Essays on Sickle-Cell Anemia

Introduction

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Coursename Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder, which affects the red blood cells. It was first described in the medical literature in 1846. In 1910, Ernest Irons became first to write about the pathologically altered red blood cells of the patient with sickle-cell anemia (Serjeant 425-429). It is caused by the mutation of the gene encoding the synthesis of the hemoglobin. As a result, the hemoglobin of the affected people is defective (hemoglobin S). Glutamic acid in it is substituted with valine in the sixth position of the β-chain. This change greatly reduces the solubility of hemoglobin in ...

Abstract

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder in which the red blood cells, which function as the oxygen carriers throughout the body, develop in an abnormal manner. The red blood cells are normally disk-shaped and very flexible but in sickle cell patients the cells often become very rigid and crescent shaped. This abnormality in the shape and functionality of the red blood cells hinder the normal flow of blood in the body. The red blood cells are therefore rendered unable to move freely through the blood tissues and through organs that result in the failure of certain important organs ...

Our Vision

What We Do When a person is diagnosed with a life-threatening disease, it can be a frightening experience for the whole family. We provide information and offer practical and emotional support to the affected individuals and their families. We offer improvement in standards of support and care and promote the importance of early detection

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Service Users There are various devastating conditions/illnesses that hinder an individual’s journey through life. The affected people are fellow human beings in need of help and assistance. Together we can make a difference to:

Cancer Patients

Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. ...

Sickle cell anemia is the most widely inherited genetic disorder in the United States. Folic acids are one important nutrient that helps increase and produce some red blood cells in the bone marrow. This paper investigates how folic acid has used a supplement for pregnant women (Knott). Sickle cell anemia can be genetically passed to the baby from a mother who has it or who is a carrier. Symptoms of the disease include headaches, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea, cold feeling, difficulty when breathing, difficulty concentrating and pale skin (Lindenbaum, John, & Klipstein 16). Malnutrition in pregnant females is the main ...

Sickle cell anemia is the most widely inherited genetic disorder in the United States. Folic acids are one important nutrient that helps increase and produce some red blood cells in the bone marrow. This paper investigates how folic acid has used a supplement for pregnant women. Sickle cell anemia can be genetically passed to the baby from a mother who has it or who is a carrier. Symptoms of the disease include headaches, irritability, fatigue, dizziness, diarrhea, cold feeling, difficulty when breathing, difficulty concentrating and pale skin ( Lindenbaum, John, and Klipstein ,16 ). Malnutrition in pregnant women is the commonest ...

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease, passed on from parents to children along the generations. It is a condition which causes severe pain and anemia. It happens when the body lacks healthy red blood cells to circulate oxygen in the body. The usual shape of the red blood cells is round, and they are flexible so they can pass through the narrow blood vessels of the body. However, sickle cell anemia causes them to become sickle-shaped, like tiny crescents, which are sticky and inflexible. This restricts their movement in the blood vessels causing them to get stuck in ...

Patient

Lillian was an 84 year old diagnosed with sickle cell anemia and uncomfortable with the American culture. She went to America from Philippines at a young age of 24 as a bride of war. She married a Caucasian American and became a neutralized citizen and according to her, she was a Filipino. Having lived in America for many years, she assumes some American traditions and continues to practice Filipino traditions. Philippines fall under the Asian culture, which includes many races with a variety of illness and health beliefs. She has a problem with the Asian culture because some of the Asian generalized beliefs differ with Filipino ...

Introduction

It is essential that nurses understand the issues related to health care, which are local and state financing, national healthcare policies, and initiatives that affect healthcare delivery. As a patient advocate, the professional nurse is in a position to work with patients and families to access available resources to meet health care needs. Nurses also have an ethical responsibility to be fiscally prudent in all practice settings to eliminate inefficiencies, and to promote best practices. 

Task: Scenario 1: Note: For parts A and B, the suggested length is a combined total of 1–2 pages. 

Mrs. Zwick, a 77-year-old widow and permanent resident of the United States, was admitted as an inpatient and hospitalized for five days following a mild stroke. She was ...

In the circulatory system, various elements come together to perform a single duty, that of delivering nutrients throughout the major organs of the body through blood. Three major elements are contained in blood. First, there is the plasma, which is the fluid portion of the blood (Chapter 7, p. 152). This carries the materials contained within it to their destination. Floating within the plasma are red blood cells, or erythrocytes; they carry oxygen throughout the circulatory system and supply it to the various parts of the body, including major organs like the heart and the brain (p. 152). Finally, platelets ...

