Essays on Radiation Therapy

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Every year, various types of cancer kill millions of people. The problem of cancer disease is unique because of its complexity and importance to humankind. Cancers affect all segments of the population, causing enormous damage to society. Although malignant tumors are extremely diverse and complex for the perception, the risk factors and mechanisms of development of cancer are well known enough so that it becomes possible not only to heal, but also to engage in cancer prevention. Cancer is the most difficult and dangerous disease, since it can ...

Meditation has many desirable effects for an individual’s quality of life. According to studies, meditation improves not only the mental health of its practitioners, but also their physical health (Shaku, Tsutsumi, Goto, & Arnoult, 2014, p.406). Because of its known beneficial effects, meditation has been used as intervention or therapy for various clinical and non-clinical cases. Meditation, for instance, has been used to improve the quality of life and attention span of adults with mental issues and is also proven effective in easing depression and anxiety of patients suffering from terminal diseases such as cancer and HIV (Kim, Kim, ...

Abstract

The uses of radiation revolutionized medicine when experimentation on its potential applications begun. X-Ray technology, discovered by Wilhem Roentgen, is currently used as a common tool for diagnostics; Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie dedicated themselves to further investigations in the field, discovering additional radioactive materials (polonium and radium); radiation therapy is a popular treatment for cancer. This paper analyzes the historical background behind these two applications of radiation in the medical field. Moreover, the different types of radiotherapy are described (external-beam radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy). The concept of radiation homeostasis, which is the notion that low-dose ...

Tanya Cagnetti:

CANCER With the advancements in modernisation, many diseases have crept in into the human population. A good number of them are due to factors like sedentary lifestyle habits, improper dietary habits and a fast paced life. The hectic life nowadays leaves no time for the people to focus on their health. This leads to the development of numerous health issues which make the people suffer gravely in the long run. Some of these diseases may even prove to be fatal. One such disease is Cancer. It is a disease that can affect almost any part of the body and ...

Breast cancer is the growth of malignant tissue that starts in breast region and spreads to distant parts of the body. It is most common in women though it can also happen in men to a lower extent. Risk factors are things that heighten the chances of getting cancer (Bunnell, 2000). There are several risk factors for breast cancer, but it is not easy to know how much the factors can contribute. Some of the risk factors for breast cancer include the use of oral contraceptives, dense breast tissue, previous chest radiation, and drinking alcohol among others. The preventive ...

Brief information, risk factors and symptoms

Colon cancer, that is also known as colorectal, is a type of cancer that starts from rectum or colon. As any other type of cancer, colon cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growing cells of the body. This type of cancer usually starts with a polyp – a kind of growth on the inner lining of the rectum or colon. However, it is important to know that not all polyps change into cancer, though some of them might do it after several years. The chances that a polyp will become cancer after some, depends on the type of polyps. There are ...

Abstract

Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that directly involves the main male reproductive organ, the testes. The testes are basically a loose sack of skin and flesh located below the penis. Testicular cancer is a rare form of cancer only accounting for between 1% and 3% of the total number of cancer cases in the male population in western countries. It is also one of the most curable forms of cancer. Nonetheless, it is still a condition worth reviewing. The research question in this paper asks whether survivors of testicular cancer indeed suffer from a testicular cancer-related comorbidity ...

Squamous cell carcinoma can be termed as a common type of cancer of the skin, whose development occurs in the thin, flat squamous cells, which constitute the skin's outer layer. This condition is not categorized as life-threatening, even though, in some instances it can be aggressive. If left untreated, this disease can become large or extend to other body parts, resulting in severe complications (Reichrath 2). A majority of squamous cell carcinomas are caused by extended exposure to ultraviolet radiation, from tanning lamps or beds, or from sunlight. Individuals with light hair, fair skin, as well as green, gray, ...

As the name suggests, the paper will be about spinal cord depression. But how come do we call it a depression? The better word should have been spinal cord compression. Any defect in the spinal cord will lead to depression or not can be explained only after the disease has been manifested fully. The paper will discuss only, the condition affecting the spinal cord (Spinal Cord Depression) along with its causes, manifestations, diagnostic tests and treatments.

Etiology

Spinal cord depression occurs due to any injury that results in putting up excessive pressure on the spinal cord. As a result of ...

