Introductory Paragraph History has seen the prevalence of patriarchal concepts throughout almost every major civilization. In fact, the subordination of women as inferior to men has since manifested through a variety of social constructs that has extended beyond customary practices towards acceptance as universal facts. This review on an article authored by Charlotte Furth, entitled Concepts of Pregnancy, Childbirth and Infancy in Ch’ing Dynasty China, seeks to tackle a social construct that has framed women as inferior to men treated as a universal fact within a social setting – the reproductive system of women as seen in pregnancy, childbirth and infancy.

Article Thesis

Furth ...

1) What blood test would you order and why? (1 point) - Quantitative hCG blood test: measures serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels (US FDA, 2013) - Above normal hCG values: determines if patient is having a normal pregnancy and the number of fetuses as well as gestational age, or if amenorrhea is due to hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, or ovarian cancer (Ratcliffe et al., 2008; US FDA, 2013) - Below normal hCG values: indicates ectopic pregnancy, fetal death, incomplete abortion, or threatened spontaneous abortion (US FDA, 2013) 2). What is her estimated date of confinement (EDC) ...

Teratogens are genotoxins that can potentially disrupt the genetic makeup of developing cells, resulting in aberrations that can manifest disabling physical and mental abnormalities in a fetus. Teratogens can cross the placenta and reach the fetus, which quashes the popular belief that a fetus is shielded from external harmful influences. This indicates that the placenta is incapable of blocking teratogenic metabolites from reaching the fetus. Teratogenesis can be defined as birth defects or congenital malformations occurring in utero due to exposure to external factors. Such factors could be environmental, chemical or biological in nature. Factors such as the time of exposure, ...

- Describe the normal events of fetal development. How does malnutrition impair fetal development? Normal events of fetal development: Normal events of development of a fetus take place in the inner uterine wall of the mother throughout a gestation. A fertilized egg or zygote moves through fallopian tube and reaches to the uterus. During 0 to 3-weeks of gestation, the zygote develops into an embryo within a biological pocket or amniotic sac. As the embryo develops, the amniotic sac, filled with fluid gets enlarged, where the fetus floats. This fluid protects the fetus from injury throughout gestation period. Tentacles from ...

Abstract

This paper aims at identifying and elaborating the development and functions of the human placenta, an organ that supports growth and development of the fetus. The human placenta is a fetomaternal organ that supports the development of a growing embryo by providing nutrients and gas from the mother to the embryo. Notably, the human placenta facilitates nutrients and gas exchange between the fetus and the mother which helps in maintaining fetomaternal tolerance. The placenta can release metabolic products into fetal and maternal circulations and it also metabolizes various substances. It also protects the fetus against maternal diseases, infections, and certain xenobiotic ...

Based on the current situation, Robby should have a strong intervention. In his tender age of 14, his mind is not developed enough to differentiate good and bad. He cannot take rational decisions and think about the long term effects of this habit of marijuana. He requires a collective family support to understand his situation and take a decision for him and not by force. Children in this age are going through hormonal changes and divert easily towards substance abuse by imitating friend and seniors. To target this problem more effectively, he needs separation from his current friends and needs the company ...

Question 1 (Word Count = 332) Is there a difference in hemoglobin concentration at enrolment between women with detectable peripheral malaria parasites and those without detectable parasites? In order to test whether hemoglobin concentration recorded at enrolment is different in women with detectable peripheral malaria parasite from those without detectable parasites, a Student t-test is required. Using the student, the mean of two samples are compared to determine whether there is any significant difference between the two samples. Analysis of the data for “Hb at enrolment visit” variable and the “Malaria at enrolment” variable was done using SPSS to ...

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Introduction

Pregnancy is regarded is one of the most important phase of a women’s life cycle. In addition, pregnancy also encompasses hormonal and physiological changes that are unique in the women’s life cycle. In pregnancy, women experience sudden changes, which includes progesterone and estrogen increases. This also leads to dramatic changes on hormonal functions that affects mood and creates a “glow” among pregnant women. More importantly, hormonal changes during pregnancy poses a significant effect fetal development that also manifests in the changes in physical activities. Having to mention the progesterone and estrogen, medical studies suggests that women ...

