Essays on Rat

Inadequate insulin secretion leads to a rise in blood glucose levels, which is the main characteristics of diabetes. By the time a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is made, 70 to 80% of beta cell mass loss is already done. Loss of beta cells of pancreas occurs gradually, beginning much before the diagnosis of diabetes is made and continuing even after that. For this reason, the damage becomes irreversible (Cnop, 2005).

Skeletal benefits of vitamin D are well known and described widely in the literature, but in recent years, research has shown that Vitamin D seems to aid in ...

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF ION CURRENTS IN DETERMINING THE SHAPE AND DURATION OF CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIAL

Introduction Selective permeability to various ions is an important characteristic of cell membranes, one that determines myriad cellular functions. In animal cells, ion permeability and the electrical potential generated thereof determines the activity of neurons, myocytes and the like. The electrical potential depends on the concentration of the ions inside and outside any given cell, the permeability of the cell membrane to the ions and the ion channels that are present on the surface of the cell. Cardiac cells also possess different ion channels on their surface. These determine the two types of electrical potentials, namely, resting membrane ...

1. The title of the article is "Is Noise Always Bad? Exploring the Effects of Ambient Noise on Creative Cognition". The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of low, moderate, and high noise levels on creativity within a consumer context. The authors of the study propose that low- and moderate-levels of noise enhance abstract thinking processes in creative individuals. The researchers also propose a mechanism called processing difficulty -- or "disfluency" -- which causes a higher "construal level" that, in turn, causes individuals to engage in more abstract thinking. Furthermore, individuals who are more-predisposed to being creative, the researchers ...

- How would propylthiouracil affect metabolic rate in a normal rat? Explain why.

It would decrease metabolic rate since propylthiouracil decreases the production of thyroid hormone (“Propylthiouracil,” n.d.).

- Explain the action of insulin on body cells.

Insulin acts on the body cells by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood stream to the body cells. This is done when insulin attaches to the insulin receptors in cells triggering a response that increases the levels glucose transporters (GLUT4) (Cartailler, n.d.).

- If the body is not producing enough insulin what happens to levels of that substance (your answer to ...

Classical conditioning is the process of learning whereby an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. It is a process of behavior modification in which the subject responds to a previously neutral stimulus in a desired manner when it is repeatedly presented along with an unconditional stimulus. There have been various speculations by different literature on the possibility of conditioning emotional responses, but the experimental evidence has usually been lacking. There has been a suggestion that there must be a way in which stimuli can call out emotions. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner decided to put the matter to test through the little ...

Integrity

Integrity

This is an ethical, legal and integrity question that needs to be interrogated in the best way possible. To start with, the name-calling in the workplace is uncalled for. It not only demoralizes the person who is being called the name, but it also creates a tense atmosphere since workmates are not respectful to one another. The officer in question is being referred to as “a rat” just because he testified against a person who committed a criminal offence. It was good of him to testify and ensure that justice was met because the hallmark of criminal law is to ensure ...

Discussion 1 Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist born in the mid 1800s, had started the early part of his career focusing on digestion (Chance 2014, Chapter 3). While he earned a Nobel Prize for this work, he soon decided to move over to psychology in order to make a bigger impact on the world and get on the ground floor of exciting new research. He worked primarily on the subject of temperament and reflex, showing how people reacted to pain and stress. Throughout his career in the medical profession, he was a passionate and dogged investigator, and was instrumental in contributing to the concept of ...

Learning is key to human development and behavior. Behavioral psychology is one of the methods for understanding how learning develops and the understanding of individuals. Learning is a modification of behaviors due to consistent practice and requires the interaction of behavior and environment to yield changes. Assessment of learning is performed by means of tests that quantitatively measure achievements; whether they are newly acquired mental or physical skills. Learning and performance are related but separate subjects, and learning itself may be state dependent, meaning, that the conditions under which material was learned must be replicated in order for that learning ...

