Essays on Retirement Age

The article "Despite Recession, High Demand for Skilled Labor" by Louis Uchitelle highlights the need for skilled labor despite the soaring unemployment rate. The unemployment rate has risen to 9.4 percent, the highest in 30 years (Uchitelle np). This increase is mainly due to a recession. Interestingly tough employers are looking for qualified workers even during the hard times according to the government's standard employment data. These jobs take years of experience to attain the required skills. For instance, it is tough to find an experienced person in welding. It takes a minimum of ten years to produce a ...

It is worrying when one is not sure about the retirement and how he or she would be earning the day to day living especially when it comes to medical costs. It is evident that the more one gets old, the less vibrant when it comes to earning a livelihood. I would like to invest in trust funds in various companies with offshore businesses and others with interests in the country. I believe that they will continue generating income for me during my working time and way past my retirement age. The stock market is a risky venture when ...

Introduction

People always say to themselves that the time has not yet come to save and enjoy life it is necessary at the moment. Having reached retirement age they understand that they were too careless. One of the main reasons for careless attitude to the pension savings is debt. A large number of Americans with great difficulty paying residential mortgages repay payments on credit cards. Some people in the US have at least one of these three types of debt retirement. Today, tens of thousands of Americans living in the country, whose age has long passed for 90 years and ...

Introduction

The area under study in this paper is the region of Greater Brisbane. The capital city of Brisbane is the third most populous city in Australia, and has recently launched a detailed Infrastructure Plan towards 2031 to improve the city and to plan for projections of increased future population and changes in the age demographic of Greater Brisbane. Data from the recent Australian Census is not yet publically available, so data in this paper is based on the latest available figures, which in some cases are derived from the previous census in 2011, and in other cases are government ...

Introduction

It is important to acknowledge that the type of a retirement account one selects has a significant impact on their savings and other family investments. This is the reason many economists and sociologists places a major emphasis on the need to understand the difference that exists between IRA’s, 401(k)’s , Traditional IRA and Roth IRA. The understanding of these retirements accounts greatly influences an individual’s capacity to select the best account (Reichenstein, Stephen, and William, 73). Apart from understanding the differences between the retirement accounts mentioned, it is also crucial for individuals to have knowledge concerning ...

Ageing of the general population including a greater proportion of the labor force is a global phenomenon (Kulik et al. 930). Due to the magnitude of the phenomenon, employers as well as the employees should be concerned with matters retirement. This is despite the fact that there has been a notable improvement of life expectancy both at birth and at the age of sixty years. However, this observation may differ worldwide with regard to development. Along with the ageing phenomenon, the retirement of the “baby boom generation” has affected the global labor market. Therefore, the significant increase in longevity ...

Today’s ageing Workforce and Labor Shortages

Canada is witnessing a change in its work force – the percentage of workers aged above 45 has changed from 27% in 1993 to 40% in 2010; a phenomenon that is compelling the experts to re - examine the common beliefs about an aged work force. The Canadian demography is heading towards an increase in senior population with its baby boomers – those born between 1946 and 1965(Parkinson, McFarland & McKenna, 2015), reaching retirement age. Parkinson et al, (2015) predict serious implications on the Canadian economy, Government policies and the well being of Citizens unless significant adjustments are made to address ...

Abstract

The paper explores the research on the global pilot shortage in aviation, in relation to human resource management on the sector and airport industries affairs as the area of concern. Consequently, it also evaluates how the industry safety is compromised, resulting in few airlines benefiting commercially (Jehn, 2009). Also, it points out the distinct sectors of the airline industry as major carriers and regional affiliates in regard to their individual efficiency on pilot’s employment.

Background Introduction

The impact of shortage in trained pilots and efforts to keep the cockpits staffed to meet the passenger demands for flights is discussed in ...

Tax planning for retirees is no different than the non-retiree tax payers. Rather, the tax planning activity of the retirees is more cumbersome because of they often receive their income from social security benefits, pension funds, annuities and other investment plans, which tend to make payout to the insured person once they reach their retirement age. Therefore, it is important that the rather than waiting for the retirement age, the retirees should plan their tax payouts beforehand so that they can save money on taxes and help them protect their retirement income stream. Henceforth, an individual must understand the ...