1.1: Structure and Function of reproductive organs

Diagram of female reproductive organs

AC 1.2 Testosterone, Progesterone and Oestrogen Oxford definitions of Testosterone, Progesterone and Oestrogen. These are as follows: - Testosterone: Testosterone is a steroid hormone stimulating development of male secondary sexual characteristics. - Progesterone: Progesterone is a steroid hormone that maintains pregnancy and prevents further ovulation. It is also used in oral contraceptive pills. - Oestrogen: A groups of steroid hormones, which promotes the development, and maintenance of female sexual characteristics. The Menstrual CycleInterview of three women regarding their experience of menstrual cycle. Three women, Mrs. A, Miss B and ...

Journals

Journals

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian Psychologist, is credited with the introduction of classical conditioning after he decided to shift his attention from digestion to learning. He had observed an interesting phenomenon during his study of the digestive system. That is, a dog starts salivating at the sight of the food. This means that the dog had learnt to associate the sight of food as the same thing as having it in its mouth; because when food was placed in its mouth the same thing happened. Indeed, this phenomenon is not unique to dogs. If one has been used to taking lunch ...

Identical twins are very much same. They share common likes, they look quite similar, and they often found dress in similar cloths. However, there parents are aware of their differences but it is difficult for outsiders to differentiate identical twins. Identical twins have common genetic components that make them alike but they still have various unique characteristics. Despite of various similarities, identical twins also have multiple differences. This paper intends to discuss various similarities and differences of identical twins. Sometimes it is also observed that identical twins do not look alike and not share common characteristics. Individuals have their ...

Introduction 1

Physiology of Normal Pregnancy 2 Germinal stage3 Embryonic stage4 Foetal stage..5

Placental development and function6

Uterine.7 Structural and Functional Changes to Maternal Systems 8 Maternal Physiological Adaptations of the Respiratory System 9 Upper respiratory system..10 Thorax and Diaphragm..11

Maternal Physiological Adaptations of the Renal System 12

Summary 13 Figure 1. The left-hand duplicate displays a woman's body before she her pregnancy, and the right-hand appearance shows her body carrying a foetus full term.14

References: 15

Introduction A lot of the human cells are usually reproduced and then replaced throughout the life of a pregnant woman. However, the procedure does vary when it comes to the type of ...

Abstract

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can be defined as a kind of diabetes observed in pregnancy. It can be described as intolerance to glucose or elevated glucose level initiated or recognized in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Gestational diabetes affects almost 5-7% of all pregnancies in the US annually.

Gestational diabetes: pathophysiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, interventions, prognosis, and a nursing approach

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can be defined as intolerance to glucose or elevated glucose level initiated or recognized in pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Gestational diabetes affects almost 5-7% of all pregnancies in the US annually. This implies that approximately 200000 women in the US have to deal ...

BBB functions and physiology: The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates a highly controlled environment for its proper functioning. Blood brain barrier is the system which maintains the homeostasis of the CNS. It works by separating and shielding the brain from the constant changes in the nutrient and chemical composition of systemic blood. It protects the brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be present in the blood. The key functions of the BBB are transport of nutrients from the blood to brain and metabolites in opposite direction to systemic circulation. Only a small number of molecules are allowed access through the ...

Introduction

Body-Literature Review - The importance use of oxytocin use in obstetrics - The importance of Oxytocin use in postpartum haemorrhage - Oxytocin use by paramedics - Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations Abstract This document embraces a literature review research into the feasibility of oxytocin for the management of postpartum haemorrhage in the pre-hospital setting. Scientists have discovered that oxytocin has shown to have reduced the risk of postpartum haemorrhage yet only some ambulance services are equipped with the drug. This discussion explores reasons for paramedic professionals electing not to have oxytocin in their execution units and ultimately ...

Abstract

Alcohol is used by millions of people on a daily basis. The consequences of chronic alcohol abuse on the individual are many such as, memory deficits, neuropathy, heart, and liver damage. However, even minute amounts when drank during pregnancy can have effects on the mother in the long term as well as more dire consequences on the developing fetus that can lead to a lifetime of deficits. Alcohol is a teratogen that crosses the placenta. Doctors cannot determine the exact reason why certain infants of mothers that drink develop dysmorphic and neurobehavioral changes but the fact is, is that fetal alcohol syndrome ...

Adanois Gonzalez

DBRN 112L Deborah Franco Abstract This paper presents the condition of placenta abruptio, or premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, from a nursing perspective. It includes description of the condition including the pathophysiology of maternal vessel rupture and intrauterine blood accumulation, the uncertain etiology and known risk factors. Signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, shock symptoms and uterine rigidity are described. Specific medical interventions such as aggressive monitoring and blood transfusions and surgical treatments including emergency caesarian section are reviewed. The paper also describes diagnostic studies for this condition including blood testing and fetal ...

