Essays on Polymerization

It is clear all of the contracted workers associated with the case study all completed their orientation training. At the same time, these new employees were tasked with the job of isolating the acid feed steam for the Claus unit, which they failed to do. This paper will discuss the hazards present, the steps the incident command must conduct, explain changes to plan if polymerization occurs, and explains changes to plan based on the result of the post incident critique. First of all, it is clear continuous training is essential to the refreshment of knowledge in order to avoid ...

Question #1

Hazards posed when one interacts with hazardous materials available at the refinery and related facilities, including the by-products, incident fire and release of acidic gas. Crude oil consists of petroleum hydrocarbons. When the products are discharged into the environment through leakage, spillage, or combustion; physical, chemical as well as biological activities occur. The aliphatic compounds in crude oil react with oxidizing compounds like nitric acid, oxygen or heat; they burn to generate carbon II Oxide and water. Sulfur in crude oil burns in air to produce sulfur dioxide. At about 400 – 500 ppm, exposure to sulfur oxide is considered ...

Abstract

Application of the nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) processes is applied in the handling of water that is produced raw. The application has been investigated in the current day through various studies (Wang 14). The experiment of the processes of both nanofiltration and ultrafiltration is conducted in the laboratory unit which is operated in a pattern of cross flow (Ashaghi, Ebrahimi, & Czermak, 46). The study that was conducted in Oilfield of North Sea using the process of membranes of ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) indicated that the content of hydrocarbon decreased from 50 mg/l to 2 mg/l which recorded ...

Introduction:

Nanobiotechnology serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Silver nanoparticles are particularly interesting nanoscale systems due to the ease with which they can be synthesised and modified chemically. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been widely researched due to their interesting size and shape-dependent properties [26]. These novel properties can be tailored by controlling their size, shape, composition, structure and crystallinity. Due to their size features and advantages over available anti-microbial properties, chemical imaging ...

Lignin Chemistry

Lignin History Lignin is a plant-derived biopolymer with several applications. It is considered an effective alternative to chemically synthesized plastics that pose serious environmental problems during manufacture and disposal. Lignin is often obtained as a byproduct in paper and pulp manufacture. Lignin has to be dissolved to obtain cellulose from wood. In 1838, Anselme Payen discovered that wood contained cellulose, and oxidizable coatings (later called lignin) that bind the cellulose together (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). This coating material could be removed from wood after acid treatment and washing with an aqueous alkali solution (McCarthy and Islam, 2000). Later, several ...

Wallace Carothers

life and Education of Wallace Carothers Wallace Hume Carothers was born on April 27, 1896. He was born in Burlington, Iowa. He was the son of Ira and Mary Carothers, and was the oldest children in the family. When he was five years old, his family moved to Des Moines, Iowa. There he studied in high school. He started showing interest in science during high school years and started reading the scientific literature. During his studies, he liked to play with different tools, instruments, and other mechanical items, and liked to spend time in experimenting. He used to have ...

I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the program of study leading to the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING HONOURS (MANUFACTURING AND DESIGN ENGINEERING) is entirely my own work and has not been submitted for assessment for any academic purpose other than in partial fulfillment for that stated above.

Signed

Hussein Al-Tuhoo ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been indebted in the preparation of this thesis to my supervisor, Dr Maura Kelleher of Dublin Institute of Technology College, whose patience and kindness, as well as her academic experience, have been invaluable to me. I am extremely grateful ...

Introduction

Capsular polysaccharides are of high molecular mass and low molecular weight cell-surface polysaccharides of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Wang et al. 2000). They facilitate evading the immune system; therefore, the production and extraction of this layer is a prospective therapeutic target (rcsb.org). In the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, strain TIGR4 the Cps4B is tyrosine protein phosphatase CpsB. The phosphatases have capability to dephosphorylate their analogous autokinases, instead of their similar functionality equivalence; they don’t demonstrate sequence homology. This capsule or CPS act as an interface border between a microbe and its environment that presents an expansive biological and clinical significance. ...