The current shortage in the number of registered nurses in the US is expected to increase to more than 500 000 registered nurses by the year 2025 (MacKusick & Minick, 2010). The current nurse turnover rate in the United States, on the other hand, is 16.5%. This rate is also projected to rise over the next decade (Mazurenko, Gupte, & Shan, 2012). High rate of nurse turnover is one of the factors contributing to the nursing shortage in the US. It is estimated that 30%-50% of all new registered nurses change their positions or choose to leave the profession completely ...

Executive Summary

Financial planning is both a science and an art. To properly determine the viable asset allocation for each individual, their time horizon and life goals are given prime consideration. In this case, the near retirement couple would be suitable for investments that provide a fixed return. Since they expect to derive income from their retirement fund, it should likewise be able to create a positive fixed income stream. Meanwhile, the risk level of their fund should be at the low end. The couple does not have the chance to recover losses if any, as compared to when they were ...

Policy supports to Alexandra Hospital

Singapore is a country that advocates for equal opportunity for all. There are people of diverse cultures and races in the country. The state supports for non-discrimination of persons based on religion, gender, age or race. To encourage the participation of the elderly in the workforce, the country's legislature passed the Retirement Age Act in 1999. This law led to the raise of the retirement age from 60 to 62 years. In 2006, the Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices got established to promote non-discriminatory employment practices. Another aim of the coalition was to change mindsets among employees, employers ...

The nursing profession is grappling with many issues with hinder its efficiency. Thus, the issue that I will be investigating in this paper is the nursing staffing issue. To successfully accomplish this goal, I was able to use to use the chamberlain library to locate my database, which was very simple to use. The title of the source is National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI®) and its location is http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume62001/No1Jan01/ShortageProblemAnswers.html. The source was published by American Nurses Association (ANA). The national database of nursing quality indicator NDNQI is the one and the only database collecting data in all ...

Marketing and consumption decisions

Introduction Marketing entails the process through which groups and individuals obtain what they want and need by exchanging and creating products and value with others (Same, 2012). Thus, marketing is the process of delivering customer satisfaction at a profit. The objective of marketing is to satisfy the needs and wants of a customer better than the competitor. There are a variety of activities that are involved in marketing. These activities include identifying the needs of the customers, designing of the product, promotion of the products or services benefits with the aim of motivating purchase, pricing and ensuring they are ...

Introduction

The advance care planning is a route paper where the elder people establish an action plan at the moment when they do not have the capacity to take a decision by themselves or their life is in danger, and they are physically unable to decide. The advanced care planning in not only a medical and nursing issue, but a legal issue where the elder gives the instructions of his life at the moment when they cannot make decisions. The testament is the last part of the advance care planning, but previous to that, there are medical procedures and instructions ...

Introduction

Home Health Plus is a new service based company. Till date the service offerings available in the retired and old age service market are limited. There are very few healthcare providers offering quality services, and there are very few products catering to the needs of the retired people. Home Health Plus plans to offer some unique products in this market. Currently, the services available for old age people are mainly provided if a person stays in an old age home or community.

Services like light housekeeping, laundry services, preparation of meals and snacks are offered at reasonable price only at old ...

This paper explores the philosophical basics of various economic systems and the manner in which the specific economy systems relate to social justice through examination of vast income support policies. Firstly, social justice refers to the manner in which basic human rights are revealed and upheld for the purpose of a peaceable living. This paper therefore explores two income support policies which are the social security and the temporary assistance for needy families.

Social security refers to an economic support program that utilizes public funds to cater for the public’s economic security. The social security program works in a manner ...

(Institution Name) Social security benefits are amongst the most powerful motivators for people to work. When people are in service, they are not unaware of the fact that at their old age they will no longer be able to put food on their family’s table. Many people do not have the advantage of their children being able to help them with livelihood after their retirement even fewer people have anything left in them to work after the age of 60. This accounts to be the reason why people prefer retiring at 62 years of age when their ...

The probability of Social Security’s ability to continue distributing full benefits to retirees is low, according to the forecasts of most economic and financial experts. The forecasts predicting Social Security’s insolvency stem from the manner in which the Federal government funds the program. Currently Social Security is funded through employee tax payments under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act or FICA (Martoccio, 2011). The benefit payments the government distributes to existing retirees comes from the current contributions of existing workers (Martoccio, 2011). In other words, the funding for the amount of outgoing payments is dependent on the amount ...

