Essays on Pneumonia

Post-stroke dysphagia, a potentially fatal complication, affects an estimated 23-50% of all stroke survivors. It is associated with a seven fold increase in the risk for aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia increases the catabolic demands of the body and in the settings of impaired swallowing leads to a vicious cycle of malnutrition, dehydration, and further infections (Shaker & Geenen, 2011). Dysphagia affects a significant number of patients with hemispheric stroke which is the main subtype of ischemic stroke in the general population (Kumar et al., 2011). The functions of swallowing are subserved by a vast brain network. The inferior peri-rolandic sensorimotor ...

Diagnosis

The diagnosis that can be made from the symptoms of the patient is community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP is a severe disease of the lungs that occurs in people who do not have regular access to health care services. The risk factors of CAP include old age and medical comorbidities. CAP has been defined as comprising of chest pain, productive cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, fever, sweating and shaking chills (Musher, & Thorner, 2014). Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, atypical organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumonia, fungi, and viruses may cause pneumonia.

Gram Staining

The sputum taken from the lungs after a deep cough ...

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

Background: Clinical Description

The disease causing agent, Coccioides spp., causes a wide range of illness, but these illness are mostly determined by the hosts' defenses, inoculum size and possibly specific organism virulence. Most of the clinical infections (about 60%) show few or no respiratory symptoms. However, the rest 40% may show symptoms of illness that may either be acute or sub-acute. The illness could range from progressive pneumonia to flu-like conditions. Misdiagnosis usually occurs in self-limited community-acquired pneumonia. According to Saubolle, McKeller & Sussland (2007), only 29% of 56 people who had community-acquired pneumonia were diagnosed of coccidioidomycosis. The exact ...

During the second week, the CRP analysis was performed in the class. Blood testing for C-reactive protein aids in the rapid identification and verification of the progress and effectiveness of the treatment of infections, injuries and inflammation. The analysis was conducted to determine the acute infectious diseases, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment of chronic diseases (amyloidosis), monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment (pneumonia, septicemia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, etc.) (Arinzon Z. et al., 2011, p.365). In addition, it helps to define the determination of the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes but also on chronic hemodialysis ...

Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most encountered cardiac rhythm disorder in clinical practice. It affects <1% of persons aged <60 years. This prevalence increases to 10% in persons aged >80 years (Amerena, Walters, Mirzaee and Kalman, 2013). Atrial fibrillation is a key differential diagnosis in patients presenting with chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, light-headedness, and syncope (Cruickshank, 2008). This paper will examine the differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and paramedic implications of atrial fibrillation in relation to the case of a 43-year old male who presents with features and ECG findings of atrial fibrillation. It will first examine ...

John Magill is a 75-year-old male with Parkinson’s disease, which he was diagnosed with five years ago. John was admitted to the hospital after falling at home. The physical examination revealed bruising on John’s hips and buttocks, as well as a tear on the right hip, but the X-ray did not reveal fractures in the lower extremities. The emergency department noted generalised tremor, decreased mobility, signs of confusion, agitation, and restlessness. The assessment of John’s vital signs showed that most measures are within expected ranges for an elderly person (temperature 37.2; respiratory rate 24; heart rate ...

Critical thinking

Explain what Mucor is and how a patient is likely to become infected with Mucor. Mucormycosis is a condition that is usually caused by mucor mycetes which are typically a group of molds. The condition is rate but in its prevalence it has been associated with high mortality and morbidity rates due to little knowledge of the condition and the fact that patients rarely present with this condition. Once identified rightly, the condition is very manageable and curable. Mucor mostly affects people with a compromised immune system and it may occur in any part of the body where the ...

Developing a Surveillance and Monitoring Program

What action can you take when an outbreak is reported close to home? Background SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the SARS Coronavirus. Coronaviruses are mostly found in poultry with only a few strains hosted by humans. In the past, Coronaviruses only caused mild flu infections. However, in recent years, the coronaviruses SARS and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) have been associated with causal problems for acute respiratory conditions. Further scientific reports have shown that SARS Coronavirus is a new mutant strain origination from animal hosts (Chan & Chan, 2013).

Symptoms

SARS symptoms include ...

