Essays on Skinner

Many people associate slavery with the transatlantic slave trade of the past and believe that it is an institution that has been left in the past. This paper will look at how modern slavery differs from the transatlantic slave trade. The paper provides different arguments and examples from history of slavery and compares it to its current form. Moreover, the paper will include types of slavery that exist today. The role of United Nation to control the slavery in different countries will also be discussed. The paper will not only present the history of slavery but it will also ...

Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning

In Behavioral Psychology, the term ‘conditioning’ is used to refer to a theory that learning can allow a human being or animal to modify the response (reaction) to a stimulus (event/object) (Hill, 2001). There are two types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning with distinct characteristics. When the two types are contrasted, it is easily noticeable that both approaches involve diverse learning patterns. As far as classical conditioning is concerned, it involves “learning by association, and refers to the conditioning of reflexes – how animals learn to associate new stimuli with innate bodily reflexes” (Hill, 2001). According to operant ...

Michael Dell Leadership Style

Michael Dell is a business leader, entrepreneur, and owner of Dell Computer Corporation. He exhibited interest in technological gadgets at an early age and purchased an Apple computer so as to find out how it worked. He played a critical role in the revolution of personal computers since Dell was the biggest manufacturer of personal computers (PC). He was elected the youngest CEO of Fortune Five Hundred Companies. Michael Dell uses a transformational kind of leadership (Kreitner & Cassidy, 2011). He acts as a role model to his employees and motivates them by being an example to them. He is ...

Nursing: Benchmark Assignment - Medicare Part D

Introduction This assignment examines a healthcare policy, which could be changed based on the way it functions currently. From my research Medicare part D legislation aligns with this category for consideration. However, before advancing my arguments it would be clarifying to recap on features of the entire Medicare policy and how it serves the interests of persons beyond age 65 years old along with young disabled persons. This policy was instituted to provide healthcare coverage for legal United States residents who have attained the age of 65 years old. They must be in legal status at least 5 years ...

Part 1

The current theory regarding the evolution of the earth’s ocean is that water is present during the formation of the earth. Most of the discovered materials which was more than 4 billion years old also contained evidences of the present of water (Genda, 2016). Some scientists suggest that the water on earth emerged in the surface when steam was released in the volcanoes. Additional water emerged in the surface of the earth coming from meteorites and comets during the formation of the earth. The continuous addition of water from volcanoes and meteorites or comets led to the formation ...

Psychology: Nature vs. Nurture Essay

Language constitutes an essential characteristic of human beings and is regarded as a primary form of communication between individuals. The role of nature and nurture in language acquisition among young children has been a continuous debate in developmental sciences, education, and social sciences like sociology and psychology. This issue is not only conflicting but also complementary. It has laid a foundation for better understanding of how biological and environmental factors interact to influence language development in children (Yusa et al. 2011). Available research shows that there is no clear pattern of the causes and effects associated with human cognition ...

Part 1

Question 1 Tectonic plate motion refers to the movement of continental and oceanic plates from one place to another due to the effect of forces that generally act on these plates. These movements cause some effects to the surrounding environment and even to the earth surface in general. A scientist by the name of Wegner had earlier on formulated a theory that instituted some of the facts and evidence backing this presence of continental drift that had happened some time back in history (Runcorn, 2013). Furthermore, the critical evidence in support of continental drift is the jigsaw fitness of ...

Overview

Technology has both positive and negative implications on the lives of the people. The proliferation and advancement of technology tools have enormous effects on the lives of the people with respect to the odds of space and time thereby influencing the nature of social interactions. In particular, the technological advancements have direct effects on social evolution and social interaction across the globe, especially on the internet. The relationship between technology and social development results in the new realities of the individuals and the society. In particular, the relation between the society and technology encompasses the social networks sites, modern ...

Abstract

The topic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) among adolescents is well documented, and so is the peer conformity in relation to teenagers’ decision making process. However, there are solely secondary references to how peer conformity influence decision making process among adolescence diagnosed with BDD, which is why, the aim of the proposed research is to investigate this relationship. The hypothesis suggest that adolescence diagnosed with BDD take extreme approaches in relationship to peer conformity, which further influence their decision making process. The methods section describes the research methodology, the focus group, the descriptive research design, also presenting information about ...

