Essays on Renal

I take roughly three meals every day with a small serving of an extra snack to complement at the end of the day. The size and portions of my serving may differ depending on how hungry I may be but overall I try to maintain a healthy eating habit with some elements being consistent like water and a fruit and vegetable serving to ensure I have not only very essential micronutrients but also non-nutrient elements like roughage to ease digestion and bowel movement while avoiding conditions like indigestion. On the very first day I took three meals on that ...

The Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is one of the most recent epidemics in Western Africa. People fear this type of disease due to its contagious characteristic and high mortality rate. The EVD is caused by the groups of Ebola viruses and it could affect humans and several species of primates. In 2015, there are more than 28,000 cases of EVD reported in West Africa which resulted to more than 11,000 deaths (Uyeki et al. np). Challenges to combat the effects of this epidemic have been the major barriers in West Africa such as lack of resources and ...

Subjective

MN is a 75 y/o African-American female who presents with complaints of shortness of breath, nausea, reduced urine output, fatigue and swellings in the legs as well as the ankles. The patient states that her symptoms began three days prior to her visit to the clinic and has had a decreased urine volume. Initially, the patients attributed the symptoms, especially nausea and fatigue to the side effects of the medications that she used in managing hypertension and diabetes. However, she states that the symptoms have gradually worsened and that was the reason for visiting the clinic. Past medical history: ...

Effect heat has on nociceptors

Nociceptors are pain receptors activated by neuropathic or nociceptive stimuli released during pain towards impending or actual tissue injury (Dubin, 2010). Nociceptors frequently are related to the perception of pain are evoked when the pressure and temperature are at a level considered extreme that can cause injuries to tissues and secondly by toxic molecule and inflammatory mediators. In most instances, these injuries concentrate on one section of the skin, blocking the flow of blood. Heat or cold assists in subsecond somatopic withdrawal response the two act as stimuli to depolarize outer terminals resulting in the production of the receptor ...

Services that the center should provide:

The center will provide mainly outpatient services including diagnosis and treatment. The location of the facility informs this decision. The facility is located in a mall. There are a number of advantages towards having the facility located in the mall. The biggest of these reasons is that a mall is convenient to its users. The design of malls ensures that a user can access multiple services under the same roof. It is therefore advantageous for the hospital facility to be located within the mall. Customers visiting the mall can access health services easily. However, the convenience of the mall ...

The case is based on acute right quadrant abdominal pain of Mrs. DC who comes to the emergency department. She states that the pain occurred after dinner and has steadily increased. She complains that the pain has increased substantially which has moved towards her back. She also reports to feel bloated and gassy (Yarmish, et al. 2014). The cause of upper right quadrant pain can be due to varied reasons which is based on the general conditions, age, and sex of the patient (Mazzei, et al. 2013). The medical history and physical examination of the patient would help in ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

A 71-year old patient was admitted to the hospital. The patient had a history of type-2 diabetes, peripheral vascular insufficiency, and severe kind of chronic kidney disease (i.e. Stage 5) that was occurred due to diabetic nephropathy. In the past 10 months, the patient underwent the process of hemodialysis 3 times per week for 3 hours and 30 minutes every time. The patient was increasingly showing forgetfulness in the past year. In the past 2 weeks, the patient also started showing confusion and having visual hallucinations, and the symptoms of the patient become more persistent in ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Hypernatremia and hyponatremia Hypernatremia and hyponatremia are among the most common electrolyte disorders in older people. Hypernatremia is caused by an increase in the concentration of the sodium in extracellular serum to more than 145 mEq per L. On the other hand, hyponatremia is caused by a decrease in the concentration of sodium in body, i.e. less than 135 mEq per L. Hyponatremia can be acute or chronic (Buttaro, 2013). Both hypernatremia and hyponatremia are commonly found clinical problems in critically ill patients. They are often asymptomatic, but in some patients their symptoms appear that can ...