Social security is America’s largest retirement asset. For any American worker, social security is included in their retirement plan. Social security beneficiaries fall into three categories. They receive either retirement benefits, survivor benefits or disability benefits. (Walker, 2013) The one relating to retirement benefits are the monetary benefits received by retired workers on account of the payments that they have made in the social security system while they have been employed. (Social Security benefits) The eligibility of obtaining such social security benefits is when one has worked in covered employment for 40 quarters. Only then one receives retirement ...

Social security and social insurance are important facets of governance of any country. A progressive social security and insurance system helps the government to reduce the risk of economic distress as the citizens have sufficient emergency funds. This paper will adeptly discuss the social security and insurance system of Switzerland and analyze its expenditure, population, health coverage, and reforms. Switzerland is one of the most progressive countries in the world. The World Economic Forum ranked the Switzerland as the most competitive economy in the world from 2008-2014 beating all other progressive economies such as the United States, Singapore ...

Social Security

Dear Mr. President, Social security program is the backbone of the American society. The current shortfalls in the fund will adversely affect many people in the coming years. Therefore, it is imperative that a long-term solution be found to solve this problem once and for all. The social security fund depends on payroll taxes paid by both workers and employers and the retirement age. Hence, the fiscal problems can only be solved by adjusting three key measures: payroll taxes, pension payouts, and retirement age. Firstly, the government can increase the payroll tax. Currently, workers pay 6.2% of their ...

Introduction

The US Social Security Program provides a protecting benefit to American employees and their families for retirements, early death, and disability. When we discuss the US Social Security program, it is the largest program launched by the government in the world with the single most expenditure of US$ 612 billion of the 2008 federal budget of US$ 2.9 trillion. When the Social Security plan was launched in 1935, the contributions of 17 workers paid for the benefit of one individual who retired. This estimated ratio is expected to rise to 2.1 workers in 2030. Over 40 million baby boomers will ...

Introduction

Many people have no idea of what they expect to achieve after retirement when asked about their retirement plans. The government’s policies about retirement do not cater for the well-being of retirees creating a lot of worry for the life after employment. The increasing number of employees demanding cover by government pension programs and the current decline in the retirement income levels contributes to the change of the American pension landscape (Heiland and Li, 2012). The United States of America developed labor laws during the time when the country’s economy was independent and self-contained. The main aim of ...

(i) Advise a couple setting up a retail business what advantages and disadvantages they may encounter with an unincorporated business structure and explain the consequences of incorporating their business. The couple setting up a retail business is free to start any form of business according to the investment they propose to make. Investment depends on the size of the business proposed. Again they have to decide whether the capital they have will be sufficient for the type and size of the business proposed. A business structure is advantageous or disadvantageous according to the size of the business proposed. The owners of the ...

Introduction

I agree that the case study propagates unwarranted myths and buzzword by minimizing firms for such reasons as neglecting to have a retirement age for chiefs and neglecting to discrete the administrator and CEO roles. They guarantee that the defeat of numerous organizations has developed about as of the lack of monetary mastery on the board. Different purposes behind poor appraisals are neglecting to oblige that chiefs and executives have a legal set measure of value possessions. The earlier history of administration on sheets of firms enduring the monetary pain; disappointment to have a formal retirement age, board size, and implicit rules. ...

California Lutheran University

Rayan Azhari Chapter I

Introduction

Succession planning is the process of identifying, recruiting, and training employees of an organization in order to equip them with skills necessary for enabling them to take up future top management positions. It entails training and evaluation processes to ensure that the respective employees are capable of effectively and efficiently handling all the management and leadership issues, they may face in the course of duty. Succession planning is an important part of everyday organization activities and, as a result, all organizations whether small; medium sized or even large must prepare for future succession possibilities. ...

Marketing Management

I. Introduction Market research is defined as the systematic and objective identification, collectiom, analysis, dissemination and use of information to improve the decision making process for identification and solutions to problems and opportunities in marketing . The techniques of marketing research shall be used in the current business scenario so as to prepare a business research plan to address the issues faced by Pincess Cruise Lines. The market research for Princess Cruise Lines involves two steps: 1) Identification of the marketing problem and 2) Solving the problems. Princess Cruise Lines has observed that the average age of the guests ...