Orphan Drug

Introduction The main purpose for the enactment of the U.S. Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983 is to conduct a research on some of the rare diseases whose medical needs remain to be unresolved. The law has given incentives to various sponsors who have tried to develop therapies for some of the rare medical conditions that can affect at least 200,000 individuals on a yearly basis (Premiere Research 1). For this study, the objective is to create a regulatory strategy or path for Orphan Drug development, particularly on the oral iron chelator, one of the subsets of thalassemia or ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2 General background 3 Resistance mutants 4 Hemoglobin mutants 4 Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5 Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6 Method: 7 Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8 Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9 Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

Brittani Scott

Introduction Sickle-cell disease is an illness that is multisystem, linked to episodes of progressive damage of organ and acute illness, and is among the most common dangerous monogenic disorders in the world (Weatherall, Hofman, Rodgers, Ruffin, & Hrynkow, 2005). The sickle-shape erythrocytes were initially described in the year 1910 by Herrick (Herrick, 1910) and understanding has slowly increased from that time. Together with his colleagues, Pauling (1949) keyed out electrophoretic abnormalities in sickle HbS and made up the word molecular disease in the year 1949. The genetics, as well as biophysics of hemoglobin behind the disease, have been widely ...

Question one

Microscope (Polyethylene reservoirs) ( Short rectangular capillary) plati-num wire electrode This is because the red blood cell would be clearly observed using rectangular capillary. This column would enable observation of the movement of particles hence a thorough study of the mobility of the components of the red blood cells would be taken into account. Because a person is able to evaluate or rather observed the change of red blood in the capillary column is reason enough to diagnose Martin b the disease.

Question two

HbS S molecules would be likely to clump together because of the presence of the sickle cell anemia. ...

Introduction

Sally Thomas is a twenty three years old mother and is comprehensively covered in this clinical scenario. The scenario covers aspects of her family history which are of essence to any medical decisions associated with any clinical procedure. The aspect of her past pregnancies will be comprehensively articulated in the case study. Her medical history will be analyzed and clinical solutions proposed for her problems. It is pertinent to note that the scenario will be comprehensive and will articulate each stage of the pregnancy. The scenario will be broken down into multiple sub section which includes the ante partum, fetal ...

#1 MAKE OBSERVATIONS Some genetic diseases are very common in people with certain heritages. Examples include sickle cell anemia in persons from African descent, Tays Sachs in Jews from Germany or Eastern Europe, and cystic fibrosis in Caucasians. #2 ASK QUESTIONS

Is there a way to narrow down genetic issues specific to certain heritages?

#3 HYPOTHESIS There are factors within a person’s genetic code (DNA) and factors within the way persons of a certain heritage live that concentrate genetic issues within a particular heritage. #4 PREDICTION Genetic issues will be the result of changes within the affected individual’s DNA that mean they have differences in the way their ...

Discuss the impact of chronic medical conditions on adolescents (12-18 years) and identify ways of promoting resilience or positive development.

Introduction Many adolescents live out their daily life suffering from a chronic illness. This can be both physical and mental. Chronic illness can become an emotional burden on an adolescent’s life, which can lead to negative impacts on an individual’s psychosocial and cognitive development before they reach early adulthood. An adolescent is a person from the age of 12-18 years old. Chronic illnesses within an individual between 12-18 years old can have negative impact on the psychosocial wellbeing. This paper will analyze the social, psychological, psychosocial, and cognitive growth influences of chronic illness in adolescents. Adolescents who ...

Studies have proven the legacy of natural selection in the continuity of diseases pinpointing some regions where it has played a role in propagating disease. Evolutionary forces therefore to a huge extent play a major role in the development and propagation of diseases because of selective pressures that contributes to the resistance or development of alleles or genes that cause these diseases. On the basis of hereditary, human disease can be traced back into the years and its development be observed in better understanding how natural selection comes into play(Fisher 1999). This way, the factors that cause disease causing mutants can ...

Introduction

An article published by the Cochrane Collaboration and posted in the Cochrane Library in 2012 caught my attention. The article stated that no quasi-randomized or randomized clinical trials of gene therapy for sickle cell disease have been documented. The article further stated that no conclusions and recommendations are attributed to the application of gene therapy on sickle cell disease (Olowoyeye & Okwundu, 2013). This statement inspired me to evaluate the current developments in gene therapy that targets sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is one of the oldest genetic disorders and yet few attempts have been made to develop gene ...

