Essays on Spacecraft

Apollo–Soyuz Test Project was a program of co-pilot manned flight of the Soviet spacecraft "Soyuz-19" and the American "Apollo" spacecraft implemented on July 15, 1975. The main objectives of the program included: testing of orbit approach compatible elements; testing of the active-passive docking assembly; verification of technology and equipment to ensure the transition of astronauts from one ship to another; accumulation of experience in conducting joint flight of Soviet and American spacecrafts. In addition, the program included examination of inter-ship communication and coordination of actions of the Soviet and American mission control centers. The initiator of such a ...

Abstract

Various methods of hazard analysis has been developed. Two of these processes are System-Theoretical Process Analysis (STPA) and Safety-Guided Design Process. This essay is going to focus on STPA and Safety-Guided Design Process. The first part will focus on STPA and it will the process of using STPA including the background behind it and how the technique is reflected in systems engineering. There is also a description of how the process is used to accommodate human controllers. The second part of the essay will focus on the Safety-Guided Design Process and how it is applied in industrial robotics. There ...

Good day! I am here today to speak to you about Area 51. Much has been said and written about Area 51. The main perception of this area is that it is so secretive such that there are many theories that abound to this day about Area 51. It has been romanticized in books, papers and films that the area is the site where an alien ship crashlanded, that it is an area where meetings with aliens are held, and that time travel and teleportation are held here as well. Today, I would like to provide with information that ...

Virtue Ethics

The essence of Virtue Ethics is based in its antiquity and the fact that almost all ancient civilizations having endorsed some form of this principle. This is one form of Ethics that can directly be applied to professional and managerial situations. The reason for this is the ‘character-based’ nature of Virtue Ethics, wherein one evaluates an action in terms of specific ethical goals. In a sense, Virtue Ethics answers questions for managers better as compared to the Teleological or Deontological Ethical thoughts that are more consequence or duty based respectively. This essay would proceed to describe Virtue Ethics and ...

Literature Review

Abstract Innovations and modifications that produce cost reductions and enhance performance have driven the evolution of the classic solid rocket and the liquid bipropellant rocket into hybrid models that integrate the predominant solid and liquid model features into more sensical, more economical fabrications of design. The commercial spacecraft demands for aerospace propulsion have also evolved to include a market for environmentally sustainable hybrid rocket engines that has yet to fully mature to the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). Numerical modeling has been used as a tool to test the feasibility of new solid fuel types. ABS has been considered as ...

Introduction

Apollo 11 made history as the first space craft to land at the moon with human beings on board. The astronauts on board included Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin who had fulfilled President John F. Kennedy’s national goal of pioneering a human mission to the moon. The mission of Apollo 11 included a scientific exploration of the lunar module. In this mission, the astronauts were required to deploy a television camera that could send signals from the moon to the earth. Other instruments that were installed on the moon include solar wind composition experiment, and Laser Ranging Retroreflector. ...

05th of May 2016

Among the outstanding architectural masterpieces of the XX century the Guggenheim Museum at Bilbao definitely stands out. This is not only because of its blatant deconstruction, but also the value it is to the city, as a museum and an architectural piece. Frank Gehry made his masterpiece as contemporary as possible. To such extent that even critics lament about his novel style and vision of architecture. In Spain, hardly anyone can be surprised by whimsical architectural forms, bearing in mind the works of Antonio Gaudi in Barcelona. However, Frank Gehry seems to have outwitted the latter. What he created, ...

Question #8

Angular momentum refers to the resistance of a rotating body to change its spin rate or direction of spin. Angular momentum can be determined by the product of the moment of inertia and the angular velocity, or by the cross product of the moment arm and the product of the mass and velocity vector of the body (Sellers 2004, 112-113). For this particular problem, we will use the latter to determine the angular momentum. H=R×mV H=0.5 m×0.25 kg2 ms H=0.25 kg∙m2s Since angular momentum is conserved, the angular momentum of the system every point in time ...

Space rendezvous is a precise orbital maneuver, which requires two spacecrafts to arrive at the same orbit, and move at the same speed. Since the orbital velocity is usually not less than 7 km/s, a 1-second error will case a distance of 7 kilometers between the spacecrafts. Such an error is unacceptable, as rendezvous is a prerequisite of docking, which requires spacecrafts to rendezvous as close as some dozen meters. Initially, astronauts were not aware of principles of the space mechanics. Engineer André Meyer says that “to catch something on the ground, one simply moves as quickly as possible ...