COPD is a medical condition that is characterized by alteration in lung parenchyma, bronchitis, emphysema and narrowing of the respiratory passages. It occurs as a consequence to chronic inflammation reaction involving the respiratory tract. The mucous secretion and fibrosis associated with chronic inflammation, can cause blockage and narrowing of the airway. Bronchitis refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the lung, while, emphysema is a clinical condition that occurs following the long term destruction of lung parenchyma. Bronchitis and emphysema are both characteristic features of COPD. Destruction of lung parenchyma causes loss of alveolar attachment and decreases the ...

2A. Appraising Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Quantitative Study One source of bias during data collection is the use of self-report data (Polit & Beck 2012). Chivers et al. (2001) obtained data through the SF-36 and Beck depression inventory which required the patients to answer questionnaires. If they failed to give accurate answers, it would have affected the validity of the findings. The study design also allowed patients to receive other clinically appropriate treatments that were beyond the study protocol (Chivers et al. 2001). Additional treatments are confounding variables but their influence on the study outcomes was not estimated in the statistical analysis. This reduces confidence in ...

A Proper understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases and conditions is essential in their treatment as well as management. Every disease has a way of affecting the normal functioning of the body. Some disorders attack the whole body while others affect specific organs. Therefore, it is crucial to study the pathophysiology of diseases. It is also essential to understand the relationship between related diseases. This helps in understanding the interactions between the diseases. This paper is set to examine the pathophysiology of pneumonia, hypoxemia, as well as thyroid cancer. Additionally, the paper analyses the relationship between these diseases.

Pathophysiology of Pneumonia

Pneumonia ...

Conducting a literature search is a major step towards acquiring the required information to be used in carrying out a particular research. This study dwelt much on locating scholarly quantitative and qualitative articles that provided information on how to address the clinical problem which in this case was the strategies that will have to be employed in tackling ventilator-associated pneumonia. I focused much on the use of authoritative nursing databases like PubMed online (King et al., 2016). Also, I made use of search engines like Google, Yahoo, Bing and Google Scholar in getting the required articles. I however narrowed ...

Patient safety is a critical element in the health care since it guarantees the wellbeing of a patient while receiving treatment and ensures their hospitalization period is short and free from any harm. Thus, it is the responsibility of nurses and other health practitioners to carry out frequent assessments of health facility status to assess the safety and quality of clinical practices. As such, research in a clinical setting is essential in identify problems which have the potential of diminishing wellness of the patients and provide solutions to address the identified clinical problem. Therefore, nurses have to advance their ...

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA Ventilator associated pneumonia can be described as infection of the Lungs developing in a patient who has been kept on ventilator. Ventilators are used to help patients in proper breathing by administering oxygen with the help of a tube which is placed in the mouth nose or through a hole made in front of neck of the patient. Infection may develop due to entry of the germs through the tube and as a result, the germs may gain entry into the lungs of the patient leading to an infection. In order to bring down the rate ...

The critical care units of hospitals treat frequently treat patients by administering oxygen via the insertion of tubes into tracheostomies, the nose, or the mouth; nosocomial infections may result, leading to ventilator-associated pneumonia, or VAP (CDC.gov, 2015). The infection is not generally associated with non-sterile techniques during insertion, but rather from tube contamination. The nosocomial infection is most often diagnosed in intensive care departments and research has been directed toward identifying methods of oral care as a means of prevention. Comparisons of the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate swabs with that of chlorhexidine swabs have been made and the hospital ...

Mucor

Mucor is a type of fungal infection that caused by mold which is commonly found in plants, decaying fruits and vegetables, soil, manure and toxin of stored food. Mucor mainly effects the immunity compromised individuals and effects sinuses and lungs as it is usually inhaled during the breathing process. Fungus incorporates about 50 species some of them are prone to high temperatures and hence, they can cause infections mainly known as zygomycosis or mucormycosis. According to CDC (2015), mucormycosis effects the immunity comprised people at a higher pace and due to its contact with human body via inhalation, cut, ...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Abstract The intensive care unit in most hospitals plays the role of providing care to patients dealing with life-threatening conditions. The technological and other set ups in these hospital units are vital in ensuring that these patients continue to receive the best regarding care while with the intentions of having them emerge with desirable outcomes. There are however challenges relating to the care that these patients receive since, in most cases, they are usually under mechanical ventilation. A patient under this condition faces the risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia if the ventilators are not handled with the required care. ...