Chapter I

Introduction Succession planning is the process of identifying, recruiting, and training employees of an organization in order to equip them with skills necessary for enabling them to take up future top management positions. It entails training and evaluation processes to ensure that the respective employees are capable of effectively and efficiently handling all the management and leadership issues, they may face in the course of duty. Succession planning is an important part of everyday organization activities and, as a result, all organizations whether small; medium sized or even large must prepare for future succession possibilities. Effective succession planning ...

For your assigned country collect the following Data/other information:

- Social Security Expenditures: A historical perspective and a graph for it. The first laws regarding social welfare in Poland were passed in the 18th century that gave each citizen the right to social security. In the late 1980s, the country spent almost 20% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on welfare. After the fall of communism in 1990 and the transition of the People’s Republic of Poland to the current Third Polish Republic, the social security spending in Poland rose. This led to the growth of the welfare state because of large public expectations on social need. ...

1.Social Security Expenditures: A historic viewpoint. Throughout the 1980s, the social security expenditure in Greece dates back to the historic times. The welfare system in Greece has integrated vital legislative laws and acts. After the democracy reestablishment in the year 1974, objectives related social security issues have a new definition, and new policies are present with the aim of expanding social security insurance coverage. This coverage has tried to balance resource reallocations and region inequalities in relation to low income and lower classes. The main objective of the balance is clear in the Greece legislative acts. From the year ...

Introduction

Since the second decade of the 20th century, Italy has provided its citizens with a comprehensive social security program that helps to provide needed health care benefits and funding to individuals that are too old or too disabled to remain in the workforce. Italy’s social security system shares a many similarities with other European nations, particularly with nations that are members of the European Union. As a result, an examination of Italy’s social security program would likely provide valuable insights that could be somewhat applicable to the systems in other European nations. The following pages will outline a comprehensive analysis of ...

Introduction

The concept of the welfare state has enlarged the arena of the responsibilities of the government. It is the duty of the state to cater to the problems and difficulties of its citizens. Special care has to be taken for the low income group, the disabled, the aged and the children. The onus of providing means of earning for every able bodied citizen lies on the state. In the failure of which, the state should provide allowances for those who are involuntarily unemployed. The ways and means through which the state ensures the well being of its citizens, especially ...

Social Security and Social Insurance Research of Chile

This study is dedicated to overview of the social security and social insurance system of Chile. This country performed transition to personal accounts system and social security privatization over 30 years ago. Many researches consider this reform as a big success, because it made the country economy stronger, financial system healthier and provided more protection to the taxpayers. But there’re also some serious issues in the social security system. - Social Security Expenditures: A historical perspective and a graph for it. Chile was one of the pioneer countries in the Western hemisphere that introduced state social security coverage. ...

Introduction and History

United States federal government spending on Social Security is greater than any other programs. Social Security program was founded in the year 1935, this program has consisted of two different parts; the OASI (Old-Age and Survivors Insurance) that pays to the retired workers and to their survivors and dependents, and the DI (Disability Insurance) that makes payments to the disabled workers who are years away from reaching their full retirement age and to any of their dependents. To accumulate the numbers, at present more than 57 million are currently receive these Social Security benefits in the United States (Meyerson & ...

History of Social Security in America

The earliest social security groupings in the United States were fraternal organizations. They include the Freemasons who arrived in America n the 1730, the Odd of 1819, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of 1868 and the Loyal Order of 1888. At the time of arrival of the colonialists, new customs and ideas were brought to America. America became more complex, mobile and diverse. The local systems labelled as poor relief were stretched beyond their limit. This resulted in limited movement towards state financing and advancement of poorhouses and almshouses to deal with the problem. Thomas Paine ...

Introduction

In the article “Blue-Collar Boomers Take Work Ethic to College”, Sander Libby talks about how people that are older that were born in the 1940’s, would not retire until an old age. In addition, she estimates that in 2014, 41 percent of adults aged 55 or older will still be working. This does not necessarily imply that the government would raise the retirement age to above 55 years, but because retiring employee would choose to remain in employment to continue being self-reliant as well as socially and economically active. Thus, people are not able to retire until the ...