Hantavirus Cariopulmonary Syndrome

Hantaviruses are a group of RNA viruses, which are members of the Bunyaviridae virus family. several serotypes have been identified worldwide. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary Syndrome is a disease syndrome which is caused by the Sin Nombre Virus (SNV). however, some other strains of the Hantavirus family could also cause disease syndromes which are very similar in presentation to Hantavirus cardiopulmonary Syndrome. (Cunha, 2011). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Hantavirus infection in humans is classified as an emerging infectious disease. this is because a lot of facts remain unknown about the disease and its presentation in humans. however, Hantavirus ...

Learning is a continuous process that doesn't end after we received our hard-earned diploma. People have the capacity to discover and explore new things, thus constitutes a continuous quest for learning new things. In the psychological point of view, learning has related principles and theories that explains the process in which a person can effectively absorb new information. One example is myself initiative to learn a new language specifically French. It is not easy to just listen to a French conversation and be able to pick-up the details of the conversation's entire context. It takes a lot of practice and practical application of ...

There are various development processes that a child goes through as he grows up. Through this development process, the children develop a form of communication as well as a language that they can best communicate in. this essay looks at various aspects of child development, and it is expected to shed more light on the development issues.

1. According to Plowden Report (1967, p. 2), language is the media through which people or other living beings use to relay information from one point to another. It is a way through which people pass on their ideas to others in a manner which is acceptable ...

Answer the Questions

Social behaviour in animals is the relationship or interaction that happens between two or more individuals. This usually happens between animals of similar species. They form familiarities and cooperate in matters such as mating, parenting, communication and territorial authority. Group behaviour or collective behaviour on the other hand is the coordinated behaviour of large groups of animals usually of a similar species. This is characterised by the benefits of these groups. Animal group behaviour is different from social behaviour because of the fact that even animals from different species can form a group based on their similar interest while in social ...

Neuro-functional pathways and Connection with Diseases

Types of Memory Traditionally, there are three types of memory defined: short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM) and working memory (WM). Hebb defines the short-term as the mechanism of continuous reverberation of stimuli and information in cellar systems and as a result neurons excite one another for some time after the original stimulus (Nadel and Hardt, 2010, 253). In other words, STM is an ability to hold information about the stimuli for the brief period. If this reverberatory activity leads to restructuring of synaptic connections, the long-term memory appears. LTM is an ability of human brain to storage the ...

Conditioning in Psychology refers to the processes by which repeated stimulus produce predictable and frequent response. There are two types of conditioning namely classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov during his digestive system research (Kalat, 2011). Pavlov noticed that the dogs salivated whenever they sighted attendants dressed in lab coats. He attributed this behavior to the repeated exposure of both food and lab coats to the dogs. Pavlov investigated the behavior by ringing a bell whenever he was presenting food to dog. After repeated occurrences, he observed that the dogs could salivate when the bell ...

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair talks about the poor conditions of immigrant workers in the meat packing industry in Chicago. The place, aptly named Packingtown, is the area where the major meat packing companies were found. This is where Jurgis, his family, and his then girlfriend and later on wife’s family migrated from Lithuania in hopes of a better life. Sinclair discusses in vivid details the hardships that the whole family went through in Chicago as their naivete as immigrants in a foreign country were played on and taken advantage by both the influential and the not so influential ones. ...

Oral cancer mostly affects the mouth, lips and tongue of a person. It affects people across all genders and class in societies. It arises from many factors that boost up its prevalence. In this study, however, our main concerns will be on the possible effects that may be resultant as a result of alcohol and tobacco intake. In this regard, effects of tobacco and alcohol intake can either be joint or on independent angles. It means that, the effects can exist singly or in collaboration. In this study, my point of reference will be a research article in Pub Med Journal. Ferreira ...

In Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (2012), Coon and Mitterer write, “The principles of operant conditioning [] are among the most powerful tools in psychology” (pg. 226). The definition of operant conditioning is a form of learning in which reinforcement increases the probability of a response. A response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus is more likely to reoccur. Operant conditioning is explains much day-to-day behavior. Every individual lives his or her life according to the reinforcement they receive after performing an action. This kind of learning is operant conditioning—“learning based on the consequences of responding” (Coon & Mitterer, ...