The case study enclosed the treatment of a 34-year-old Hispanic woman of average weight and height. She was admitted with an apparent case of influenza and had trouble breathing. Her history of disease included asthma, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension associated with diabetes and morbid obesity which ran in the family. However, she had not smoked or taken drugs ever and also did not consume alcohol. Being single, without children, she was sexually active yet did not take any kind of birth control or protection. She presented with a case of a dry cough since 2 ...

Introduction

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease that has adverse effects on the health of the patient if not diagnosed and treated at early stages of development. Human bodies are designed to develop resistance to pathogens that cause such infections despite the availability of medicinal cure for the infection. This paper seeks to answer various questions about the infection by first describing the disease and how it is contracted. The symptoms and problems associated with the disease are also discussed while providing a detailed explanation for the high recurrence rate of the disease among the African American urban women. Besides, ...

Implementation of the VAP project is a significant step aimed at ensuring that the objectives of giving patients outmost care, improvement of nursing practices and achieving desirable patient’s outcomes on the mechanically ventilated patients in the critical care unit are realized. Nevertheless, there is the need for making sure that all the relevant implementation stages have been followed and adequately taken into consideration. This will ensure any possible hitches that may affect project execution along the way are equally addressed. Additionally, it will be imperative that well-informed decisions are made with the intentions of ensuring that all the ...

Coursename Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a disorder which was first described in 1967. It is one of the most severe and dangerous respiratory system disorders, which is still despite advances of the modern medicine, is associated with high mortality. It may be caused by direct (pneumonia, aspiration, toxic substances inhalation) or indirect lung injury (severe hemorrhage, burns, sepsis, trauma, blood transfusions) (York and Kane 153-158). Under the influence of the above-written factors in the pulmonary capillaries and interstitial lung tissue accumulates a large number of activated leukocytes and platelets that secrete many biologically active substances. These substances include ...

This refers to moulds of a particularly microbial genus commonly found in the digestive system, decaying vegetable matter, plant surfaces, and soil. Depending on the route of infection, mucor can result in two types of infection (Ibrahim, Spellberg, Walsh, & Kontoyiannis, 2012). In the case of pulmonary exposure, the victim inhales fungal spores found in the environment which may cause an infection to develop in the sinuses, face, eyes and lungs. During cutaneous exposure, the fungus enters the skin via puncture wounds, cuts, or scrapes. Mucormycosis, though rare is an infection attributed to the organisms belonging to a group of ...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a medical condition that can never be completely healed, as the virus will remain in the organism despite treatment. Furthermore, HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the most advanced phase of HIV infection (Eramova, Matic & Munz, 2007). This chronic disease reached its peak in the mid-eighties, when an AIDS epidemic spread across United State and many other nations, causing the death of many individuals carrying this virus (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The virus continues to spread, increasing the number of people living with AIDS, which reached up ...

1, why was this study done?

According to Al-Thaqafy et al. (221), the ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the intensive care units (ICUs) on the patient who have been mechanically ventilated. This condition has the potential of increasing health burden to the critically ill patients due to the long hospital stay and the high cost of treatment. Although several techniques have been employed to curb this illness, the mortality and morbidity rates associated with VAP keeps rising due to lack of a definite strategy on how to address this disease. Therefore, this study was done to ...

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) refers to a chronic bacterial infection of cattle that distresses some species of mammals. It is a substantial zoonosis that may spread to humans, mainly via the consumption of unpasteurized milk or the inhalation of aerosols. In developed nations, eradication initiatives have eliminated or reduced tuberculosis in cattle. As a result, human disease is currently rare. Nevertheless, reservoirs in wildlife may cause eradication challenging. Bovine tuberculosis remains popular in underdeveloped nations, and severe economic losses may take place from livestock mortalities, trade restrictions, and chronic disease. In some circumstances, this disease can similarly be a grave ...

Influenza is a highly communicable viral infection that is fundamental for the critical outbreaks of respiratory illnesses; it is usually very common in the winter (CDC, 2015). Influenza, unlike the common cold, can cause brutal, life-threatening complications such as bronchitis and pneumonia as well as a severe illness which must require hospitalization. The flu is more dangerous to pregnant women, Aboriginal, and Torres Strait Islander individuals, elderly people and young children.

The cause of influenza

There are three common types of influenza viruses which infect a human being. These include influenza A, B, and C (Commonwealth of Australia, 2016). Influenza A and B ...