[Supervisor]

Abstract

The main reason behind the increase in the median age of the global population is a reduction in fertility and two decade increase in the average life span in the 20th century. These factors together with increased fertility in several nations throughout the 20 years post World War II will lead to elevated number of citizens aged >= 65 years throughout 2010 to 2030. The rising number of older adults results in an increase in demands on the public health system as well as on the social and medical services. One of the diseases affecting older adults is chronic disease ...

Introduction

France has a broad social security system, which covers injuries at work, healthcare, old age pensions, death benefits and unemployment insurance. The scheme, which was introduced in 1945 was projected to cover the whole population. In the EU, France has been ranked top among other countries in its expenditure on welfare. France spends about E200 billion every year on social security, which is higher than what the country produces. Employee contributions are made by the employee themselves while employers also pay a certain percentage for their employees. However, for the self employed, they pay their contributions in full. The French social ...

Social security pertains to social protection programs created by the government to provide individuals with a degree of income security, especially when faced with contingencies related to unemployment, old age, incapacity, disability, survivorship, child rearing, as well as to offer access to either preventive or curative medical care (ISSA, 2013). The International Social Security Association or ISSA defined social security to include social insurance programs, social assistance programs, universal programs, mutual schemes, national provident funds, and other arrangements that is defined and form part of the social security system of a country . Most countries today have adopted some type of social ...

Social Security Expenditures: A historical perspective

Social security is a collection of public programs that are aimed at maintaining, protecting, and raising basic livelihood for citizens in a given country. Canada is one of the countries in the globe that employed social security after World War one with the aim of protecting individual’s and family’s income inadequacy that was extremely influenced by high levels of illnesses, accidents, pregnancies, disabilities, deaths, absence of breadwinners, unemployment, retirement among other factors. The main impact on the imposition of social security in Canada was the British North America Act of 1971. The main impact of the World War ...

Introduction4

Social Security Expenditures: A Historical Perspective5 Social Security Payment System.7 Dependency Ratio..8 Income Distribution among the Aged Population..9

Structure of Social Security Tax, Employers & Employees Contribution.9

Structure of Social Security Benefits10 Retirement Age and Benefits11 Conclusion11 List of Figures and Tables Dependency Ratio in Germany over time13 Introduction Germany is a federal state. Federalism entails assigning tasks to those layers of the government which are best fit to solve them. For example, issues of local nature are decentralised to the local level, where relevant information is most likely to be available and local preferences can be voiced. Municipalities are ...

Discrimination on the basis of age is termed as ageism. Ageism has been prevalent for a long time in the western society as well as other societies; elderly are commonly being perceived as people of low value (Bowling, 2007). They are also considered to be a significant economic burden to the society; and is often perceived that any medical treatment would not bring much benefits to the elderly individual; and will be of a shorter duration; and that they have already had a ‘fair innings’ in life (Bowling, 2007). The family, friends, care givers, society, and the policy makers need to become ...

Introduction

The United States is a leading figure in the industrialized world. Its prowess in industrial works – dating back from the time of the industrial revolution, has fostered the growth of several relevant industries, including construction. The construction industry, as with all other industrial endeavors, is one that is physically demanding – there is no such exception in the case of the US. People under said industry – from construction workers up to the higher figures in the hierarchy, toil on designated working days to build structures that are of the highest possible quality. The essence of their hard work lies on the ...

- . The Institute of Internal Auditors""? (IIA""?s) Code of Ethics and International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) [Chapter 2] One of the fundamental roles of internal auditing is to ensure that ethical behavior is promoted among the internal auditors. The ethics outline the principles and expectations that an internal auditor should possess while conducting internal auditing to improve the effectiveness of risk management. Ethics explain the principles that an internal auditor should follow while carrying out auditing. It also outlines the qualities that an internal auditor should possess. The standards put in ...

Executive summary

This article describes how the National Trade Union Congress 5 Pillars approach addresses critical contemporary issues affecting Singapore employment industry. Singapore caries the indignity of high unemployment and high poverty levels among several residents. These issues challenged the government to come up with a long lasting solution that would regain public confidence. NTUC emerged with an aim of rescuing Singapore from issues related to job market.