PROFESSORINSTITUTION

Operant Conditioning 2 Introduction Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a subject’s behavior is modified through antecedents and consequences. The concept was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov who was studying the digestive system of dogs. The theory of behaviorism was introduced by John B. Watson. Later, B.F. Skinner helped define the mechanics of behaviorism through his work. Over the years behaviorism has grown in popularity and scope. Research has shaped the practice of behaviorism as it has been adapted by many disciplines (education, psychology). The most popular use of Behavioral Therapy today is found in treating ...

Abstract

Cocaine has a variety of physiological manifestations. Cocaine is a local anesthetic that was discovered in the sixteenth century. The characteristic of being a local anesthetic is the primary attribute for its application in medicine. There are a number of compounds that have been recently created that are more effective than cocaine for the purposes of anesthesia. Cocaine also has the characteristic of being a potent vascoconstrictant. The applications of vascoconstrictant are effective for the implementation of throat and nose surgery. The application of cocaine in the nose and throat areas has the characteristic of deterring bleeding. Cocaine also has influence over the sympathetic ...

In Samuel Beckett’s Company, he uses variations of the word “devise,” “deviser,” “device,” and “devising.” In this paper the use of these words, which are used by Beckett with some frequency will be analyzed. The words will be analyzed as per their meaning, and in how “meaning” fit the contextual elements of Beckett’s text. The paper will be argued from an etymological perspective, to investigate whether words have different forms of meaning, and how Becket may be playing with the meaning of words. Although Beckett bombards the text with formations of the word “devise” in a seemingly absurdist ...

Question 4

How does love figure into the development of the text? What is O’Brien trying to say about the relationship between love and war? In The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien brings a story of the American platoon soldiers who were deployed to fight for a good course in the Vietnam War. The whole novel is a collection of stories of the experiences of these soldiers during their time in the jungle as they fought far away from home. As the narrator, O’Brien brings a clear picture of the real and fictitious occurrences in the battlefield. Although the central theme ...

Abstract

Peoples’ behaviors are many and complex; people are known to cheat, lie, and sometimes kill. Long before even human started to gain interest in studying human behaviors field such as theology, philosophy, and psychology focus was to explain human behavior. However, in the resent past, the development of scientific methods and tools scientists have put in place systematic procedures to be used in the study of human behavior. In this light, scholars and researcher have developed theories that tend to explain human behavior. This theories can be broadly be classified into, behavioral theories, cognitive theories, humanist theories, personality theories, ...

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Feasible Alternatives:

1. Research less expensive materials for the trap and possibly importing from China: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer is strong enough a raw material for manufacturing tarps. It is 5 times cheaper than existing material. Importing from China would make it 7 times cheaper. 2. Expand inventory and create a trap for rats as well: The most common mouse that creates menace in the houses is Deer mouse and Grey House mouse. A mouse can litter as much as 5 to 6 pups and can litter ...

Elwyn Brooks "E. B." White is an American novelist, journalist and essayist. He was born in New York in 1899. In 1927, White became a writer at The New Yorker and concurrently a contributing editor — a position that he held for the rest of his career. He wrote books for children, including Stuart Little, Charlotte's Web and The Trumpet of the Swan. Charlotte's Web (1952) is considered to be one of his the most famous novels. It was selected as the top children's novel in 2012 by readers of School Library Journal, not for the first time. Charlotte's Web is about the ...

Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried tells an anthologized story of a platoon of American soldiers throughout the Vietnam conflict, demonstrating just how significant the effect of the war was on everyone who experienced it. Drawing greatly on O’Brien’s own experiences as a soldier in Vietnam, the stories are greatly extrapolated from his recollections of being there, though they do not necessarily cover strictly accurate events in the life of O’Brien. Instead, the mood and atmosphere of O’Brien’s experiences is projected onto this semi-autobiographical group of characters, creating a stylized world in which people, places ...