Dihydrofolatereductase (DHFR) is an important enzyme in the formation of DNA (Goodsell, 2002). DHFR controls the amount of tetrahydrofolate in the cells, which in turn is an important cofactor for purine and thymidylate synthesis and ultimately in the growth and proliferation of the cell (Davidson &Sittman, 1999). The enzyme is common to many species on earth. Human and bacterial DHFR have a relatively low rate of primary sequence agreement at 26%. However, they both retain a common general structure.The key role that the enzyme plays in biology as well as the variations that the enzyme displays makes it an important target ...

Introduction

Down syndrome also referred to as trisomy 21 is a genetic abnormality that is associated with a chromosomal condition characterized by the availability of a third chromosome 21 copy either in part or fully . The disorder is usually manifested by slow cognitive capabilities, slight to moderate intellectual debility, hypotonia in infancy and weak muscle tenor. . Physical characteristics encompass distinctive facial characteristics such as a flat facial outline, eyes slanting upwards, macroglossia, epicanthic eyelids, flat nasal bridge, small limbs, petite body frame, palmer crease, microgenia and smaller heads compared to the body frame . The slow cognitive capabilities are usually manifested by a major delay ...

Salmeterol is part of a broader group of drugs known as adrenergic agonists; it works specifically by binding to β2 receptors of the adrenergic receptor family, which are activated by the binding of the endogenous neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and epinephrine. The adrenergic receptors are as well part of a broader group of receptors known as G-protein coupled receptors. The G-protein receptor family is composed of a single peptide with seven trans-membrane regions that are attached to a G protein, Gs, Gq, or GI (Harvey & Champe, 2008). The G protein has 3 subunits; the α, β, and γ subunits; the α subunit in the resting state is bound to ...

Introduction

Smoking causes around 40000 premature deaths yearly in USA and 4.9 million deaths per year world or 8.8 percent of all global deaths (burns 2013). 4000 teens try to smoke for the first time each day. 1000 teen become daily smokers. Smoking is equivalent to poisoning. Tobacco is a deadly mix of more than 7000 chemicals (burns 2013). Death due to smoking is highly preventable. The causes and impacts of smoking are known and avoidable. Smoking is not illegal in most countries around the world. However, its effects are even worse than some illegal substances. Given these alarming statistics, researches ...

Pregnancy and childbirth is the most important period in a woman’s life. In a menstrual cycle that is normal for a person and has the duration of 28 days the release of an egg called ovulation generally takes place in the range between the 12th and 14th days of the cycle. Egg must be fertilized in the fallopian tube not later than 24 hours after that, or it dies and dissolves. Pregnancy on average lasts for 280 days if we count from the first day of the last menstrual period and 266 days from the time of ovulation. To calculate ...

Innovative Research Views on Onset and Treatments

Schizophrenia:Innovative Research Views on Onset and Treatments The term “schizophrenia” was coined by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler to describe a splitting of psychic functions (Crespi, Sted & Elliot 2010, p. 1736). Schizophrenia is an extremely serious and devastating illness affecting 1% of the American population, causing symptoms that disrupt thought patterns, behavior, and emotions of individuals (Richard & Brahm 2012, p. 757; “Schizophrenia: What” 2012, p. 1). While some sources refer to schizophrenia as a “mental illness,” others refer to it as a “brain disorder” (“Schizophrenia: What” 2012, p. 1; “Schizophrenia” n.d.). Indeed, schizophrenia is a difficult disorder to characterize because its primary symptoms, ...

Antenatal Emergency

I was attending my routine antenatal clinic at St Mary Community Centre. The clinic had been fully booked and I was already running behind schedule. As I went out to get the next woman on the appointment list, a young woman came up to me and stated, in short sentences, that she did not have an appointment on that day but was feeling really sick and was finding it hard to breathe. I quickly took her inside the clinic room to conduct a further assessment. The midwife I was working with started by telling the woman that we had no time ...

Mel presented herself on this day to antenatal visit and this was my first time to meet her. Mel was 27+4 at this presentation. Mel was a G5p6 who had a NVD in 2005 at 40/40 3742g boy and she also had another daughter in 2008 NVD at 41 weeks. In addition, Mel had 3 previous y m/c before 8 weeks. Mel reported that she has good family support and this was supported by her mother’s attendance on this day who helped in taking care of Mel’s other children. She tested O positive and all other blood ...

