Essays on Sonar

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Summary and review of the articles. 1) Winter vs. Natural Resources Defense Council. The crux of the case between Winter, the Secretary of the Navy of the United States, and the NRDC consists in the fact that the United States Navy badly needed to use mid-frequency active sonars in order to properly conduct marine trainings off the Californian coast. Plaintiffs, activists for the defense of nature, opposed this claiming that using the indicated devices harms marine mammals of which there are 37 unique species in that part of the ocean. The case was taken to the District Court who ...

English 90/101

Dr. J. Lucas

Navy Sonar Testing Vs. Marine Life

Sonar is an artificial form of echolocation, which involves the use of sound navigation and ranging techniques for the propagation of sound underwater. This technology is used for navigating, communicating or detecting objects that are under or above the water surface. Specialized sea creatures such as whales and dolphins have the ability to use sound reflected from waves for sensing and locating distant objects or prey, this is called echolocation. Bats also use the same technique to navigate in the dark. Humans also use echolocation through sonar technology in ships and submarines to avoid icebergs, locate ...

Introduction

Simply put, sonar is the use of an echo. This involves the use of sound navigation and ranging techniques for the propagation of sound underwater, with the overall intention of navigating, communicating or detecting objects that are in or on water surface. Specialized machines and sea creatures such as whales have the ability to use reflect waves for sensing shape and movement of objects and for locating these distant objects. Because there are different ranges of frequencies for sonar, there are low-frequency, mid-frequency and high-frequency sonar. Like any other use of technology or technological enhancement, sonar testing has its ...

Introduction

Mechanics is a branch of physical science that deals with moving and stationary bodies influenced by forces. It is divided into two branches called dynamics and statics. Dynamics deals with moving bodies while statics deals resting bodies Mechanics also has a subcategory called fluid mechanics. Fluid mechanics is the science concerning the behavior of fluids. It could be fluid statics when it tackles about the body at rest. On the other hand, it could be fluid dynamics when the fluid body being studied is in motion. Fluid mechanics is a study regarding the behavior of material that can bend and ...

The modern times are characterized by the presence of digital devices and digital technology. As a result of this technological invasion, we see our surroundings filled with the digital equipment. The invasion of the digital devices and digital technology is so complete that every domain of our daily life is being run and influenced by the presence of the digital equipments. Without it, the existence and operational activities may well be hard to imagine. The digital communication means are part of our recreational function, business activities, domestic activities, governmental organizations and many other domains of our daily activities. However, ...

Sonar stands for Sound for Navigation and Ranging. It is a technique used in navigation to detect objects underwater. Active sonar is a technique which utilizes sound to locate underwater objects as wells marine animals like whales and fish. The devices that apply the sonar technique are used by marine vessels controlled by the military and other marine users. When marine objects produce sound, the sonar device emits a signal as well as collects echoes from them. This technique imitates the behavior of marine animals while detecting food and enemies among other functions for example the right whales. After the sonar gadget ...

Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) refers to robot submarine tethered on a ship by dissimilar cables, which carry electrical signals back and forth amongst the operator and the vehicle. The ROVs are extremely maneuverable and unoccupied mostly equipped with a video camera together with lights. However, it is essential to add extra equipment in order to expand the capabilities of the vehicle. These equipments may entail a still camera, manipulator, water sampler, cutting arm as well as the instruments used in measuring water clarity, temperature, light and penetration. Initially, the developments of ROVs were for industrial purposes including the internal and external inspection ...

Review of Literature

“Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) provide a mobile sonar platform for local environmental characterization and mine hunting missions in areas that are prohibitively dangerous or otherwise inaccessible to manned vessels” (Edwards and Schmidt 2615).With the use of these vehicles, a series of way-points are uniformly employed in order to sample a region of interest (Edwards and Schmidt 2615). Experts continue to develop new techniques and methods to enhance the capabilities of AUVs. For example, experts assert that efficiency and efficacy will be greatly increased if the AUV has the capability of reacting to its perceived environment. This was investigated by Edwards ...

Introduction

Telecommunication is the transmission of information over significant distances. Telecommunications involve the use of visual signals or audio messages. Information transmission is a very important factor. Telecommunications aids sharing of knowledge, information and ideas. In wartimes, telecommunications played a very important role in ensuring that there was coordination amongst the warring groups. Telecommunications offer a better way to relay messages to each other. (Reo, 1994)

Old methods of relaying messages

Communication has been existing since time immemorial. Old methods of relaying information that was also used during wartime include:

Using smoke

Using horns

Using messengers

Using drums

Advanced technologies

Communication methods have been improving day by day. ...