Nurs. 607

Introduction Adaptation refers to a general process used by people, animals, plants, and the biological organisms living in the atmosphere. As change in nature is a constant process, one must learn to adapt to the change of the environment in order for survival. Adaptation to change is essential to the evolution of life. The evolution is an ever-going process that brings changes within the environment. From the moment we are conceived and take birth in this world, we are constantly adapting to certain forms of evolution (birth, infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and middle aged adulthood) and advancing through different ...

Blood Pressure, Hypertension and the Nervous System

Cardiovascular activities within the human body are generally facilitated by the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Blood pressure is the relationship between the vascular resistance and the amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute (i.e. cardiac output). Cardiac output is affected by the following factors: end-diastolic volume, cardiac muscle contraction, and heart rate. While the sympathetic nervous system controls the blood volume and the tone of venous smooth muscle (determinants of end-diastolic volume) alone, the myocardial contraction and heart rate is controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic regions of the autonomic ...

Abstract

The number of people being affected by various diseases that require them to have organ transplants increases every day. Meanwhile, the amount of donated organs is extremely insufficient to meet the high demand. There is also the problem of finding a donor match for a recipient and the need to take strong medications that suppress the immune system of the recipient so that the transplanted organ is not rejected. A solution to these problems has been and is still being developed, with laboratory-grown organs holding much promise. These organs can be tailor-made using the patient’s own cells or other cell sources, ...

Assignment #1: Short Literary Essay

Question #4 on Charlotte’s Web The child reader of E.B. White’s Charlotte’s Web learns three lessons from Wilbur, Charlotte, and Templeton. The three lessons are trust from Wilbur, appearances from Templeton, and parental love from Charlotte. The plot involves keeping Wilbur from being sent to the slaughter house. Wilbur is helped by two unlikely friends: a spider and a rat. The book teaches trust. From Wilbur, the child reader learns about trust and vulnerability. The child reader will identify with Wilbur’s being sent to the slaughter for the child will see in Wilber their inability ...

Extinction is the phenomenon when a behavior, that was previously observed, disappears from a person when it is not reinforced (Miltenberger, 2012). When extinction is performed constantly over a long period of time, the undesired behavior gradually disappears, in the longer run. However, in the short term, the subject of extinction is likely demonstrates extinction burst. This burst more frequently occurs when the extinction has just started. The burst is commonly a phenomenal increase in the observed undesired behavior. This increase is temporary and does not last for a long time. Extinction is observed in both conditions: operant and classic. In operant conditioning, ...

English 106

Introduction “What Love is,” was the most searched phrase on Google in the year 2012. It indeed is a feeling, like hunger, thirst. Love is an emotional need than a physical thus it is difficult to quantify it and say how much would be enough and how much will be more. Love is believed to be a tool that humanity thrives on a feeling of security, support, and most importantly the want to live life. It can be in most cases auspicious and can induce positive human behavior but then it has many negative aspects as well. People lose control on their ...

PSYCHOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE

Psychologists have come up with different theories working towards the human brain and their behavior in relation to various things including their everyday living in relation to the environment. Different ideas/efforts worked at different times in different situations as opposed to the way they were set up. Among a number of theorists and psychologists, Sigmund Freud worked on a theory basing his research on psychoanalytic perspectives, unconscious motives, wishes and urge, the five stages psychosocial development childhood experiences and dream analysis. Another was Ivan Pavlov working on the idea of classical conditioning, associative learning and stimulus – stimulus. He also researched on ...

1. NAME OF STUDENT: 2. TITLE OF PROJECT: 3. SUPERVISORS: 1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT

2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT: (a) Aims and objectives:

This proposal mainly aims to:

- develop a system of strategy to decrease the exposure of patients and workers in X-ray radiation; - Make a proposal on the determination of the effect of the X-ray on cellular metabolisms of reproductive cells of sample populations; - Develop a method of procedure to lessen the X-ray exposure among the patients and workers; - Test the effectivity of the developed method; and, - do a comparative study with direct ...