Tuberculosis is a disease, which was known for mankind since ancient times. There are often suffering symptoms of tuberculosis in Egyptian mummies. Information about it is remained in the Indian Vedas, the ancient Babylonian clay tablets in the Greek manuscripts. Even Hippocrates knew how dangerous tuberculosis disease of the lungs is. In the eighteenth century every seventh inhabitant of Europe died because of tuberculosis. Infectiousness of tuberculosis has been already known for a long period of time. German scientist Robert Koch, bacteriologist was the first one 1882 to discover mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882. This is the microbe that under ...

INTRODUCTION

Klebsiella pneumoniae belongs to Klebsiella species of Enterobacteriaceae and constitutes the normal flora of the human mouth and intestine. K. pneumonia is the most predominant and clinically critical organism. Infections with K. pneumoniae are mostly contracted from the hospitals and principally occur in patients with damaged host defenses. The objective of this study is to perform techniques to identify the bacterium in the given sample and confirm its presence by staining and microscopic analysis.

Streaking may be performed on the clinical sample using Mac Conkey agar or blood agar with the goal of isolating colonies of the organism from ...

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia, or as it is called - lung inflammation, is the infection of one or both lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, fungus and viruses. Until the moment when penicillin was discovered, every third sick person died from the infection. Despite all the achievements of modern medicine, pneumonia remains a serious and dangerous disease. 5% of the patients with pneumonia die.

How can you get pneumonia?

In some cases, the disease is transmitted drip-virally. A sick person sneezes; his secretions contain bacteria and micro-organisms which, getting into the lungs of a healthy person, cause inflammatory infectious processes. In other cases, pneumonia occurs due ...

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Introduction

Lupus is a chronic autoimmune that can impact any part of the body resulting in a range of clinical symptoms. The affected part by Lupus may include brain, lungs, kidneys, skin, joints, blood vessels and other internal organs (Pisetsky, Gilkeson & St Clair, 1997). Lupus impacts the immune system by interfering with its capability of differentiating between antigens and normal healthy tissues. This incidence results in the misinterpretation by the immune system, and it directs the antibodies against the healthy tissues causing pain, tissue damage, and swelling. It ...

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection which often develops as a result of poor handling of mechanical ventilation. Such as, poor nursing practice in caring for patients with difficulty in breathing can lead to microorganisms entering patient’s body through a tube inserted especially via mouth and nose of the patient. When these microorganisms get into the respiratory system they cause lung infection which is referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In preventing this infection, it is important that nurses adopt best practices to reduce the incidence of VAP and provide quality care that is aimed at improving the ...

Introducing evidence-based practice

Part 1 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a lung infection that is usually brought about by a critically ill patient being fitted with mechanical ventilators which are beneficial for their breathing system. The condition has been identified as a major factor contributing to morbidities and mortalities amongst patients in the acute care settings. Additionally, individuals who acquire VAP while in the critical unit stay longer in the hospital a factor which adversely impacts on their satisfaction levels and outcomes. The ventilators fitted onto these critically ill patients may be helpful in addressing their breathing problems even though there are challenges ...

Introduction

Research in lung cancer treatment can save lives and improve a patient’s quality of life. There are three main types of lung cancer: Non-small cell, small cell, and lung carcinoid cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer, such as Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma make up about 85% of all lung cancers (Molina, Yang, Cassivi, Schild, & Adjei, 2008). Both environmental and genetic factors are significant in the cause of lung cancer. Chronic exposure to carcinogens, ionizing radiation, and viral infections can lead to alterations of the DNA in tissue lining the bronchial epithelium of the lungs. Furthermore, ...

Abstract

Ventilation Associate pneumonia is a nosocomial infection that affects immobile patients, especially those admitted in the Intensive Care Unit. The management of these patients has been challenged and it triggered numerous studies on the most efficient ways of managing such patients. In the ward care of a patient that is ambulant and can describe changes in their condition it is easy not to pay attention to the positions of the patients. However, in the acute wards, the positioning of such patients is significant in prevention of complications. One of the main challenges is pneumonia. The positioning of the head ...

Influenza Case Study: Presentation Outline

The other diagnosis considered was pneumonia, but the patient lacked all of the symptoms corresponding to pneumonia (i.e. cough); similarly, the patient’s symptoms corresponded with the flu (i.e. fever, muscle soreness, lethargy, runny nose, and shortness of breath).

