Essays on Plasma

Hi. I am streptococcus bacterium. I belong in the family Streptococcaceae. My name streptococcus means twisted berry which describes mu characteristic grouping in chains which looks like a string of beads. I am nonmotile and gram positive. I am a common type of prokaryote. I can cause various diseases in humans and animals. If I were to look for a partner, I want something that thrives in the anus, pharynx, and skin because these are my carrier state. I can also look for a partner in raw milk and contaminated foods like eggs and milk. For me, the dirtier ...

Multiple myeloma is malignancy of the blood plasma cells which are responsible for the production of antibodies. As a result, these cells infiltrate the bone marrow and also lead to massive secretion of immunoglobulins which occur in serum and urine. The infiltration of the bone marrow by plasma cells explains the characteristic bone pain. This condition was first described in 1848.It mostly tends to affect individuals over sixty years of age, though it can occur at a younger age. Men are more affected than women. It is more prevalent in blacks as compared to whites. It accounts for 1-2% ...

(Author’s affiliation) Diabetes is a polygenic disease characterized by significantly higher levels of glucose in the blood. In this disorder, metabolic disorders lead to persistent thirst (polydipsia) and excessive level of urination (polyuria). Diabetes is caused by insulin-related disturbances in the body. In healthy human beings, pancreatic β cells have insulin that is found as a hexamer having three insulin dimers attached together by two central zinc ions. The insulin monomer has a 21-residue A chain as well as a 30-residue B chain. These chains are cross-linked by two disulfide bridges, i.e. CysA20-CysB19 and CysA7-CysB7. There is also a ...

Diabetes mellitus is the group of serious diseases that lead to fatal cases without the proper treatment. One of the suggested by the World Health Organization, the International Expert Committee, and the American Diabetes Association ways of diagnostics of diabetes is the measure of the glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c); HbA1c more than 6,5% (48 mmol/mol) diagnoses diabetes, and HbA1c between 5,7% and 6,4% diagnoses prediabetes (Incani et al., 2015, p. 44). However, this method needs to be improved and additional factors need to be studied, as the level of HbA1c shows poor agreement with fasting plasma ...

Status of the document.

This document is a project proposal for the development of starch-based hemostatic products. Acknowledgement. Much thanks to the project supervisor who offered guidance in every step of the development of this proposal. Developing starch based hemostatic products Project summary. Purpose: This proposal is envisioned to develop a hemostatic agent from purified plant starch. In this case, the product of the reaction should be developed by the formation of microporous hemosphere particles after etherification, esterification and crosslinking of glucose molecules to form ethyl propanetriol (glycerol-ether links (1-3 deoxy propanol)). The second intention of this study is to investigate the properties ...

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

Summarize the role of each of the 12 human body systems.

Skeletal System: The role of the skeletal system is to provide a framework to give support and act as a defense for the soft tissues within the human body.

Muscular System: The role of the muscular system is to be accountable for all movement within the human body.

Cardiovascular System: The role of the cardiovascular system is to be accountable for the movement of nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and cellular waste products all over different parts of the body. Digestive System: The role of the digestive system is to transform food into energy and basic vitamins to nourish the whole human body. Endocrine System: The role of the endocrine system is to regulate the activities of all of the ...

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Drugs can have many differing affects on people, whether their consumption leads to a positive or adverse response. All of this depends on the levels of enzymes in the body and how the variations of expression lead to these possible outcomes. The major theme of the two sources on this topic relate to the specific enzyme, CYP3A. CYP3A is a subfamily of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which serve to catalyze the addition of oxygen into molecules. Their ultimate role serves two spectrums: to convert foreign substances into less toxic products that can be eliminated from the body, or to convert ...

Artificial blood

Artificial blood is a derived product that acts as a substitute for the red blood cells present in the body (Sódar, et al. 2016). In comparison to true blood, the purpose of artificial blood is to transport carbon dioxide and oxygen to all parts of the body. Based on current evidence, artificial blood can be developed or prepared by recombinant biotechnology, chemical isolation, or through synthetic production (Sódar, et al. 2016). The concept of plasma in artificial blood was first introduced in the early 1600s (was also known as blood substitutes). The search for true blood substitutes ...

Immune System

(Author, Department, University,

Immune System

Introduction

The human immune system is a complex system consisting of a network of numerous cells and cell types, tissues, and organs working together to defend the human body from foreign bodies such as invading microorganisms, infections, and tumors, while ignoring the normal working and healthy parts of the body.

Discussion

Working of the immune system The immune system has different ways of identifying problems, communicating with other cells, and performing their activities. The immune system has the ability to distinguish healthy cells from unhealthy cells as it can recognize a number of different “danger” cues ...