Polymers

A polymer is a macromolecule or a large molecule which consists of monomers; that are sub-units that are repeating. They consist of a large number of properties due to which the natural and synthetic polymers both play an important role in daily lives. These polymers range from natural bio-polymers as Proteins and DNA to synthetic polymers like plastic. Both these polymers are made through the process of polymerization of a large number of monomers.

Bio-Based Polymers

The terms Bio-based polymers and renewably sourced mean the same for polymers as they include the materials that include carbon that originates from a plant source that includes renewable material. ...

1. When placed on an agar slab and incubated at 30°C for 2 days, a single yeast cell proliferates into a colony with a diameter of 2 mm containing 108 yeast cells. If the cell has a functional Ade2 gene (Ade2+), the colony will be white; if Ade2 is non-functional (Ade2–), the colony will be red. You take a strain with a mutant Ade2– at the regular chromosomal position (red colonies) and insert a second, functional Ade2+ gene near the telomere. You find that the colonies are a mixture of red and white patches or sectors. Figure 1 shows some colonies; the black regions represent the ...

Introduction

Polymerization could be considered to be perhaps the main chemical reaction associated with modern living. It is a reaction that is common in nature for the formation of “biopolymers” such as celluloses and proteins. It can also be thought of as the fundamental reaction type for the formation of DNA, making polymerization essential for life as it exists on this planet. In general terms, polymerization is a reaction process in which the molecules of an appropriate material, termed the 'monomer', become bonded together to form a much larger linear chain or a three-dimensional network. A polymer is thus a material that consists of very ...

Discuss the hazards posed by the interaction of the hazardous materials present at the refinery and adjacent facilities, including the resulting by-products of the incident fire and acid gas release. When handling chemicals, protection and care should be very paramount. In this care, there are various hazards that are posed by the materials. If handled carelessly, the materials such as sulfur and its compounds are capable of polluting the environment. Sulfur iv oxide is capable of leading to acidic rain. Such rain affects the people residing in the surrounding residences. It also affects the plants, and animals (Meyer, ...

Aim

The experiment aims to study the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from banana extracts using spectrophotometric techniques.

Introduction

An enzyme refers to a molecule that is protein in nature and works as a biological catalyst. The enzyme possesses three major characteristics. The first characteristic is that they act to increase the rate at which a given reaction takes place. This enables most cellular reactions to take place at up to million times faster compared to their rate in the absence of an enzyme. Secondly, most enzymes act specifically on a single reactant known as a substrate to produce the ...

Acrylamide is a substance that has the molecular formula of C3H5NO. The chemical acrylamide also is designated as prop- 2- amide. Acrylamide is a crystalline odorless white substrate that is soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol and water. Acrylamide becomes decomposed in the presence of iron salts, iron, oxidizing agents, bases and acids. Acrylamide deconstructs into ammonia, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides (European Food Safety Authority 1; Gilbert & Maurissen 32; Grob et al. 187; Lawley et al. 340; Mattram et al. 449; National Cancer Institute 1; Skog & Viklund 365; Zhang & Chen 7).

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide is a chemical substance that is applied in specific manufacturing ...

Improving the processing of polymer manufacture to get the maximum mechanical properties

There are various characteristics and properties of Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) that are essential in the improvement of the processing of polymer manufacture. PMMA have been widely used in place of the glass. Consequently, its unique features have been the contributing factors in its applications. The properties of PMMA include:

Weight: The material is always lightweight and even durable.

Density: The material has a density of between 1.15-1.19 g/cm3. This weight is estimated as half the density of a glass material. Strength: PMMA has a good impact strength which is significantly lower than the strength of the polycarbonate as well as other engineered polymers. In addition, the strength of the PMMA ...