Child and adolescent health issues require extra concentration due to the fact that an early disease can lead to an improper growth which may impact the entire life of a person and therefore it is important to ensure that childhood and adolescence diseases are looked after with extreme care in order to improve the quality of life and the growth of the patients. Sickle cell anemia is one of the widely studied subjects today, considering that it can cause acute chronic conditions which include severe pain and organ dysfunctional ties and has a high fatality rate. This disease is also known ...

Digestion in human beings and other animals is overly dependent on the action of enzymes; in their basic form, enzymes are protein materials that act as catalysts with the ability to produce certain chemical changes. Digestion of food substances usually begin in the mouth. The glands in the mouth produce enzyme salivary amylase (which acts on starch changing it into sugar) and lingual lipase (which kicks off the digestion of lipids) (Chiras 109). The stomach n its part, produces two enzymes, pepsin that breaks down proteins into peptides (Chiras 109). While there are no enzymes produced in the large ...

According to an article written on November 14th, 2011, in New York Times by Donald McNeil on recent research findings on sickle cell anemia element responsible for its protective nature when it comes to malaria, a lot could be deciphered. Donald first provides an overview of the prevalence of Sickle cell anemia in West Africa and how it can be inherited either resulting to sickle cell trait or sickle cell anemia (McNeil, 2011). The article begins by providing a summary of the morphological changes that occurs at the red blood cell level when a malaria parasite enters a given cell (McNeil, 2011). Donald ...

Recent studies have shown that mouse and human fibroblasts can be re-encoded into an advanced stem cell–like state when a combination of transcription aspects is introduced. Conversely, the salutary probable of induced pluripotent stem cells have remained indefinite. One of the things that make this article interesting is that it explores how the mice can be salvaged after uprooting by use of cultivated sickle cell anemia mouse model. This article also exclusively stipulates how this was achieved after rectification of the human, sickle hemoglobin. The article also presents the major goal of human therapy, which is developed, using methods ...

Analytical extended definition

Sickle cell anemia is a disease that affects hemoglobin in people. It mainly affects Africans and people from the Mediterranean and Middle East. Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells and carries oxygen throughout the body, so people suffering from the disease do not get enough oxygen in the body due to lack of hemoglobin. The disease changes the shape of the red blood cells into sickle-shape thus the origin of the word sickle cell. Normal red blood cells are flexible and have the shape of a disc while the sickle-shaped ones are shaped like a crescent. The disease is also ...

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder of the blood where the red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape. The Red blood cells deliver oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues are generally flexible and round, facilitating them to move easily through the blood vessels. Nevertheless, in individuals with sickle cell anemia, the texture and shape of the red blood cells can vary. They turn out to be sticky, hard and take the shape of a disc. The cells die prematurely, resulting to a deficiency of red blood cells (David, 2011). Sickle cell anemia is passed through families ...

Abstract

Incredible advancements in nursing service intervention have forged immense reformation of techniques in treating numerous diseases. The overall aim is to improve outcomes and promote efficient nursing care. As such, the American Nurse Credential Center (2008) has developed a model which provides the framework for future nursing practice. Also, it is expected to serve as a guideline for organizations wishing to achieve recognition in the Magnet Hospital program (American Nurse Credential Center, 2008). This exposition encompassing a literature review is a sample of both the components of this model as well as forces linked to its execution process within the context of magnetism ( ...

The differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin

a. Red Blood Cell with oxygenated hemoglobin (diamagnetic) has no effect on the magnetic field b. Deoxygenated Red Blood Cell with deoxygenated hemoglobin which is paramagnetic affects magnetic field Erythrocytes of the blood act as carriers of hemoglobin; a four unit protein that through binding process with oxygen molecules, thereby forming oxyhemoglobin, transports oxygen to various part of an animal’s body. Oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin have different quaternary structure. The disparity in quaternary structures of these two kinds of hemoglobin is attributed to the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin. The beta chains in oxygenated hemoglobin ...

The differences between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin

Erythrocytes of the blood act as carriers of hemoglobin; a four unit protein that through binding process with oxygen molecules, thereby forming oxyhemoglobin, transports oxygen to various part of an animal’s body. Oxygenated and deoxygenated states of hemoglobin have different quaternary structure. The disparity in quaternary structures of these two kinds of hemoglobin is attributed to the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin. The beta chains in oxygenated hemoglobin are much closer to each other compared to the ones in the deoxygenated hemoglobin (Campbell &Farrell, 2009). In the same light, the quaternary structure is affected by the hemoglobin’s ...