Introduction

In recent decades, trends in diets tailored to promote weight loss have resulted in a significant increase in the intake of protein, particular in people with overweight and obesity issues. Accordingly, researchers have questioned the benefits or risks linked to the habitual consumption of “dietary protein in excess of recommended intakes” (Martin et al., 2005). In general, the primary concern has involved the possibility that diets rich in protein may increase hyperfiltration and, hence, exacerbate renal damage. Nevertheless, the potential link between protein-rich diets and renal damage has also been questioned due to an absence of adequate clinical evidence. ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

Seminar: Inflammatory and Immune Mechanisms in Lymphatic Vascular Disease

The YouTube video presented by David Zawieja, talks about immune and inflammatory mechanisms that occur in Lymphatic Vascular diseases. The lymphatic system has a significant role in various essential mechanisms inside the body such as edema resolution, fluid and macromolecular homeostasis, inflammation and antigen trafficking. The primary of the Lymphatic function involves the transportation of Lymphatic substances from the interstitial spaces between the tissues via lymphatic capillary network and nodes that terminate into the venous blood inside the veins. The most significant segment of the lymphatic function is the flow of lymph through multiple nodes. The immune cells like ...

Abstract

This examination paper acknowledges the spectacular diversity of reproductive adaptations for survival of various categories of land plants. It describes a typical life cycle of a land plant that reproduces via spores. It also identifies the different parts of Plant organs and their functions such as cell organelles, parts of a land plant, and epidermal cells. A microscope is an important tool for examination of biological specimens, including cell’s internal structures called organelle and is important in magnifying the focused area. Plants are classified into four main groups, namely, ferns, mosses, flowering and confers. This paper finds that ...

Introduction

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has gained significant popularity as well as extreme attention over the last couple of years due to its benefits and positive attributes. LA-ICP-MS has been extensively used in the analysis of biological samples, chemical samples and gemology. The technique of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is a significant technique for quantitative chemical analysis (Becker, 2013). Due to its numerous advantages such as rapid and direct analysis of samples, high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, it has been applied in numerous applications in different fields apart from chemistry. The use ...

The patient presented in this case suffers from metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of health problems that is associated with the presence of obesity and tissues resistance to insulin. The metabolic syndrome is a condition that causes a myriad of problems in the body such that the body becomes incapable of maintaining the circulation of the useful energy molecules such as glucose and lipids in the right quantities in the bloodstream (Huang, 2009). Other associated disorders of metabolic syndrome include high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. The lipid problem is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides and ...

The heat was intense. The orange light shone on the desert, drying up the remaining puddles of water into vapour, rising into the atmosphere. A lizard crawled slowly, almost dying, parched and with a hide so leather like, one would think it was crisp fried. Slowly, I heard the intense ringing of the siren. Waaang waaaang waaang. It was time to get inside our shelters. The shelters were not made of concrete. Unlike the olden days, concrete was the material of choice. All buildings were once made from stone, from cement mixed with water to form hard solid blocks. ...

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Amersham Biosciences Uppsala, Sweden Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD) Ireland, UK Bio Basic Inc. Ontario, Canada Biometra (an analytik Jena company) Göttingen, Germany

Bio-Rad California, USA

Biotek Instruments. Inc. Vermont, USA

Boeco Hamburg, Germany

Damad, The National Medical Products co. Ltd Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany Eurofins MWG Operon LLC Alabama, USA GE healthcare Buckinghamshire, UK GFL Gesellschaft for Labortechnik Burgwedel, Germany Health o meter® Professional Scales Florida, USA Labcaire New York, USA Lab-Line Kerala, India LG Electronics Seoul, South Korea New England Biolabs Massachusetts, USA Nichipet Texas, USA Panreac Darmstadt, Germany Promega Wisconsin, USA Pyrex California, USA Qiagen Boston, USA Sanyo Biomedical ...

Abstract

This paper discusses how exercise stimulates the release of growth hormone. Older people tend to have lower levels of the hormone. As a result, mechanisms have been formulated to help deal with the deficiency which includes inducing the growth hormone into the individual’s body. This, therefore, leads to the discussion of the exact mechanism through which the growth hormone facilitates exercise, maintains growth and repair of worn out muscles or even reverses the aging process among the aged. Also, the functions of IGF-I binding proteins during exercise and its importance in aiding the release of the GH is ...

Corse Lecturer

Engineering is one of the fields born from the advancements in technology. Technology changes with changing times and new discoveries being made. These discoveries result from a combination of knowledge on the subject and creative ideas. Discoveries lead to breakthroughs in various fields such as Engineering. These breakthroughs result in the creation of new technologies and the betterment of already available technologies which all help to make our lives easier. In this paper, I will be discussing some of the most recent breakthroughs in the field of Engineering. Vikas Berry and his team of researchers made a new discovery ...