InstitutionDate

Introduction Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a chemical and synthetic transparent thermoplastic material serves as an alternative for glass formed from the methyl methacrylate polymerization. The transparent plastic material from the acrylic resin family manufacturing and processing improvement employ scientific polymerization principles and mechanisms for the productivity and quality improvements. Thus, the processing and manufacturing process does not only focus on the industry or market needs but also health, environment and the social effects. The analysis presented in this paper is helpful in understanding the definition of the PMMA and its properties. Further analysis in this paper, explores the biocompatibility and ...

Production processes have been revolutionized by technology. This is because technology has shaped the way products, processes and goods are produced. Technology has enabled people to simulate designs of very complex engines, aircraft models, combustion components and control centers of large ships. Though very complicated, such processes have been understood by carrying out an analysis of the product’s commodity chain. This helps in understanding the production and development of the product. Commodity chain refers to a chain of activities that consist of the labor and production activities, aimed at producing a finished product (Bair 2). These key areas work independently ...

- If K65R and D113E are conserved mutations, what type of mutations are Q151M and Q151N. They are non-conserved is not the correct answer. K65R and D113E being conserved mutations implies that even after undergoing mutations they retain the original properties. There functionality remains almost the same. On the other hand, Q151M and Q151N, mutations will result in a change of their initial properties or additional functions may be gained in the process of mutation. - The K65A RT mutant had a reduction in RT activity. Explain the reasoning behind this phenotype In the cell, the presence of ...

Polyvinyl chloride refers to the polymer that is third-most manufactured polymer. It is produced following a polymerization process using the vinyl chloride as the monomer (Patrick). The polyvinyl chloride is abbreviated as PVC and was accidentally produced Eugen Baumann, a chemist in France in the year 1835 and again in 1872 by Ivan Ostromislensky and his colleague Fritz Klatte. During the two incidents, the vinyl chloride was exposed to sunlight resulting in the production of a white solid in the flask where vinyl chloride was contained. Some of the major uses of PVC include in the construction since its more effective compared ...

Introduction

Polymers of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) are used in the manufacture of acrylic plastics. The first plastic polymer was developed in 1843. The process makes involves two reactants, methacrylic acid and methyl alcohol to produce an ester called methyl methacrylate. Fittig and Paul were the first chemists to discover the polymerization process of turning methyl methacrylate into polymethyl methacrylate in 1877. Later on, in 1936 the process was used to manufacture acrylic plastics for commercial purposes. PMMA is highly resistant to ultraviolet radiation and weathering and is an ideal material for making airplane windshields, automobile taillights, and skylights (Riegel et ...

Research Question

Polystyrene is a very commonly-used material in the food and consumer electronic packaging industries. This paper will revolve around the research question “can polystyrene have other uses aside from its common uses?” The HIPS will be of particular importance here because much of the paper will revolve around the use of HIPS, how it is used, and how it differs from typical polystyrene. HIPS, which stands for High Impact Polystyrene is used in the research and development and manufacture of mechanical prototypes and other tools that are often subjected to high impact environments, stress, and tension. It is one of ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Special designs have been made to suit various sports. This is important as it plays an important role in sports performance. Companies have resorted to good quality textile materials to design sportswear clothing. Sportsmen should wear comfortable costumes for them to perform well in their competition. When designing sportswear, the market has to be identified first. That is the design to be used, the materials required and footwear. The fabrics available should also be identified. The comfort of the wearer is also considered as this affects performance.

History of polymers

Polymers have been used for centuries to manufacture plastics. Due to advance ...

Actin in Plant Cells

Actin, one of the most abundant proteins, occurs in all eukaryotic cells constituting almost five percent of cellular protein. Actin is the predominant component of the cytoskeleton. It is worth noting that the all-important cytoskeleton of a plant has three principal components; actin filament, microtubules and intermediate filaments (Jeon, 2003). As a component of the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells, actin is of crucial importance in a plethora of cell processes that act in concert to govern cell growth and morphology. The cell processes influenced by the actin cytoskeleton include; cell division, organelle movement, vesicle trafficking, organelle motility, and cell signaling, ...