Application– Chronic Kidney Disease

(Author, Department, University,

Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease is related to a decrease in kidney function or damage to the kidney function for a minimum of 3 months. Actually, it is an ongoing process in which nephrons’ functioning decrease, glomeruli are destroyed, and glomerular stress is increased as a result of more work by surviving glomeruli to increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR); thereby, resulting in predictable steady decline of the function of kidneys (Buttaro, 2013). Chronic kidney disease is usually difficult to detect or grasp, and symptoms may not appear with a GFR more than 35%. However, when ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Question 1: Pathophysiology of Mr. Jensen’s post-operative hypovolemia

Hypovolemia is a surgical condition that indicates the rapid fluid loss that may result in organ failures. The outcomes of the hypovolemia are mostly due to insufficient circulating volume or scarce perfusion. Often hypovolemia is secondary to hemorrhage the reason of which includes severe internal or external blood loss and GI, thoracic and abdominal bleeding maladies (Devitt, 2001). Hypovolemia involves significant fluid loss other than blood that can be further accompanied by refractory gastroenteritis and widespread burns. Hypovolemia may develop in post-surgical incidence, bone fracture, due to ...

The case study presented here demonstrates a clear diagnosis of Benign Prostratic Hypertrophy or BPH.

Pathophysiology: The disease condition known as benign hypertrophy of the prostate usually develops initially in the transition zone of the periurethral region of prostate. This zone usually consists of separate lobules of tissues lying external to the sphincter. Majority of ducts of the transitional zone of urethra lie on the lateral part of urethral wall. It is important to note that it is the point of urethral angulation near verumontanum. Near the origin of this transition zone, there are glands of periurethral region. These are usually confined in the preprostatic opening. According to a renowned researcher, majority of the ...

Abstract

Heart failure (2.6% prevalent worldwide) is a complex clinical syndrome, resulting from a structural or functional cardiac disorder and impairing ventricular filling or ejection capability. The current case of a 59-year-old male patient admitted on August 18, 2016 due to worsening shortness of breath and bilateral left extremity edema (one week) involved an existing diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Physical and clinical profiles indicate a comorbidity between heart failure (HF) and DM2. Laboratory and imaging findings were not indicated, while diagnosis was based on the NYHA Classification guidelines. A review of literature revealed three crucial weaknesses in the diagnosis. ...

Problem statement for research purpose: Hypertension can be a cause as well as a consequence of chronic kidney disease (CRD). A number of clinical studies have identified the harmful effects of uncontrolled hypertension on the kidney function (Kokubo, 2012; Berlowitz, 2016)). According to NIH statistics, 23.3% individuals without CKD had hypertension in a representative sample. On the other hand, 35.8% of individuals in stage 1, 48.1% in stage 2, 59.9% of stage 3 and 84.1% in stage 4-5 CKD had hypertension (National Institutes of Health, 2010). In stage 4 CKD, the glomerular filtration is the lowest at <15 ...

Multiple choice questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased erythropoietin production Increased heart rate Increased cardiac output Enhancement in oxygen extraction The answer for this question is b. increased heart rate. A reduction in tissue oxygenation as happens in anemia stimulates increased production of erythropoietin through a complex feedback mechanism. Increased production of erythropoietin enhances erythropoiesis in anemia. Increased extraction of oxygen in anemia is a compensatory mechanism that is mediated by an increase in 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations. Increased cardiac output is the main hemodynamic compensatory mechanism in anemia that aims to increase blood flow to the body organs. An increase in heart rate ...

Abstract

Medical personnel working in the emergency department encounter many cases of patients suffering from life threatening conditions. It is important, therefore, that the healthcare provider determines the exact extent of the injuries before the patient is committed to specialized treatment. In this case, a patient presents to the emergency department with a life threatening condition, renal failure. Assessing the vital signs of the patient is critical in ensuring survival, in addition to reducing or mitigating the extent of the injuries. The assessment was achieved via a primary survey of the patient, which involved assessing the airway patency, breathing and ...