Question 13; definitions

CTV, which is Clinical Target Volume is the volume of the desired target radiation that is to be delivered to the targeted cells or organs or organ systems. PTV- Planning Target Volume is the total of the CTV and the margins created to target a particular site in the system involved. IGRT-Image-Guided Radiation Therapy is the frequent use of imaging techniques in the radiation therapy to bring out the highly desired precision in the diagnosis or treatment results SRS-Stereotactic Radiosurgery is the treatment technique that, in most cases, targets the brain cells in delivering X-rays doses as a treatment ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Abstract

Prostate cancer is characterized by carcinoma of a gland in the male reproductive system and it typically develops in men over the age of 65. There is an assortment of treatment options in managing prostate cancer including: chemotherapy, hormone rehabilitation, surgical removal, brachytherapy, and external beam radiation therapy (Clinical Journal of Nursing). In external beam radiation therapy, it is essential for urologist to obtain consistency in the position of the prostate from the planning period before treatment to the initiation of radiotherapy to attain superior results. This study examines the efficiency of bladder filling and rectum emptying protocols and ...

Cancer diagnosis

Cancer is diagnosed by an expert by critically examining the tissue or the cell samples through a microscope. It can also be done by carrying out tests on cells of the DNA, RNA and proteins (Schwarzenböck et al., 2012). Physical assessment of the patient and family medical history are also essential during diagnosis. Furthermore, a doctor will have to carry out an imaging procedure of some body parts. These imaging procedures can be approached in several ways such as CT scan, nuclear scan, MRI, Ultrasound, X-rays, and PET scan. X-rays uses low doses of radiation to generate pictures ...

Article 1: Radiation Associated Brainstem Injury

The tolerance of the central nervous system (CNS) to radiation treatment is significant to patient under treatment for metastatic or primary diseases associated with neck, brain and head. In most cases, brainstem injury is graded by most widespread toxicity criterion of the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program based on symptoms. The first grade is considered mild, the second grade is moderate and without the capacity to interfere with daily living activities. The third grade presents extreme interference with the activities of daily living while the fourth grade is life threatening. The manifestation of severe radiation therapy induced central nervous system ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body in order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

Cancer of the cervix develops in the lower parts of the uterus due to the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), transmitted through sexual intercourse. Treatment involves Radiation therapy with chemotherapy or chemotherapy followed by surgery. However, the best treatment plan can be by stage of the disease, for the stage 0(carcinoma in situ) treatment may include laser surgery or conization, internal radiation therapy that best suits those who cannot undergo surgery and hysterectomy for those who no longer want to bear children. Total hysterectomy and conization work for Stage IA1 while radiation therapy and chemotherapy for stage IB and IIA. ...

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Abstract

This paper reviews the effects of effects of breast cancer at a later stage among women living in the United States of America and its relation to factors such as ethnicity, race, geographic location, and availability of insurance, access to medical test facilities, and course of treatments, lifestyle and socio-economic factors and so on. A special focus has been laid on the racial and ethnic discrimination among women affected with breast cancer in regards to the surgical treatments being offered in health facilities in the United States of America. Many authors ...

ABSTRACT

This article aims at illustrating the two types and effects of the cancer treatment techniques. Several methods are discussed and analyzed by defining them and showing their impacts on the patient. The article goes further to compare and contrasts the various methods that have been put in practice to treat cancer in an effort to determine the best. Radiotherapy alone, radiotherapy with chemotherapy, 3D CRT and IMRT are some of the discussed techniques in the article. Data was collected among the cancer sick patients who underwent different treatments. The patients were put under different conditions in regard to treatment ...

There are manifold motivations for seeking academic credentials in Radiation Therapy. Amongst the many reasons are a desire to be involved in healthcare and help people in their most dire hour of need, a dedication to scientific inquiry, and the allure of novel therapeutic interventions for devastating disease. When a layperson thinks of radiation, catastrophes such as Chernobyl or Fukushima come to mind, however, in the hands of the able Radiation Therapist radiation seeks to wage battle against cancer and promote longevity and ultimately improve a patient’s quality of life.

My specific interest in radiation therapy is a result of my unfortunate familiarity ...

Accuray Company concentrates its efforts in providing premier radiations oncology which basically manufactures and sells tailored innovative treatment solutions that ensure high standard care mainly for cancer patients. The corporate is the leading adopter of modern technology- Tomotherapy and Cyberknife system which in a broad way assist in delivering stereotactic body radiation therapy, radiosurgery, image-guided radiation therapy, intensity modulated therapy, and adaptive therapy. Looking the organization on a business perspective, it hasn’t been doing well, and there has been dire need for the company to adopt new change to realize maximum profit and growth. The intent of this paper is ...

