Essays on Reagent

A porous item is a surface that contains openings that allow for the absorption of liquids to go through the material. One of the typical examples of porous materials is raw wood as it can absorb liquids or fingerprints oils especially if it is not varnished. Chemical development can be done through fingerprint processing of natural wood that is from a physical developer. Fingerprints can be developed through chemical processes of a silver based reagents that prints are produced, and they become gray colored (Trozzi 2001). In a crime scene, you can get wood outdoors, and this can also ...

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

A proposal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Introduction Wheat (Triticum sp.), an extensively adapted crop, is one of the primitive and primary staple food crops in the world. Wheat is cultivated from temperate; dry to irrigated or rain-fed areas, to warm, humid or cold conditions. Such a high adaptability is attributed to its intricate genome (Acevedo et al., 2002). Wheat cultivation covers more land area compared to other commercial crops and endures to be an essential food grain for humans (Curtis, 2002). Estimations reveal that by 2050, the population of the world will reach 9.1 billion (34 percent greater than today); correspondingly, the food requirement and ...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2 The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

Introduction

The kinetic characteristics are important for the design of chemical engineering processes. They allow assessing the time required for the reaction and choosing the temperature range suitable for the reaction. The reaction path is observed by measurments the transmittance of the Crystal Violet solution that reacts with sodium hydroxide. The concentration, and the color of the solution changes with the reaction flow, and this is measured by the spectrophotometer.

The data are plotted as concentration - time and logarithm concentration time, and the reaction rate is:

Rate = [Crystal Violet] [Sodium Hydroxide]. Using the excess concentration of one of the reagents, the reaction rate with respect to the other reagent is found from logarithmic plot (Rahul & Chakrabarti ...

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Introduction

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a very influential technique that helps in amplifying the specific segments of DNA. This biochemical procedure is performed in-vitro that is quite different from cloning. This technique is a fusion of synthesis protocol of distinct repeated segments of DNA and thermostable DNA polymerase application that has given scientists a very potent analytical, immunological and molecular technique used prevalently in clinical laboratory science (Garibyan & Avashia, 2013). PCR is based on three primary steps that include denaturation of the template into single strands, annealing ...

There are various ions that are responsible for the acidic or basic nature of a substance. The hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are both responsible for the acidic and basic nature of substance respectively. A neutral substance contains equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) as well as hydroxide ions (OH-) An acid is substance that dissolve and donate hydrogen ions leading to more number of hydrogen ions in a solution. A substance that dissolves water and release hydroxide ions is considered a base. A base has more number of hydroxide ions as compared to hydrogen ions hence basic. Alkalinity ( ...

Abstract

In this experiment, two calorimeters were designed and assembled. One was made using Styrofoam cups and another one using glass and foil. The calorimeters were studied for their performance in keeping the heat of the system. They were studied by measuring the heat loss of hot water over time. The heat lost in each calorimeter over 30 minutes was calculated. The calorimeter made of glass worked better and less heat was lost in it. The assembled calorimeters were used to find out the heat of reaction between NaOH and HCl per one mole of water. This value was found ...

The objective of this experiment was to prepare Beer-Lambert calibration curves for different forms of nitrogen and to determine the concentration of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia ions in different water samples from the Biscayne Bay.

Introduction

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth atmosphere. In is not surprising that it is one of the most crucial elements not only to human life but all life on our planet. The chemistry of nitrogen is rather diverse because it can exist in different oxidation levels – from +3 to -5. Due to its large impact on the biosphere, the circulation of ...

An organic molecule refers the molecules of living things composed of carbon atoms organized in rings or chains on which other elements like gasses (nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen) attaches themselves.

Purposes of the experiments

The experiment would test food sample for the presence of organic molecules i.e. proteins, polysaccharides, and sugar.

Question

Would reagent used in this experiment identify the organic molecules? Hypothesis Reagents Benedict’s solutions, Biurets solution, and iodine would establish the presence of sugars, proteins, and starch respectively. Setup of the experiment Materials Benedict solution that is a blue in color and contains copper ions. It is used in the laboratory ...

14th April, 2011.

Objectives/Aims

1) The aim of the experiment was to scrutinize food samples for the presence of microorganisms using the Australian Standard (AS) techniques to establish quality and safety of food produce for consumption. 2) The experiment is also aimed at comparing standard and new techniques of food sampling. This will assist in establishing the most efficient, convenient, cheap, reliable, sensitive and easy to use technique in analyzing food samples for the presence of microbial organisms.

Introduction

Microbial organisms in food can either be useful or poisonous if consumed. For years now, microorganisms have been used in the ...