PART A- Operant Conditioning Theory

Operant conditioning is a theory on behaviorism that was formulated by behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner. It focuses on an individual's changes in observable behavior. According to B.F. Skinner, once a behavior is followed by reinforcement, it is more likely to be repeated; however, if it is followed by punishment then it is not likely to be repeated (Plotnik, R., & Kouyoumdjian, 2014). Bobby is a seven-year old child who is used to getting gifts from his parents every now and then right from a tender age. Every time his mother decides to go to the mall, she takes him with ...

Introduction

Humankind has entered the age where computers do everything from taxes to math problems even sending emails to family members, many people have gotten to the point where their entire lives are governed by computers or the function of computers; the biggest aspect of this is children being born in the digital age and are being raised on computers or how to use them in non-ideal ways. Although computers are responsible for making life easier for people across the world, it has been noted that people have grown too dependent on computers to do what they used to do ...

There are many theories as to how a person may become who he or she is. Some people believe that they are directly shaped by the events that happen in a person’s past, while other thinkers state that people go through different dialectical stages that led up to one’s current state. In this sense, there are many elements that one must be aware of in order to adequately analyze one’s life development. Three of the most important development theorists are B. F. Skinner, John Watson and Erik Erikson; these three men founded Operant Conditioning, Behaviorism and ...

Trends in Healthcare Costs

Over the last three decades, the healthcare sector has grown rapidly. This has been necessitated by a growing population and their increasing demand for healthcare as well as the increasing complexity of illnesses presented within the healthcare sector. On the other hand, he globalization issues have also necessitated that the healthcare adapts to the needs of a more diverse population and hence growth (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2016). This growth has been tremendous and there is no doubt that the costs of care have been affected significantly. In the 1970s, the cost per individual was estimated at $356 but this ...

Introduction

Child abuse and maltreatment is a broad term that refers to different types of abuses that children may experience in their environment. Abuses and maltreatment may come in the form of neglect, exposure to violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse. Children are the most vulnerable segment of society when it comes to abuse and neglect. Being unable to protect and care for themselves, some children are subjected to abuses and maltreatment, most often, by family members themselves. The perpetrators of abuse and maltreatment of children may also vary. Aside from parents and siblings, children can also be ...

Summary of Skinner and Piaget Articles

Summary of Skinner and Piaget Articles B.F. Skinner The article on Skinner discusses (2008) his theories about verbal behavior. He refutes other theories of language acquisition and verbal communications, making the case that all verbal communication is a behavioral response to environmental stimuli. Over time, a human being develops patterns from repeated responses to a similar stimulus and the result is a collection verbal behaviors that appear to characterize that individual’s personality (as cited in Diessner, 2008). But, says Skinner (2008), the verbal behavior is not driven by any internal personality or character of that person, only by ...

Introduction

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is an excellent example of physiotherapy. Even though it has been applied in various contexts including family issues, the model was specifically designed to cure depression and other related illnesses (Spiegler, Guevremont & Spiegler, 2013). It has not been clear as to who came up with the model, however, the idea was conceived by stoic philosophers, as for that reason, the model is significantly attributed to stoicism. Notably, Epictetus and Aaron T. Becks are thought to be the original developers of the model. Currently, family therapy is the most popular and relevant form of cognitive behavior ...

A decision-making procedure in a society which approves and directs how a people are ruled is what is called politics. Politics affect our everyday life in one way or another. The government makes various decisions which affect how we do our day to day chores (Skinner, 2007). A nation is made up of a people and as an entity which is all defined by how we live together as people with common political affiliations. Politics affect our society concerning how well we relate to each other and the goals that the community must achieve. Political affiliations are related to ...

DQ3

DQ3

The Patient Protection Affordable Care Act (PPACA) being a reform of the healthcare system in the U.S consisting of the regulations and legislations of the federal government. The main role of the act is to extend the scope of health insurance to American citizens, however the provision has several implications for the nursing practitioners as well by measures intended to streamline the scope of practice restrictions on practicing nurses mainly through financial incentives (Goodson, 2010). The PPACA entails a lot of provisions which are meant to address the shortage of physicians in the field of primary care which ...

This research paper is one which is meant to show my individual leadership assessment and further to show how the findings from my test may be advantageous in an instance that I am able to advance in my nursing practice. Assessing Emotional Intelligence

Authentic Leadership

Authentic Leadership is the defined as the kind of leadership that leads to the proper and more comfortable working environment for the various staff of the hospital or institution (Shirey, 2006). However, these styles of leadership may differ in one way or the other, depending on whether the style is transformational, transactional or an authentic leadership ...