Individuals with advanced age are prone to acquire a spectrum of illnesses due to a decline in their body functions. This group requires a thorough care management from the health care system to overcome further consequences. In such context, the present description deals with a topic entitled ‘Nutrition and Hydration in Older Adults’

Significance to nursing students:

This topic is important to nursing because nurse serve as the ideal candidates who could provide the care and warmth needed for the patients of this particular old age. In the nurse profession, geriatric nurses are special category of nurses who assist the older patients. The ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} A cell is a form of the miniature factory that encloses a distinct chemical system that is involved in structural maintenance, homeostasis, energy generation and reproduction. Every organism is made of these structural living units. The cell divides and produces more cells and assists in the growth of the organism. There are two types of cells, eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a membrane-bound nucleus enclosing the genetic material. The Eukaryotic cells can be divided into three main parts, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus (Cooper & ...

Immunology

The rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) genes g and d occur in series of cells expressing variable Vg and Vd gene segments. The lymphoid precursor cells originate in the bone marrow and move to the thymus. Preliminary T cells are devoid of TCR, CD4 and CD8 molecules and are called double negative thymocytes . These double negative T cells may be further categorized into four phases of differentiation (DN1, CD44+CD25-; DN2, CD44+CD25+; DN3, CD44-CD25+; and DN4, CD44-CD25-) . CD44 is a cell adhesion molecule and CD25 serves as the IL-2 receptor. Passage into the DN2 and DN4 stages ...

Magnesium is an essential nutrient

Magnesium is a mineral which is of great abundance in the human body. Along with enzymes, it is important for protein synthesis, muscle regulation and a host of other important cellular factors such as oxidative phosporylation, energy production which involves production and utilization of ATP and glycolysis. Additionally, Magnesium is required to assist in different cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription and RNA translation(Barbagallo, 2012). Magnesium is found usually in the bones and or in the soft tissues of humans. Next to Potassium, it is the most abundant ion in the body. The plasma actually contains ...

Background information

The need for clean water for use by humanity has since time immemorial been an area of concern with scientists and scholars inventing methods that prove to be more efficient than their predecessors. The ultimate goal has always been the removal of undesirable chemicals and pathogens that would, however, render the water unfit for human and industrial consumption. In today’s contemporary society, human activity has culminated into pollution of the natural environment including water catchment areas. This has therefore made water unfit for consumption thereby prompting for more cost-effective and efficient methods for purification of this natural resource. ...

Introduction

The total number of patients with cancer keeps soaring globally with around 14 million cases diagnosed by 2014. Each year, about 8 million people die of cancer-related illnesses globally. There are quite some remedies that have been proposed to mitigate in the cancer menace. This study is focused on cancer treatment by curcumin through tyrosine kinase inhibition. Curcumin is the primary coloring agent found in turmeric, a tuber of the herb Curcuma longa Lin. It has widespread use as a flavoring agent (Aggarwal and Bokyung 87). It is also well known for its medicinal value commonly used to suppress ...

Test

Question 1

Body weight Family history Inactivity Race The AIC test should be done using a method that is certified by National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program. Question 2 The standard diagnostic criteria for T2DM are the following: AIC≥6.5 FPG≥126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L) Two hour PG≥200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L) Presence of classic symptoms of hyperglycemia of hyperglycemic crisis (a random plasma glucose ≥200mg/dL or 11.1 mmol/L) Adane’s medical record contains AIC=6.9 and random plasma glucose: 171mg/dL.

Question 3

The mechanism of insulin resistance includes the defects of primary target cells, genetic defects of primary target cells, accelerated insulin degradation, autoantibodies to insulin, a ...

Abstract

In the following case-study, Joshua is a newborn infant presented by his parents Samuel and Rachel to the pediatric outpatient unit of Robertsbridge, Sussex for screening and medical advice for sporadic vomiting at the time of breast feeding and seizure-like episodes. Samuel and Racheal also report sweet odor in the urine and loss of weight. Blood tests demonstrated increased concentrations of leucine and isoleucine. Genetic testing on the skin biopsies reveal mutation at Exon 6, c.659C>T of the of BCKDHA gene with a protein level p. A220V and Joshua exhibits about 1.5 % lesser than normal deficiency in the ...

Introduction and Overview

The Rhesus factor (Rh) refers to the red blood cell’s(RBC) surface antigen;the name Rhesus comes from the small Indian monkeys in which it was first discovered. Rh incompatibility,sometimes referred to as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with the Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh- positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. This condition can have fatal outcomes including haemolytic disease of the foetus or newborn, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). These conditions have, in the past, raised a lot of concerns, and some ...

Absrtact

The paper presents the definition, risk factors, and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. The people with hyperlipidemia, family history of diabetes, and higher body mass index are in the high risk group. The common complications of type 2 diabetes are neurologic, ophthalmologic, foot ulcer or amputation, renal hypertension, coronary artery and chronic kidneay diseases. The results of the numerous trials, cases, and researches are presented. The modern understanding of anti-diabetes therapy includes pharmacological treatment, correction of the diet (calories restriction and adequate sodium intake), minimization of sedentary ...