Introduction

In recent decades, trends in diets tailored to promote weight loss have resulted in a significant increase in the intake of protein, particular in people with overweight and obesity issues. Accordingly, researchers have questioned the benefits or risks linked to the habitual consumption of “dietary protein in excess of recommended intakes” (Martin et al., 2005). In general, the primary concern has involved the possibility that diets rich in protein may increase hyperfiltration and, hence, exacerbate renal damage. Nevertheless, the potential link between protein-rich diets and renal damage has also been questioned due to an absence of adequate clinical evidence. ...

Abstract

Robotic- assisted surgery has revolutionized the surgical practice since its inception and allows surgeons to use minimally invasive techniques in cardiac, urology, and general surgeries. Robotic surgery is quickly becoming an alternative to standard laparoscopic approaches to surgery and especially in the area of urology. Even though the use of robotic- assisted surgery is more advantageous than conventional methods, its use is hinged on the surgical teams training and experiences with it. The study examines the frequency of use of the technique among various surgical teams and their response to its effectiveness. The research design of the study begins ...

As athletes, physicians, sports professionals, and the general public continue to search for the most effective diet for nutrition and physical development, high protein diets have emerged as a viable alternative for many people. However, there are disagreements about how to define a “high protein diet” (Tipton). Touted for many years, the Atkins Diet initially allows no calories from carbohydrates and moves into a maintenance regimen of only meat and vegetables (Westman, Phinney and Volek). The Paleo Diet has emerged as a similar recommendation of organ meats, fruits, vegetables, and nuts while excluding grains, sugar, dairy, and legumes (Tarantino, ...

Why does she have bacteria and white blood cell casts in her urine?

In this case, Ms, Cornwall has focal bacterial infection of her calyces, medulla and renal pelvis. The presence of these bacterial and their invasion within the mentioned parts causes a body response to defend against the invasion. This occurs though a trigger of the inflammatory mediators and other body defense mechanism in this case the white blood cells. With the white blood cells now dominating the region of infection, there occurs a systematic abscess formation and necrosis within the medulla (Alexander et al., 2012). At this point, the next step that could occur is the scar tissue formation which ...

Stone Formation in the Kidney/ Role of Citrate in the Kidneys

Kidney stones are calcified or solidified molecules taking place in the upper urinary tract and the kidney. Kidney stones are usually composed of calcium as oxalate, phosphate, or carbonate. Stone formation in the kidney happens when the amount of mineral salts in the urine becomes saturated, during which the mineral will automatically crystallize (Rao et al., 2011). Stone formation is further facilitated by increasing amount of calcium in urine and dehydration. High levels of calcium in urine can indicate kidney disorder, prolonged incapacitation, hyperthyroidism or overactive thyroid, excessive intake of milk or aluminum and vitamin D. Stone formation in ...

Should Junk Food Be Sold In Public Schools

Issue: Some public schools say that sugar and salt have no significant effect to our health, and keep selling junk food. Research institutes say that sugar and salt lead to higher chances of obesity and other health problems. Thesis: We will argue that public schools should stop selling junk food; the results will be serious health problems for students in these schools. If junk food keeps being sold in public schools (s), then serious health problems are bound to arise. (o). s → o

If serious health problems arise (o), then fewer children will come to school (m).

If junk food is still sold in public schools (s), then fewer children will come to ...

Questions

1) Assess laboratory parameters and determine how this impacts care of the patient. Please describe 1 example . Every morning when I visit the patients in a routine roundup, I review their records of laboratory parameters that include liver function and renal function. This review enables me to determine that the parameters are below normal. Therefore, I immediately make recommendations for the patients based on this information. For example, I saw a patient with INR of 1.6 taking 3mg. of Warfarin. I recommended increasing the dose of Warfarin to reach the therapeutic level of 2-3.

For now, I meet the ...