So, for these reasons, the patient was not started on oral antibiotics at the hospital.

Instead, the patient began a course of the aforementioned Tamiflu, despite laboratory supported data confirming that the patient had the flu. The reason for this decision is that laboratory-run viral cultures take 3-10 days to return to the clinician treating the patient, and Tamiflu useful only if administered within 48 hours of flu onset; this means that a course of ...

Respiratory Care related topic and the role of AARC

Postoperative pulmonary complications Postoperative pulmonary complications such as pneumonia, atelectasis, and respiratory failure are among the commonly encountered problems in the respiratory care. Upper-abdominal surgical procedures are found to have an association with increased level of complications, followed by thoracic surgery and lower-abdominal surgery. Usually, preoperative and postoperative respiratory therapies are used to prevent or treat the problem of atelectasis – which is the collapse of an expanded lung, and failure of pulmonary alveoli to expand at birth – and to improve the airway clearance. The chances of complications as well as its severity can be decreased by using therapeutic procedures ...

Abstract

In today's world, there are hundreds of developments that are taking place in medicine and nursing. These advances are made possible through thorough research and verifications using clinical projects. The steps in propelling forward the field of medicine are made upon identification of an individual problem that gives researchers a basis for their research, or rather a problem statement. One of the problems that have been identified is the CLABSI (Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections). Many patients suffer severe infections that arise during treatment of an initial infection. Most of these infections, especially when not handled appropriately lead ...

Upper respiratory disease is a term that encompasses acute infections ranging from the benign common cold to life-threatening conditions (e.g., epiglottitis). Cases of upper respiratory disease are easy to recognize because the patients will complain about the following symptoms (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016):

Runny nose (always)

Sore throat (always) Coughing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Sneezing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Other symptoms depend on the patient’s age, medical history, and the pathogen causing the infection, so it is important to conduct a thorough assessment which consists of the following steps:

Interview the patient.

Perform ...

Introduction

Approximately 2.5 million individuals in the United States contract pneumonia annually, and 55,000 of those individuals die as a result. In fact, pneumonia was the eighth prominent cause of morbidity and is the number one communicable disease in the United States. Pneumonia is the leading deadly hospital-contracted disease and contributes to a sizable amount of deaths in unindustrialized countries as well. It is a grave illness that can impact individuals in all age groups, but it is especially serious in adolescents, the elderly population, and in people with fundamental medical issues such as ischemia, low blood sugar, and ...

Criterion 1: Tanner’s Model

Noticing- The patient is an 89 old widowed woman and has no family. Two years ago, she was sent to a nursing home, where she is residing up to now. She has Medicaid as well as Medicare that covers for her health expenses (Whalley & Breitner, 2009, p. 13). Ideally, the woman enjoys medical benefits through Medicare since her deceased husband had covered his family members. The signs portrayed by the woman are BP 126/76, Respiration 18, Temperature 98.2, Pulse 76 and Pain level 0. Interpreting- The client has several medical problems such as memory loss, faulty reasoning, impaired judgment, ...

DNA, the basic unit of inheritance, has a long history which takes us thousands of years back into the past. It is highly important to have apt knowledge of DNA. In its truest sense, our knowledge of DNA begins with the results of the experiment conducted by Gregor Mendel in the year 1857. He is known by the name of “Father of Genetics”. The study of genetics was further taken ahead by Friedrich Miescher upon his discovery of a substance which he called as nuclein in the year 1869. Later on, he progressed with his experimentations and discovered another ...

Introduction

Stem cell therapy has proved to be a boon for the medical world. It has made treatment of many diseases a lot easier than it could have been ever imagined. Diseases which were earlier considered untreatable can now be treated with the help of this latest development in the field of Medical Science, known as the stem cell transplant. Many medical researchers believe that stem cell transplant have enormous potential to change the face of disease among the humans and relieve them from their sufferings. There already are a good number of stem cell treatments existing in the medical ...

Introduction

Homeless people live under environmental stresses in groups, crowds and poor situations resulting in upper respiratory tract and lungs infections (Homelessness, 1988). The most common form of homelessness is related to dermatologic conditions. 30% of the people suffer from mental illness, in which 50-60% homeless women suffer from mental issues. Due to the external exposure, limited access to water, inability to follow homely routine and social isolation combined with financial downfall leads them to numerous diseases of all form (Donohoe, 2004). In U.S. and Canada, an observed pattern of health with different diseases is observed due to overcrowding. A ...

Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are complications that occur while patients undergo treatment and are often associated with invasive procedures and devices. According to Magill et al. (2014), about 721,800 HAIs occurred in acute care settings in 2011 with the top five types of infections being pneumonia, gastrointestinal infection, urinary tract infection (UTI), bloodstream infection, and surgical site infection (SSI). However, most HAIs are preventable through adherence to prevention standards and the implementation of related programs. The purpose of this paper is to explore current HAI standards and HAI prevention programs.

Standards

The “Compendium of Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections ...

Menkes syndrome(MD), alias kinky hair disease, results is abnormal copper metabolism in the body. The leading clinical findings have revealed its symptoms as short, curly, twisted, coarse, whitish, or gray hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows. MD is one among the uncommon neurogenerative maladies caused by the mutations in ATP7A gene. This particular gene is responsible for coding copper-transporting ATPase in cell organelles. Many copper-dependent enzymes go dud resulting in low concentration and accumulation in some tissues. Individuals affected with MD accumulate excess copper levels in kidneys and intestines while the concentration remains low in brain and liver. It results ...

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

The population under study is ventilated patients suffering from hospital-acquired pneumonia. Priority Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a priority given that it has the second highest rate of mortality and morbidity in the U.S among the nosocomial infections (Chung, 2011). It is attributed with longer hospital stays occasioned by the need for close monitoring as well as widely reported cases of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) to the antibiotics used in its treatment as well increasing cases of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) (Chung, 2011). Furthermore, the underlying medical conditions for which the patient has been admitted might ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Hospital-acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, hospital-onset infections, or healthcare-associated infections are those infections that are usually not present in a patient before admission to a hospital. In hospital-acquired infections, microbial flora of a patient starts acquiring characteristics of the bacterial pool in the surrounding. Most of the infections appear within 48 hours of admission to hospital. However, infections may also appear after the discharge of patient though the organisms that were acquired during the stay of a patient in hospital (Magill et al., 2014). According to estimations of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Introduction Methillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by staphylococcus bacteria that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin, methicillin, and amoxicillin), which are normally used to treat staphylococcus infections. Studies have shown that about 40% of Staphylococcus aureus strains have developed resistance to methicillin (Durai, Ng, & Hoque, 2010). Most of the MRSA infections occur in people, who have been admitted in hospitals or other such healthcare settings as, for example, dialysis centers and nursing homes. In case of the development of infection in healthcare settings, it is also known as healthcare-associated (HA) MRSA infections. Usually, ...

Subjective Data:

Patient’s demographic and social information Jnr. is a 10 year old African American Male patient brought into clinic by his mother who reports that Jnr. was recently discharged from hospital for acute asthma exacerbation. The boy presented with cough and difficulty in breathing combined with a running nose and elevated temperature which has now been resolved with over the counter Tylenol. The mother also says that her son has a history of multiple admissions to the hospital for acute asthma exacerbation. His mother reports child repeatedly loses inhalers. She also states that she does not check for inhaler ...

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Care Plan Template

Patient Initials: ABC Age: 65 Sex: Female Subjective Data: HPI: Dry cough for last two weeks Low-grade fever from last two days, 101 degrees orally Decreased appetite without nausea Intense coughing makes uncomfortable during night Needs to sit up to ease the breath She had been prescribed inhalers in the past but not a regular user Had taken antibiotics in the past on acute conditions Mild activities trigger shortness of breath, due to a dry cough

Condition remained same for the past two weeks with a slight sore throat

Patient doubts that it is a heart problem or she has ...

Acute bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi while pneumonia is an infection that causes the inflammation of one or both of the lung tissue. Both respiratory diseases have similar manifestations such as cough with sputum production, muscle aches and fatigue. According to the FDA, 300,000 adults age 50 and above are hospitalized every year due to pneumococcal pneumonia (Sagon, 2012). A 55 year old suffering from pneumonia would have signs and symptoms such as cough which can be dry or productive (green or yellow sputum, occasionally rust colored), sudden onset of fever with temperature greater than 380C, chills ...