Teenagers and Drug Abuse

Various theorists have tried to explain the reasons teenagers engage in drug and substance abuse while others don’t. Firstly, B. F Skinner (1982) had in place the theory that in some instances people are not responsible for their own personal behaviour if they don’t have a hand in creating and initiating it, but normally pick the behavior from elsewhere (Skinner, 2001). One may infer this to mean that in most cases, the environment that a teenager is always around may be a major determinant of whether or not he or she will be a drug abuser or ...

Understanding one’s behavior is essential to the maintenance of proper communication channels. In fact, lack thereof compromises the possibilities of understanding the actions of individuals lacking the capacity to express themselves vocally. In many cases, verbal communication does not fulfill all the interaction requirements, therefore, creating the need to appreciate the essential concepts of behavioral psychology. Specifically, the operant and classical conditioning are essential concepts that seek to explain the nature of the behavior of people and animals. A Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov, first proposed classical conditioning and it emphasizes the placement of a neutral action before a ...

Jakubowicz v. Dittemore, 2006 U.S. Dist. [W.D. Mo.]

Prior to the trial date, the parties informed the Court that they wished to present their evidence in writing. Part of the evidence included the depositions of the Director of Facility Operations for DMH, Felix T. Vincenz, and that of the Deputy Director of DMH, Linda Roebuck. They also wanted to present in writing, various terms that the parties had adopted. The Plaintiffs also presented a memo that was dated April 6, 2005, which was marked exhibit A. Schuffman who had addressed the Memo to all DMH employees had sought to ...

In this paper, I am assuming myself as an administrator at Sunlight Hospital in California. The main complaint from patients is about the quality of care that needs to be improved with immediate actions. Employees, who work in this hospital including the staff technicians etc., are always very busy with their duties. They do not have much time to deal with minor problems of patients. Therefore, it is the duty of administration to keep an eye on each and every issue that a patient faces related to his or her stay at the hospital and in particular those issues ...

MODERN MARKETING FOR AN ANCIENT CITY

MODERN MARKETING FOR AN ANCIENT CITY

Introduction

Belfast is one of the world’s most ancient cities, its location at the mouth of the River Lagan having been continuously occupied since about 2,000 years BCE. There are good reasons for this. Courtesy of the Gulf Stream, the site has a mild climate that seldom gets above 65 degrees F. or below 35 degrees F. Its northern latitude gives it one of the world’s shortest winter, and longest summer, days at the biannual solstices. It rarely snows. The city is ringed by low mountains that create a microclimate to ...

The Dynastic Cycle in China

As Usher writes, “A dynastic cycle is a periodic alternation of society between despotism and anarchy.” The political theory of a dynastic cycle implies to the idea that each dynasty undergoes four major steps of development: foundation, consolidation, deceleration, and extinction. After its creation, the dynasty reaches its peak giving the country all possible benefits and making it prosperous, and then declines and falls being replaced by the new dynasty. Throughout its history, China was under the reign of lots of dynasties and, hence, experienced lots of repetitive dynastic cycles. All of them had similar structures but different causes ...

Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia, in the year of 1849, in the family of the Orthodox priest. In 1875, he graduated from the University in St. Petersburg with the Life Sciences degree. After graduation, Pavlov studied medicine and was admitted to the Institute which specialized in Veterinary. He was in Germany and Belarus. There he was making experiments in the laboratories, researching digestion. But after coming back to Russia he began to study glandular secretions. His experiment animal was the dog. Pavlov applies surgical techniques to those dogs that is why it was difficult to make the ...

Introduction

The early childhood education plays a critical role in shaping the overall personality of a child. The focus of early childhood is not just restricted towards quality education, but it is nurtured by imparting a decent moral character in them. This paper will evaluate the role of teachers in the awareness of cultural diversity in Early Childhood Education. It has been proven through research that the early five years in the life of a child are extremely critical for learning new skills and concepts. Adding the element of diversity awareness at an early stage is of sheer significance as ...

 Recently, Adult Learning (AL) has become a very popular and effective mode of learning. Globally, an increasing number of adults opt for further study and self-development. Adult learners learn for different reasons and have many valuable assets for continuing education. There are, however, challenges adult learners face in pursuing further education. Adult learners are differentiated based on age or cognitive maturity and can be classified as non-conventional learners. The paper engages the subject of adult learning from a critical viewpoint to explicate the problems that characterize it with the aim of problematizing the idea of adult learning beyond conventional ...