Introduction

Cancer is a huge problem of all mankind. We know that this is the second disease after cardiovascular diseases in terms of mortality. Currently, a lot of research is conducted to understand the reasons for which there is a cancer, find a cure and to develop methods of prevention. Nevertheless, the problem of cancer has been and remains a priority for the medical community. In developed countries, there is a tendency to reduce the increase in the incidence and mortality from cancer. The main increase in deaths from the disease occurs in developing countries. There are more than 100 types of cancer that can ...

Over the past few decades, major improvements have been made in the field of cancer treatments, therapies and diagnostics. Cancer nursing is a result of these advances; it continues to play a vital role in offering palliative support to cancer patients and improve their ability to cope up with the disease. Consequentially, cancer nurses have become an integral part of the complex cancer treatment process. Cancer is a disease characterized by an uncontrollable growth of cancerous cells in the body. These cells are referred to as malignant cells. Although the symptoms of cancer vary depending on the type/location of cancer, in ...

Colorectal cancer, which is also commonly known as colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in the US. According to statistics retrieved from the centers for disease control, approximately 100,000 new cases of colon cancer are detected every year. The incidence of colon cancer is observed more commonly in patients that belong to higher socioeconomic background. Furthermore, colon cancer is most commonly detected in patients who are 50 years or older (CDC.gov). It was observed that approximately 49000 deaths occur annually on account of colon cancer. The death rate for colon cancer has been ...

Introduction

Cancer is an uncontrolled growth or spread of abnormal cells in a human body; it is not a single disease, and it has a group of 200 different diseases . It means that cancers are similar in some ways; however, every type of cancer differs in the way of its growth or how it multiplies. Since cancer is not a single disease, it consists of many different types of cancer that could start in different parts of the body. Cancers differ in types that share one characteristic that is, unchecked growth and progress to a limitless expansion or increase. For example, it could start in ...

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] continuing qualification requirement (CQR) I. ABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION III. THE CONCEPT OF CONTINUING EDUCATION - Changing Concepts 1. Recognising the need for improving professional knowledge - CE as knowledge up-gradation 1. Improving professional knowledge C. CE as a professional requirement 1. Meeting requirements of regulating bodies IV. RADIOGRAPHERS AND CQR

A. Additional Requirements

B. Radiographers and CE C. Radiographers and CQR 1. Importance of Radiation protection ...

Overview

United States has experienced an increase in prevalence and incidence of cancer among its citizens over the last few decades. According to American Cancer Society (2014), cancer refers to a group of diseases that present with uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer emerges due to several factors which include; smoking of tobacco, exposure to chemicals and radiation, hormones, and inherited mutations (American Cancer Society, 2014). Even though there are many causes of cancer, the disease can be prevented. For instance, avoiding smoking and minimizing exposure to chemicals and radiation by observing safety precautions can greatly help reduce chances ...

Cancer denotes an abnormal growth of cells, as a result of, changes in gene expressions following deregulated cell division and death (Ruddon, 2007). Consequently, this produces a population of cells that invade tissues and metastasizes to other sites, and if untreated, it causes significant morbidity and/or death of the affected person (Ruddon, 2007). In essence, cancer stems from alterations in the expression of certain genes; this phenomenon deregulates the cellular program for cell division and differentiation. In the long run, cell division, as well as cell death, become unregulated leading to the growth of tumor cells. The events that trigger ...

Introduction

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is from the papillomavirus family which infects the cells in the skin or the mucous membrane. HPV is a non-enveloped double stranded virus which carries its genetic code from early (E1-E7) and late (L1-L2) proteins. The early proteins promote viral replication while late proteins are responsible for structural support or capsids of proteins. Two viral oncogenes together with the non-structural early proteins (E6-E7) were associated to the transformation of the tumor from benign to malignant stage. The aforementioned proteins influence carcinogenesis by promoting both the retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 proteins. These proteins regulate cell growth and ...

Malnutrition is a condition in which the body’s nutritional requirements are not completely met. As a result, there will be loss in body weight, delayed healing of wounds, general weakness and poor resistance to infections. If a patient, who is already hospitalized, is affected by malnutrition, it can worsen his or her condition further and may even lead to death in severe cases. Pregnant women, patients suffering from chronic diseases like cancer, aged people as well as children belong to the highly vulnerable category and malnutrition can cause serious effects in them. In some patients, malnutrition may not be due to ...

The aim of the research is to provide a solution to the problems that arise due to the high doses of radiation. Radiation is used in the treatment of diseases that involves the usage of high radiation therapies such as X-rays, CT scans, ultrasound scan and MRI scan. Major radio therapy techniques have led to adverse effects on patients due to the excess dosage of radiation. The research would help to reduce the harmful effects caused by the exposure to radiation by designing radiation protection programs that protect workers, patients and the environment. The newer X ray and CT scan ...

- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT - Aims and objectives The health risk assessment of MRI is incomplete yet and a number of gaps in our knowledge about the ill-effects of MRI have been identified. The effects of exposure to static fields above 8 T are not known. Only a little is known about the increased sensitivity of some people to CNS stimulation by the electric fields in switched gradient fields. There are concerns about the increased heat loads on infants and pregnant women. Hence, well-targeted research is required to complete the health risk assessment (Health Protection Agency, 2008). ...

Abstract

The research paper deals with the problem of Merkel cell carcinoma, chief peculiarities, and the possibility of medical treatment. Disease signs and symptoms are highlighted in the opening and subsequent paragraphs of the paper. The pathophysiology, etiology, manifestations, possible complications, and disease treatment are the focal point of the research paper. The research is based on the opinions of the finest subject-field experts, such as professors, doctors, and scientists. Keywords: Merkel cell carcinoma, medical treatment, disease, complication, cure Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive skin cancer usually caused by polyomavirus. Scientists and doctors have not managed to ...

Organization and Management of a Health Care Facility

While providing quality patient care has always been an essential objective of health care organizations, fiscal results have long been the criteria for measuring success. Hospitals are required to construct the authority abilities required to drive change, manage individuals, give optimal care, and provide results in the organization.

The Board of Directors in Mycare Health Services is the hospital’s most senior managerial team. It is answerable for designing and planning policy and monitoring management. Members of the Board of Directors are the public representatives, and are hired by a public organization owned by a retired judge. One-third of the Board's ...

Introduction

In multicellular organisms, the cell divisions occur under the control of strict control of internal and external signals. However, cancer involves an uncontrolled growth of cells. The branch of medicine that deals with the study of cancer and tumors is known as oncology. A tumor is an abnormal mass of cells that may be benign or malignant. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body while, malignant tumors can spread from the original site known as the primary site to other organs establishing secondary tumors. According to their tissue of origin, cancers are classified as ...

Since its creation in the 17th century the mathematics of calculus allows different fields of study the ability for measuring change and motion connected with natural and physical science including medical research and proactive applications of medicine. With the onset of the 21st century, the advances in mathematical insights forming definitions and theorems underpin the variety of uses of calculus in medicine. Calculus provides the abstract mathematical understanding of varieties of professional fields. These include economic trends, biological probabilities with ocean currents, meteorologist calculations of upper atmosphere airflow for weather prediction, and space scientists designing remarkable aircraft for space ...

Abstract

This study was meant to find out the level of understanding of the various aspects of breast cancer in the society especially concerning its causes and the susceptible group. A survey was conducted and it was noted that there was some awareness about breast cancer in the society, however, it was not adequate. The study, therefore, also seeks to bring to light the approaches that have been proposed to combat the disease before it metastasizes.

Introduction

Cancer is a group of diseases collectively characterized by the multiplication of body cells that are no longer controlled by the body. There are several ...

Wilms tumor

Wilms Tumor Introduction Wilms Tumor or otherwise nephroblastoma is a rare form of kidney cancer that is often diagnosed on children more than on adults. The medical condition was first identified and described by the German surgeon named Dr. Max Williams (1867-1918) (Nordqvist, 2010). Although the tumor is often the most malignant among children particularly during the age three to four years old, but there are cases where both kidneys are affected. In the United States, there are about 500 cases of Wilms tumor reported, with almost 90% of the sufferers survive at least five more years (Nordqvist, ...

Cancer is a disease that has been reported to claim millions of lives a round the globe and has many forms. Cancer is defined as “a malignant form of tumors, which are tissue masses that arise through mutations in the genes that govern cell growth and division” (Arndt, 2010). Skin cancer is just one of the many types of cancer that affects people and most commonly in the United States. It is a disease whereby cancerous cells are found on the epidermis which is the outer layer of the skin or uncontrolled growth of skin cells. This cancer affects the skin tissues and ...

Introduction

This article summarizes the reasons why formal education is important is important in improving in the performance of health practitioners particularly in the vocation of dosimetery. The author premises on the argument that the primary role of healthcare workers is the protection, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. For this reason, an extensive, solid knowledge and expertise in the area of research is required for the purposes of removing harm that imparts ...

Facilitator:

The Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer Recent years have witnessed increased cases of cancer complications especially among young people. Although the most and least expensive strategy for curing cancer is yet to be discovered, adoption of reliable means of reducing the pain associated with this complication is critical in facilitating the survival of the victim. Getting the most accurate facts on the impacts of cancer complication on individual physical health is the first and most essential step toward determining the most effective intervention and treatment method. Effective diagnosis of cancer requires incorporation of knowledge and competence from various ...