Introduction

The psychological field is familiar with the difference of B.F. Skinner and John Watson’s theoretical perspectives. However, none of the two differs as much as Edward Tolman’s perspectives. One of his popular assertions is that his believes in the importance of every aspect in the psychological field. In addition, all those aspects can undergo investigation through perpetual theoretical and practical analysis of rat demeanor determiners in a maze (Pickren & Rutherford, 2010). These different perspectives are captivating and are popular in this era’s modern psychology. This paper will generate a fair comparison and contrast on Skinner and Watson’s ...

There are several benefits of the community policing. The approaches and the models adopted by the community policing are very effective such as the Problеm-oriеntеd policing and community oriеntеd policing arе two of thе most widеly usеd stratеgiеs that have been used to fight crime In this section, I discussеs thе pros and cons of thеsе stratеgiеs along with thе challеngеs that policing authoritiеs havе to facе in administеring thеsе stratеgiеs. Police agencies strugglе with incrеasеs ...

Psychology

Description of Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Classical and operant conditioning are two learning theories extensively studied in psychology. Classical conditioning involves a response to a certain stimulus. Reflexive responses are brought under control of stimulus actions that usually herald the response (Klein & Mowrer, 2009). A certain event provokes a response. A once neutral stimulus is matched with an unconditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, learning occurs through interactions with the environment and the environment shapes behavior thus feelings, thoughts, and emotions are assumed irrelevant in explaining a particular behavior. On the other hand, operant conditioning is learning that occurs when an ...

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Introduction

Pregnancy is regarded is one of the most important phase of a women’s life cycle. In addition, pregnancy also encompasses hormonal and physiological changes that are unique in the women’s life cycle. In pregnancy, women experience sudden changes, which includes progesterone and estrogen increases. This also leads to dramatic changes on hormonal functions that affects mood and creates a “glow” among pregnant women. More importantly, hormonal changes during pregnancy poses a significant effect fetal development that also manifests in the changes in physical activities. Having to mention the progesterone and estrogen, medical studies suggests that women ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Various methods of studying classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is the simplest form of learning that occurs by developing a relation between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS). It refers to a learning situation that can be traced to Ivan P. Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical experiments. Classical conditioning is also called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning. In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response (UR) is evoked by a preceding neutral stimuli (CS). The neutral conditioned stimulus begins to induce a response. It indicates the basic concept of classical conditioning and the response induced, after learning, by the conditioned stimulus is called Conditioned response (CR).

Eyeblink Conditioning: This is ...

Watson’s experiment was one of the most interesting experiments on classical conditioning. It has been the reference of conditioning experiments that help psychologists understand behavior acquirement. The main aim was to show the empirical evince of classical conditioning. The methodology used had a clear background that established the child’s inherent or previously learned fears. This added credibility to the whole experiment. The preliminary test of Albert’s baseline fears presented an authentic knowledge of his nature. When Albert was introduced to a rat, he initially showed no fear. He tended to move towards it and even touched it. ...

Introduction Conditioning refers to the process whereby predictable response is made from neurological patterns that have been established through reinforcement. Classical conditioning also called Pavlovian conditioning is one of the most influential conditional theories in Psychology (Bergin &Bergin, 2012). It was put forward by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the 20th century. It is based on the association between environmental stimulus and unlearned or naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning can be used to explain my childhood fear for people dressed in nursing gear. There are four basic components of classical conditioning namely; unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus ...

-A social system is composed of many interrelated and interdependent parts or structures. The social system of India consists of different castes, which each caste assigned or allowed certain functions. The Dahlits do, according to the video, “the jobs the higher castes won’t because they consider them unclean.” One common Dahlit job is as a “manual scavenger,” or cleaning the toilets of upper castes by hand. There are other interrelated and interdependent parts of Indian society. In addition to the Dahlits and higher castes, other parts or structures discussed in the short film include the education system, which ...

Introduction

“How To Tell A True War Story” by Tim O’Brien is a masterpiece that highlights the various aspects in the view that the author offers abstract commentary based on storytelling and thus blurs the divisions between truth and fiction. This is highlighted by the view that he brings two stories that that fail to be "true" to their intended audiences. In the aspect of suffering, O’Brien clearly brings the aspect of a complex relationship between the war experience and storytelling. The concept is highlighted in the plot of the story which is based on the concept that highlights ...