Abstract

Literature avails controversial arguments between long and short distance relationships. The long distance relationships harbor copious challenges even with the assistance of technology to reduce its impacts. These challenges ranging from the satisfaction and insecurities to unfaithfulness are discussed in order to arrive at a conclusion that long distance relationships fail in most contexts. Some literature argues that long distant relationships foster intimacy while other researchers describe the failures connected to such relations. The evaluation of studies reveals the reasons why the relationships fail while developing other controversial literature in order to reach a conclusion against their success. These ...

A WPR APPROACH TO POLICY MAKING FOR GENDER ISSUES

What’s the problem represented to be? In her discourse on addressing social problems through government policy, writes about how policies are put in place using only one representation of the problem. An example she cites is the problem of high infant mortality rate of Aboriginal children. The Australian government’s investigation drew the conclusion that their nomadic lifestyle was the reason for the problem. Therefore the solution was for them to settle in one place. The assumptions are many; one, that being nomadic is a problem, that two, settlements will give them a better life, and possibly the ...

Abstract

The O’Hub is a conceptual, up-and-coming hostel that will be located in the heart of Dublin. Dublin has long been a center of tourism for people around the world, and it seems likely that Europeans and international guests will continue to flock to the city (Failte Ireland, 2016; Bacon, 2009). Indeed, there have been suggestions that the hotel and hostel industries in Dublin are over capacity; this indicates that there is a need in the market. The overarching vision for this particular project is to create such a unique design and atmosphere that the O’Hub is able ...

Spring, 2016

I was raised in the conservative Christian family in the atmosphere of strict rules and respect toward elder people, especially toward parents. My mother is a nurse and my father is a pharmacist. I also have one younger and one elder brother. My parents raised me and my brothers using authoritative parental style. They were highly controlling and demanding and disciplined us for minor misconducts. However, I`m very glad that my parents were so strict, demanding and controlling they made me a good and respectful person. The theory of Skinner can be applied to how my parents raised ...

The reinforcement strategies applied in team members’ organizations.

Introduction: In almost every organization today, employees are often organized in teams. It is also a common observation that team members and leaders will always want to be appreciated for the work they do. Teams generally comprise of members with unique skill sets, competencies and management skills working under a team leader, and their combined effort is expected to lead to organizational growth. However, teams do not always work as expected even if all members are qualified for the task and thus, there is a need to reinforce their behavior and actions. The reinforcement theory was first proposed by ...

Behaviorism proclaims that human's behavior depends on the environment. It happens as follows: an incentive generates a certain reaction. The reaction to behaviorism means human actions; the stimulus – means a stimulus coming from the external world. The main idea of the research is that according to behaviorism, all behaviors are the result of external activity and I am going to consider this issue. Behaviorism is one of the main directions of modern academic psychology. Behaviorists studied psyche of humans and animals through their behavior. The behaviorists propose to consider the psyche based on objective facts and came to the ...

Nowadays, effective home security and proper disaster risk reduction management has already been an important aspect for everyone. With the kind of living that we have at present, there is already a need for public safety and security, particularly in times of disasters and natural calamities. However, the fact that natural disasters and emergency risks are far more extreme and different in scope than those of home security and safety, I guess that the two points shall be separated together. At least, there shall be a specific alliance or organization that shall handle home security and safety, while there ...

Introduction

International trade, which involves an exchange of goods and services across the geographical boundaries of a country, is one of the major determinants of the economic stability of a country. The volume of trade indicates the effect of trade on the economies of the participating countries. The economy of the United Kingdom has continuously experienced expansion despite the presence of rampant unemployment and inflation until the 2008 recession. This resulted from the failure of the government to take actions to correct economic instabilities (Washington et al. n.p). The relative value of currency between countries involved in exchange is essential ...

Introduction

Growth in a child refers to changes in his or her body together with the increase in size, height, weight, circumference of the head, and the body mass index. On the other hand, development refers to increase in the child’s complexity. Development involves a progression along a continuous line on which a child gets a more refined knowledge, skills, and behaviors. This paper will focus on describing a child’s growth and development. The children’s behaviors in a classroom were observed for a period of about 15 minutes. The paper will describe one of the child’s ...