Introduction

Emergence of image guidance technology Today’s computer-aided healthcare technology relies on much modality medical image and multimedia information. An image-guided radiation therapy was introduced due to the ever-increasing challenges originating from fast growth of the information technology sector and the global expansion of healthcare needs. Image guided technologies aid in the effective management of patients in the areas of detection, diagnosis and intervention. The image guidance technologies is a process that uses frequent imaging during a radiation therapy in order to improve accuracy and precision in delivering of treatment (Peters & Cleary 2008). Before the introduction of image guidance technology, ...

I am an International student who is yet for admission for a Master of Medical Dosimetry at University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Centre. I am kindly requesting for a TOEFL waiver. I qualify for the waiver due to several reasons. First, before moving to USA in 2008, I undertook a degree in Radiology from Jazan college of Health sciences (Saudi Arabia) whereby all learning activities were instructed in English. After my education I worked as a Radiology technologist at King Fahd Central Hospital where English was the official language for communication. I also hold a certificate in Radiologic Technology and a bachelor of science ...

Abstract

Cancer is an abnormal condition characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and spread of cells, such as in the colon, rectum, lung, breast and prostate. Cancer is caused by both external risk factors (physical inactivity, obesity, and radiation and chemicals exposure) and internal factors (innate mutations, and immune and hormonal aberrations). Cancer can remain dormant for ten years following contagion for it to manifest itself. Cancer is managed through surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy-where various drugs are used. Cancer death rate shows a disparity since higher deaths are reported in populations of low socioeconomic status than the well-off populace. Cancer infections also show ...

According to Scully (2012), the oral cavity (which includes the lips and the mouth) is one of the most common forms of cancer around the world, with three quarters of diagnosed cases affecting people in developing countries. In those areas, oral cancer ranks as the third most prevalent of all cancers, just after stomach and cervical cancer, and about 378,500 new cases are diagnosed every year. In developed countries, oral cancer is less common, but it still ranks as the eighth most common cancer type, although the frequency varies quite a bit by country. Most oral cancers start ...

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is cancer, which emanates from the breast tissues, normally the lobules, or the milk ducts. The one which starts from the milk ducts are identified as ductal carcinomas whereas the one which starts from the lobules are identified as lobular carcinomas (Saunders & Jassal, 2009). After lung cancer, breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer across the globe. Although it is a women disease, close to 1% of its cases are reported in men.

Pathophysiology and Etiology

The most significant causes of breast cancer include the advancing age and hereditary factors. A woman whose daughter, mother or sister has the ...

This paper limits itself to the discussion of Radiation Therapy and its application in the medical field. It highlights the meaning of Radiation Therapy, its types, the treatment process, and the side effects. Furthermore, it examines the current and future trends in Radiation Therapy in addition to evaluating the sustainability of pursuing a career and related opportunities in RT. Finally yet important, it concludes that radiation therapy and associated technologies is a fundamental application in the medical field such that its absence will mean continuous spread of cancerous cells.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation Therapy is a cancer treatment procedure, which involves the using high radiation ...

Introduction

A pituitary tumor is one of the common types of tumor that could grow on humans. It is the abnormal growth of tissue in the pituitary gland (ADAM, 2009). The pituitary gland is simply the organ responsible for regulating the body’s balance and it is also an endocrine organ since it’s also responsible for regulating hormones. The pituitary gland is a part of the brain and it is quite obvious that any abnormal growth of tissue on that area could result into death if not treated. Compression of brain structures could also occur since there is a very ...

Cancer is a disease that mostly affects the cells. It is often characterized by out of control cell growth. There are different types of cancer that are grouped by the cells they affect. It is a terminal disease that has no cure but can be controlled and prevented. If cancer is recognized early enough, then the diseases can be controlled from its initial stages before it spreads to the other body parts. Cancer as a disease is very expensive to treat not forgetting it is a terminal illness. Cancer as a disease will affect the body by forming lumps or tumours when the damaged ...

Introduction

Data by the US Institute of Medicine indicates that the number of patients diagnosed with breast cancer yearly stands at an alarming figure of two hundred and fifty thousand. It further shows that breast cancer claims forty thousand lives each year 1. The aforementioned statistics coupled with the fact that current research estimates on the probability of a woman developing breast cancer during the course of her lifetime stand at one out of eight women are the factors that prompted my interest in writing on this particular topic. This paper will therefore focus on the symptoms and treatment of breast ...