Benjamin Sprenger

Sinclair Community College 7:00pm – 8:15pm The brain is a highly complex organ, with a network of nerve cells that serve as a starting point for everything an individual senses, thinks, and ultimately the actions carried out. There are two responses that the brain is responsible for carrying out: conscious responses and autonomic responses, with fear being an example of the latter due to it usually being triggered unconsciously, leaving the individual to realize that the fear reaction has been triggered only after a myriad of physical responses have occurred (Debiec & LeDoux, 2004). While the experience of fear is rather autonomic, ...

Pituitary

The different functions performed by the anterior and posterior pituitary in terms of sex The anterior pituitary which is also known as the adenohypophysis, is basically an interior lobe (glandular) which alongside the posterior pituitary, makes up the pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin which stimulates and smooth muscle contraction in the mammary glands and the uterus. The anterior pituitary on the other hand stimulates release of thyroid hormones, FSH and LH to stimulate sex cell production and release of sex hormones; it also stimulates sex cell production as well as secretes prolactin to stimulate milk production. ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

Frames are “principles of selection, emphasis and presentation composed of little tacit theories about what exists, what happens, and what matters." (Frames are not "bias.") I. Identify repeated patterns in news coverage, using various techniques A. Read a lot of news coverage of a particular story and/or theme B. Look for broad forms of emphasis or selection, such as 1. headlines 2. what is put first and what left for later in a story 3. placement of stories in the news (front page vs. page 20; top of the newscast vs. bottom) C. Look for master narratives or themes 1. who are ...

In the 2008 film Die Welle (The Wave) directed by Dennis Gansel and produced by Rat Pack Film and Christian Becker, high school teacher Rainer Wenger (portrayed by Jürgen Vogel) challenged his students about the possibility of an authoritarian government in modern Germany. To prove its possibility, he provoked his students to being his blind Nazi followers while he plays as the dictator "Herr Wenger". It was an experiential experiment gone astray but a subtle and touching revelation on the transcendence of fascism in contemporary time. For Rainer, it started as an innocent class strategy in teaching Autocracy ...

Truth in fiction is often relative; the extent to which objective truth is embellished in favor of dramatic license or reflecting the emotional tenor of the speaker is important. In “How to Tell a True War Story,” Tim O’Brien tells various tales of his time in Vietnam from various perspectives and sources – it is equally a recounting of his own experiences and embellishment from an author looking to create an interesting story. O’Brien’s story is, in essence, about the nature of storytelling, demonstrating the ability for authors to dramatically change and determine the perception of events while providing ...

Radiologists and the complementary professionals and para-professionals face unique risks while at the work place. Exposure to ionizing radiation induces nuclear changes in cells that may cumulatively lead to cancer. In the case of the patient, the exposure to radiation is necessary in order to establish diagnosis or treatment and the benefits should outweigh the potential harm. For the staff on the other hand exposure to increased levels of exposure is hazardous and undesirable. Shielding is used to avoid accidental exposure to radiation, as well as careful obedience to the laws of physics. The effects of radiation lessen as ...

Psychology: Behaviourism and Free Will

I. Introduction: Behaviorism and Free Will Behaviorism (or learning theory) focuses primarily on overt or observable and quantifiable behaviors and excludes subjective phenomenon such as motives, feelings, and so on. It explains the processes, principles and laws by which learning occurs. Many schools of thought under behaviorism include Pavlovian, also known as classical or respondent, conditioning. Under the basic tenet of classical conditioning, individuals learn by means of associating neutral stimulus with a meaningful response. Another behaviorism is Skinnerian, a.k.a. operant or instrumental, conditioning. Operant conditioning is the process whereby learning takes place when an action is done ...