Absorption

Absorption is the process through which biomolecules traverse through the GI tract into the circulatory system. Digested food gets absorbed in the small intestinal lumen through four processes, which include active transport, passive transport, endocytosis and facilitative diffusion. The efficiency of absorption of nutrients may be attributed to the large surface area lined up with hair like projections and microvilli cells .

Excretory System

Excretion is the mechanism through which waste products and eliminated from the body and osmotic pressure and homeostasis is achieved in the body . The process of excretion in the body takes place in three stages: filtration, reabsorption and ...

The case study discussed the case of a 52-year-old female of normal height and obese in weight. She had come with a medical history of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension, acute renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and patent ductus arteriosus (Case Study 2, n.d). She also had a family history of the problems she was suffering with. Ideally, she should have been on the transplant list but due to lack of social support, she was denied getting on the list. The proper course of treatment was taking her step by step as the first step was to ...

Kacew and Lu (2013) included three chapters in their book, Lu's Basic Toxicology, that discuss toxicology of the eye, skin, and kidney. After reading the chapters, three premises became clear. First, the anatomy of the eye is well understood and the effects of toxicants are capable of diagnosis. Toxicity of the eye can be caused by chemical, drugs, or diseases. Healing may be prolonged and scarring may result. Of particular interest is the concept of developing a toxicity index for drugs, as the reactions of the anatomy of the eye is not well documented for all medications and chemicals. ...

WGU

A. Table of Contents Professional Resume – presents my clinical knowledge, skills, experience, and philosophy to potential employers Executive Summary – provides an overview of the contents of the portfolio Professional Reference Questionnaire – presents the objective and subjective evaluation of my key behaviors and clinical performance by one of my professional references Importance of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) – discusses the need to develop knowledge and skills in quality leadership in order to improve the quality and safety of patient care and promote holistic, patient-centered care

Copy of IHI certificate of completion – serves to validate my completion of the IHI Organizational Systems and Quality Leadership course

Evidence-based Practice – summarizes an evidence-based research project on hand hygiene Applied Leadership – summarizes my ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Urinary System

Kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system that filter around 200 liters of blood and purify it through excreting excessive water, toxins, electrolytes and metabolic wastes that assist in maintaining body’s fluid equilibrium. The other components of the urinary system are ureters, urethra and urinary bladder (Marieb & Hoehn, 2003). The urinary system can be differentiated into main four parts, kidney, bladder, ureters, and urethra. Kidneys are secured by the tri-layered arrangement that includes an outer renal fascia composed of fibrous connective tissues, a middle ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Diuretics targets to lower sodium and water reabsorption that may lead to enhanced water excretion. The main aim of diuretics is to reduce the fluid volume inside the body and maintain the electrolyte and water equilibrium. These agents are used for managing the pathological conditions including hypertension and edema such as cardiac congestion failure, liver and kidney problems, and glaucoma. It also helps in processing and regulating the blood pressure by eliminating the excessive salt from the body which slows down the cardiac muscles to impel the ...

I. General pathology information

A. Other Names

1. Urinary tract infection 2. Inflammatory disease of the kidney

B. Causes

1. Vesicoureteral reflux 2. Altered bladder function 3. Congenital urinary tract anomalies 4. Renal calculi C. Incidence rates 1. In females, annual rates for outpatient treatment are 12-13 cases per 10,000. 2. In females, annual rates for inpatient treatments are 3-4 cases per 10,000. 3. Among males, outpatient annual rates are 2-3 cases per 10,000. 4. Among males, inpatient annual rates are 1-2 cases per 10,000. 5. Incidences are highest among young women, followed by infants and the elderly. D. Signs ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]} {Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]} Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most widespread problem, especially among women. It is observed the second most common incidence in primary and secondary care that requires antibiotic treatment (Shah & Goundrey-Smith, 2013). The UTI incidences are high among women and around 50% women face it once in their lifetime. The statistics suggest that women are more prone to UTIs in comparison to men and data shows that 7-8% women between the age of 60-80 and around 20% women above the age of 80 years are more susceptible ( ...