Preventable hospital re-hospitalizations are key quality and patient safety concerns. Statistics suggest that one in every five Medicare enrollees is re-hospitalized within 30 days of discharge from an acute care facility, and an estimated 75% of these readmissions are avoidable. Readmissions are expensive costing the United Sates (US) healthcare system an estimated $17 billion annually. The 2010 affordable care act established the Medicare Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program. This program offers a financial incentive to hospitals to reduce excess readmissions (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2013). In efforts to avoid Medicare penalties, hospitals around the country have implemented programs aimed at ...

[Institution Title]

Patient Initials: Patient H Age: 65 yrs old Gender: Male SUBJECTIVE DATA: Chief Complaint (CC): Patient H reports cough associated with with shortness of breath, and fever, as verbalized, “I do (have cough). And it's getting worsehad chills and sweats and it took forever to get to sleep” History of Present Illness (HPI): Patient H is a 65 yrs old Caucasian, male who presents self in the outpatient ward with productive cough that was, according to the patient “getting worse”, accompanied by shortness of breath and fever with chills and sweats. He has difficulty bringing ...

Essay Outline

- Thesis: In Katherine Porter’s Jilting of Granny Weatherall, granny Weartherall’s main antagonist is life itself (that throws back and forth), but she manages to soldier on and weather all kinds of adversity till her death.

- Jilted at the age of 20

- Granny Weatherall gets jilted by her lover, George, at the age of 20.

- She withstands the pain of the break-up.

- Sick at 40

- At the age of 40, granny Weatherall develops milky leg and double pneumonia.

- She manages to pull through.

- ...

Introduction

It is important for the organization to train their nurses and explain the different types of patient care activities that could result in hand contamination. The advantages and disadvantages of hand-washing should be explained to the nurses in order to make them more efficient in their nursing practices. I have reviewed three articles in this direction so as to justify the arguments put forward.

- KuKanich, K.S., Kaur, R., Freeman, L.C., and Poweel, D.A. (2013). Evaluation of a Hand Hygiene Campaign in Outpatient Health Care Clinics. AJN, 113(3), 36-42.

- Why did you choose this article? After ...

The rationale for using the North American antibiotic guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in immunocompetent patients as the basis of measurement in the study reviewed was established by the recommendations of the following bodies:

- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) - The Canadian Infectious Disease Society/Canadian Thoracic Society (CIDS/CTS), - The American Thoracic Society (ATS)

Basis of the Rational

These recommendations resulted from the findings of all four organizations indicating that “Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of CAP, that treatment that covers ‘atypical’ pathogens (e.g., Legionella ...

Northway and his colleagues were the first to describe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 1967. The condition was described as a lung injury affecting preterm infants with surfactant deficiency as a result of mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. A lot of the infants that develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia are born at about 30 weeks gestation, weigh about 1kg and are inundated with breathing problems. Also, infections shortly before birth or after birth have also been implicated as a cause of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

CAUSES

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a complication in premature infants that are undergoing treatment for respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory distress syndrome is a severe breathing disorder that ...

Tuberculosis or TB is one of the leading causes of death that is due to an infectious disease called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and only second to HIV/AIDS. When a person is infected with TB, the bacteria in the lungs multiply causing pneumonia; the patient experiences chest pain and has a persistent cough that often brings up blood. In addition, lymph nodes near the heart and lungs are enlarged. As the bacteria tries to spread to the other parts of the body they are interrupted by the body's immune system. The immune system forms scar tissue around the bacterium that helps fight the ...

The risk of death by patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) stems not only from their critical illness but also from nasocomial infection. Among the critically ill patients, pneumonia is one of the most common nasocomial infections, affecting 27% of the patients (Cai, 2011). Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) as it is commonly referred occur 48 hours or more after admission and endotracheal intubation (mechanical ventilation) of the patient (Drakulovic, 1999). The frequency of nasocomial pneumonia varies among the types of ICUs with high incidences of VAP mortality reported in children’s pediatric intensive care unit ( ...

Respiratory syncytial infection is an acute viral disease characterized by phenomena of intoxication and moderate lesion predominantly lower divisions Respiratory with the frequent development of bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. A characteristic feature of this virus is its ability to determine syncytium formation or cells in tissue culture. Replicates in tissue culture HeLa, HEp-2 and human embryonic kidney. In the external environment is unstable at a temperature of 55 ° C is inactivated for 5 min.

A study of the pathogenesis of this disease is difficult. The clinical course of the disease, both natural and experimental infection among adults, does not ...