Placenta Accreta

Introduction During pregnancy, the placenta is normally supposed to attach on the surface of uterine wall. There are instances when the placenta attaches itself so deeply on the uterine. Placenta accreta is an abnormal attachment of the placental villi to the uterine in which the placenta is attached unusually deeply into the uterine wall. In placenta accreta, the placenta is attached directly on the myometrium unlike in other variant accounts when it gets attached into the myometrium (hence the name placenta increta) or goes through the myometrium (hence the name placenta percreta). Apparently placenta accreta is the most ...

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Introduction Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significantly life-threatening complication that can occur after both vaginal and caesarean births (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Simpson and Creehan (2008) define PPH as the amount of blood loss after vaginal birth, usually more than 500mL, or after a caesarean birth, normally more than 1000mL. However, the definition is arbitrary, attributed to the fact that loss of blood during birth is intuitive and widely inaccurate (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In line with this, studies have suggested that health care providers consistently underestimate actual blood loss, thus, an objective definition of PPH would be any amount of bleeding ...

Introduction

Last year, more than 200,000 women are imprisoned in the U.S. This figure has multiplied by over 800% in the last thirty years. (Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 2011) More and more women are being incarcerated due to drug-related cases. These female prisoners are also very prone to have histories of sexual or physical abuse prior their imprisonment. (Ibid.) According to researches, female prisoners or women inmates have varied health problems than their male counterparts. Many of them suffer from complex and chronic health conditions as outcomes of their complicated life situations including drug use, poverty, family violence, ...

Article Review: Your cells are my cells

Article Review: Your cells are my cells ---- Cell transfer during pregnancy Introduction The author‘s intention seems to be a desire of revealing information from research studies regarding how cells in the human body are transferred between mother and fetus. Scientists are now becoming aware that cells do mutate and continue reproducing themselves long after they were expected to die. Traditional scientific discoveries revealed that cells are transferred from mother to fetus indicative of a one way flow of traffic. However, it was discerned to be a two way stream whereby cells from male infants are transferred to their ...

CELL TRANSFER DURING PREGNANCY

Many people possess cells that come from people who are genetically different from them (Lee, 2008, p. 72). These cells are mainly transferred from the mother’s body to the fetus. Pregnant women also receive cells from their fetus and harbor them for many years. This was proven by a research that found presence of male cells in bodies of women who had given birth to boys. This cell can stay in the recipient’s body for a long time and sometimes they intermingle with stem cells to form body tissues through a process referred to as microchimerism. In the article the ...

Introduction

It is common knowledge that there are numerous internal and external factors, which can influence in a negative way development of a fetus. Although it may seem that the future child is well protected, it is not exactly so. The fetus of the pregnant woman can be easily damaged by a variety of teratogenic agents, environment and the surrounding of the future mother. One of the most urgent questions of our time is reaction of the fetus on maternal cigarette and alcohol exposure. Today a lot of prominent researchers all over the world are examining negative influence of cigarette and alcohol abuse ...

1.0 Background of Immune Tolerance

The immune system is the natural defense that combats disease causing agents in the body[ CITATION Gre02 \l 1033 ] through an intricate and coordinated interactions of many classes of proteins and cells[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ].The immune system has a potential to destroy the body cells but in all vertebrates the system is capable of distinguishing “self” from “non-self” molecules. That way the immune system eliminates pathogens and molecules that are a threat to the integrity of the organism without “self-destructing”[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ]. The human body has several mechanisms of either suppressing or eliminating autoreactive immune cells. Some ...

Aesthetics is a section of philosophy that addresses issues related to: Art, which includes drawing, pottery, painting and sculpturing; scenery of beauty and generally the admiration and gratification of beauty and magnificence. Art as a phenomenon focuses on appreciation of culture and the environment (Damme, 1996). African art and culture has been a key subject of speculation and major interest by philosophers all over the world although African art is currently been eroded by the influence the western culture is impacting. To begin with, the argument on whether there exists a Pan-African aesthetics or not has been a major issue of contention among many ...

Introduction:

Losing a loved one is a very painful experience especially when someone is lost through maternal means. As far as culture diversity is concerned, many communities around the world have different expectations when it comes to maternal mortality on whether to lose the baby or the mom. In most communities, they opt for the child to die and the mom to survive while in others, they prefer the baby to survive and lose the mom even though such believers are very minimal around the world. Maternal mortalities of both the mothers and the infants are increasing at a very high level around ...