With support from NTUC, the government addressed these issues in a way that it assures the population of persistent development and economic stability. In order to support Singapore in industrial development, NTUC launched five pillars ...

The following paper talks in length about the US National Debt and how the entitlements play an important role in the current crises. The effects of the debt on these entitlement programs and the borrowing of foreign money in order to sustain are discussed in the paper.

Money is borrowed by the federal government by issues debts wherein marketable securities from the treasury notes, bonds, treasury bills etc. are sold to other federal government agencies, businesses, individuals as well as businesses, people and government from other countries. When the money is returned back, an interest is paid for using ...

When is preference okay?

When we study Human Resource management in detail we realize that it is a science in itself, which involves an in-depth study of business dynamics; and, is responsible for careful selection, assessment and matching of requirements with the available resources. In many ways the Human resources department works in maintaining ethical standards while assuring that the profits of the business are enhanced by its careful selection of its workforce. When on the topic of selection the important thing that helps set the selection standards is Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Standards (BFOQ). As per the United States law, these standards ...

Integration model: used to provide seamless and effective healthcare for the elderly population in Singapore

Currently Singapore has no model in place that it uses for providing seamless healthcare for the elderly. This paper therefore suggests for the introduction of integration model in Singapore to be used to provide seamless healthcare for its ageing population. The reason why this model is highly recommended in Singapore is because if primarily focuses on geriatric care and as a trained geriatric nurse it is my passion to see that medical care and treatment of old people is done in the best way. The current system being used for geriatric care in Singapore is in service for the elderly. ...

The Social Security Program in the US was structured based on changing economic and social conditions as well as long standing traditions. For instance, obligations to help the needy became a necessity when efforts from friends and family were not sufficient from the earliest colonial times. As the society became more organized, measures were developed to offer allowances to specific categories of people. Soon, both the Federal and State governments due to the need to recognize risks that face employees in the industrialized economy implemented a social insurance approach to public welfare (Crawford, and Rigoli 110). Retirement programs for civil employees ...

Abstract

Retirement could be one of the best decisions of life or even could be worst, depending upon a person’s attitude towards it. As this paper presents studies about this decision of life along with things that can be done after retirement along with the things that must not be done. After a life full of hard work, retirement must come as a cool breeze which comes and sooths the life. This happens to many who retire with a plan and it becomes hard for those who do not. This paper highlights the best and worst of both.

Introduction

A general definition of retirement ...

Abstract

Ageism was spotted in 1866 and it is seen today with multiple stereotypes and prejudice of the elderly and it is especially observed in the workplace. Our aged population with limited income, yet bearers of a number of bills, including rising cost in utilities, medical care, and medications are faced with the stress and suffering of age discrimination in the workforce. This paper will review the history of age discrimination and discuss cases in which employees favor the young and terminate the old.

Ageism is a growing problem and concern and has become a negative societal workplace trend for older adults. Although ...

Introduction

For the last few years, the proportion of aging population has continued to form a large portion of the total American population. This proportion is expected to rise in the near future as more people attain the age of retirement. There are about 78 million Americans who were born from 1946-1964 (Powell, 2010). This group commonly known as baby boomers has began attaining the age of retirement early this year and they are expected to continue in this trend for the next 18 years. For a long time this generation is known for its passion to remain young and many people ...

In The United States, We Do Not Need To Plan for Retirement; Social Security Will Cover Our Needs When We Are Retired

In the 1930’s, the then United States of America President, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law a social insurance program that was aimed at catering for the social well fare, as well as providing a better living for its retired citizens. The program, also known as the Social Security, was to receive its funding from the federal government through deductions from payroll taxes. In other words, it is the federal’s Old age, survivors, and disability insurance program. It encompasses services such as Medicaid, Medicare, and (SSI) Supplemental Security Income, provided for by the United State federal government. Americans have ...

Introduction

Many organizations face numerous management and technical issues. Laboratory is the most vital part of a medical organization’s system because it deals with life. This is to mean that any kind of mistake can lead to massive negative effects in both the outcomes of the procedures, and also in the systems. This essay will discuss two types of problems that one may encounter in a laboratory environment; the first issue will involve management processes, and mainly the issue of staff shortage. The other problem that the paper will look at will involve Hyperkalaemia, which is a common technical problem, commonly faced ...