The rat was taken suddenly from a basket and presented to Albert. Two months after pretesting had been done, Albert was shown a white rat and any time when he touched the rat steel bar was banged behind his head (Watson & Rayner.1920. para 9). When seven trials were over, Albert cried and avoided the rat- this was a situation of conditioned stimulus. Albert had associated the white rat with the disturbing banging sound which changed neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus. The loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus which caused the child to cry any time he saw the rat. The emotional response ...

Introduction

The term migraine refers to a chronic neurological disorder characterized by persistent moderate to severe headaches that are usually linked to various autonomic nervous system symptoms. A typical case of migraine presents itself as a pulsating headache that affects only one side of the head for a period of two to seventy two hours. Within this period, the patient displays symptoms such as photophobia, vomiting, nausea and phonophobia. There are four documented sequential phases of a migraine i.e. the prodrome phase (1), aura phase (2), headache/ pain phase (3) and prodrome phase (4). Analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are normally administered ...

According to Ellis' "Eye-Deep in Hell: Trench Warfare in World War I" there were something like millions of men that were living in the trenches throughout the time of World War I. It was a very dangerous spot and considered to be an area where a lot of the action went down that had nothing to do with the enemy but survival. It was apparent that beyond six million soldiers lost their lives in those trenches. In the book Eye-Deep in Hell, the author does a good job with exploring this distinctive and frightening world—the ceremonies of battle, the customs of ...

The freedom of expression is one of the rights and freedoms that are expressed in each and every democratic state and nation across the world. However, its application and implementation is differently viewed and applied in different nations depending with the respective countries’ constitutions and governmental organization. However, its implementation has been differently viewed and applied, especially, considering the fact that the freedom of expression and communication has led to various outcomes and impacts in different countries and states, whereby in most of the cases have led to incitement of the majority (the greater and the minor majority, alike). ...

The ancient Greeks were the first people to initiate the study of the human mind and behaviour. This was the inception of the subject of psychology (Malone, 2009). It was until the 1870’s that this study became independent and was denoted as psychology. In the quest of understanding the human mind and behaviours, various theories were developed. This paper will analyse some of the theories of psychology.

Behaviourism

This is one of the earliest theories of psychology developed by John Watson and Skinner among others. It studies the observable behaviours of humans and animals. Initially, psychology could not make ...

Critical Thinking

Chapter 5 Learning is the processes of relatively permanent changes in behavior achieved after repetition or experience. Classical conditioning on the other hand is widely defined as the behavioral modification that a subject develops after previously repeated neutral stimulus that evokes a certain desired response. A Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning in the early 20th century accidentally (Ciccarelli 2008). Certain elements are as the distinct characteristics of classical conditioning. The first is Neutral Stimulus (NS), which is a stimulus that does not induce a response. Unconditional Stimulus (US) is another stimulus that is innately capable of eliciting a response. Conditioned Stimulus ( ...

Extended Methamphetamine Self-Administration in Rats Results in a Selective Reduction of Dopamine Transporter Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex and Dorsal Striatum Not Accompanied by Marked Monoaminergic Depletion [Article Summary]

Abstract

The study sought to unravel whether prolonged self administration of methamphetamine interferes with the level of dopamine and serotonin in rats. The rats were place in a lit chamber in which they were allowed to self administer meth. The researchers regulated the duration of the self administration session to achiever long and short access which the main variables in the experiment. The researchers discovered that long and short access to meth result ...

The student in this case has failed to arrange points clearly to answer the question. An example of this is that the student defines RAT in the middle of the paper. This should have been the introduction. Secondly, the student has failed to point out clearly the corporation that was affected by the RAT. There are two corporations in this case which are department of homeland defense and other corporations. This means that the answer is based on the network of many corporations. By discussing the RAT on networks of many organizations means that less part of the topic ...

Question one part one

RAT(s) is an acronym of remote access Trojans. These are small programs that allow remote access and control of a client machine. These programs usually come as attachments to legitimate pieces of software and are used to allow remote access to a machine where they have infected. These programs come in two pieces: client and server programs. The server program installs (mostly in background to keep the user unaware of the installation) in host computer and soon takes effect. Upon entering any network, it broadcasts the IP of the machine allowing remote access. As a good example in corporate networks is ...