Organ transplantation makes the duration of life much higher and improves the whole state of health of many people with renal, cardiac or hepatic impairment. Although the one way of treatment of people who have renal insufficiency is dialysis, the best way for such patients is to transplant somebody’s organ. With the insufficiency of the liver, heart and / or lungs transplantation is the only solution. Nowadays this kind of surgeries can be made almost in any country of the world. Some other organs, such as pancreas, small intestine also may be transplanted. Also the surgeon may transplant ...

The urinary tract is also called the urinary system, consisting of the kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra (Amerman, 2016). The urinary system main function is to preserve homeostasis through water and electrolytes conservation and also excrete toxins from the body (Amerman, 2016). The kidneys filter blood and balance fluids in the body; the ureters are channels through which urine travels to the bladder. Urine is stored in the bladder before it is passed out of the body through the urethra (Amerman, 2016). The urinary system can be attacked by infections causing blockage, damage, and injuries to the tissues impeding ...

<Institution> Based on the 2013 Annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which was conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), there were approximately 24 million Americans (ages 12 and up) who used illicit drugs a month before the survey was conducted (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2015). From this figure, 1.5 Americans used cocaine (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2015). Knowing that many people continue to use prohibited drugs despite the fact that it is associated with many adverse effects, I became interested on this area, specifically on understanding what could help ...

Health abnormlities of several kind require a thorough assessment in terms of management. With the technical advancements, medical field had evolved to simplify the complex assesssment tasks. For instance, medical imaging has come up to make feasible the analyis of body parts through the production of images. There is a need to know much about this particualr area. In such context, the present description deals with a topic Magentic Resonance Angiography (MRA) of the remal artery with a special emphasis on the 3D gradient echo sequencing in MRI. Briefly, magnetic resoannce angiography constitutes a kind of MRI (magnetic resonance ...

Rhabdomyolysis

Introduction In normal conditions, muscles grow when certain activities cause the muscle fibers to become damaged and then subsequently regrown and developed through a series of cellular process. This activity occurs during the body is at rest. In other words, the continuous breakdown is normal for growing muscles as it allows them to become bigger through the introduction of myrofibrils, or muscle fibers. However, there is a condition when the muscle fibers break down rapidly due to a number of reasons, and then they do not regrow at a corresponding rate. This condition is known in medical circles as ...

Chronic obstruction pulmonary disorders and treatment options

Chronic Obstruction Disorder disease (COPD) is one the most prevalent cause of morbidity across the globe. It is a curable and partially reversible problem which is manifested by an obstruction in air flow and impaired health status. The patients who have frequent attacks of COPD have worst condition along with acute episodes of symptom exacerbation. The objective of the treatment is to avoid the symptoms through controlling it by including the lung functioning and health status. COPD is linked with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious gases or particles. Patients below the age of 35 are at ...

Introduction

At an old age, multiple medical medicals are almost unavoidable. The wellness of the body reduces and several elements may contribute to the ill condition of the individual. The elderly need special care with proper medical interventions. Geriatrics is a specialty aiming at resolving medical issues for old people. It is significant in promoting prevention as well as treatment of diseases in older adults. The medical wellness for the elderly is affected by some factors. One of the most sensitive factors influencing the participation of older individuals in medication regimen is the irresponsiveness of the body to the drugs. ...

Absrtact

The paper presents the definition, risk factors, and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. The people with hyperlipidemia, family history of diabetes, and higher body mass index are in the high risk group. The common complications of type 2 diabetes are neurologic, ophthalmologic, foot ulcer or amputation, renal hypertension, coronary artery and chronic kidneay diseases. The results of the numerous trials, cases, and researches are presented. The modern understanding of anti-diabetes therapy includes pharmacological treatment, correction of the diet (calories restriction and adequate sodium intake), minimization of sedentary ...