Travelling to another planet is referred to interplanetary spaceflight. The term is usually used when travelling to a planet within the same planetary system (Fisher 1). The human race has made tremendous strides in space exploration. Man has made it to the moon and back, which was a great achievement for science as well as the human race. Man may not have stepped onto another planet yet, but significant achievements have been made in interplanetary exploration. There have been explorations using probes that have flown by every planet in the solar system. The New Horizons recently flew by the ...

Question 1

Virgin Galactic is the first space line in the world that owns and runs privately built spaceships. The company plans to be the pioneer in commercializing space travel and offering ordinary people a unique opportunity of going into history as the first ever non-professional astronauts. Its main competitor is the Blue Origin, which has already attained a spectacular achievement in pioneering the first rocket booster to make a safe trip back to earth from space (The Economist, 2015). Virgin Galactic plans to use its massive resources and synergistic effects from the Virgin Group umbrella to beat its competitor in ...

Space exploration is the process of investigating into physical conditions in space, planets, stars and celestial bodies by use or man-made satellites. In many cases spacecraft’s are used to orbit around the earth and space with a human crew to collect sufficient information of the entire solar system. Space exploration is geared to answering scientific questions on the physical conditions which directly affect people in their day-to-day activities. Purposively, space exploration explains the nature of space and other environmental factors that result from natural forces. A few scientists and public argue that space exploration is not a brilliant ...

Coordinates reference frames for Orbital motion

The relative position of moving objects in space is determined by usage of coordinate reference frames that compare the position of the object with respect to earth. This concept helps in defining the equations of motion for orbital movement of celestial objects in space. The extension of the same concept is used to determine the relative position of a spacecraft during the course of its ascension into the space using the earth centered system. The position of a spacecraft in its ascending node can be determined by using an equatorial vector that ascertains its relative position with respect to ...

Eighth Space X Cargo Launch

NASA targets to launch a cargo supply service mission on 8th of April to the NASA’s international space laboratory station. The spacecraft Space X’s Dragon cargo will be used for the mission. Dragon craft will be launched from a rocket located at the NASA’s space launch complex 40 . The Dragon craft crew and content will include researchers, scientists, the craft crew, food, house hold needs and other tools for the space laboratory that supports the Expeditions other crew in the remote station. The mission will be aired in 3 briefings in the NASA TV. During the ...

Von Daniken’s Evidence of Extraterrestrials Visits to Earth

Von Daniken mentions the Tassili sphere where Henri Lhote found images underneath a semicircular rock. In the image, a woman is pulling a man and behind her is a sphere with concentric circles. On the upper side of the sphere, a hatch is open with a television aerial protruding from it. There are hands with outspread fingers on the right half of the sphere. There are also five floating figures wearing helmets with white and red dots accompanying the sphere. Von Daniken also uses a gigantic stone egg discovered in 1940 by an archeologist known as Professor Marcel Homet ( ...

“That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." Grandfather said this phrase with a confident voice. It is always the case when we are up late night; sitting on the roof, my grandfather pretends to be Neil Armstrong. He starts to tell us all about that day in July 1969, at 10:56 p.m. EDT, more than half a billion people were watching television waiting for Armstronghim to put his foot on the moon. He is so excited in playing Neil Armstrong’s part, and he keeps saying that this step helped us to evolve ...

The Cold War: Space Race

Introduction The final frontier in the exploration of man during the 20th century was space. For decades, the man had been intrigued by the vastness and the boundlessness of his surroundings. The untapped cradle that formed the home to the planet remained a mystery to man. It was this fascination that created the basis for space exploration even as the man struggled to understand not only his surroundings but also his existence. The desire to understand space created the much needed scientific and technological advancement of humanity. In an effort to understand and conquer space, the man helped advance ...

In the summer of 1947, something in the sky crash-landed near Roswell, New Mexico. Several locals claimed that there were horrific thunderstorms that summer, and when they were out in the location of the crash, they found metal debris strewn across a wide area approximately three-quarters of a mile long. One of the men, Mack Brazel, took some of metal pieces back to his house and he and the neighbors examined the material. Brazel and his neighbors, the Proctors speculated that the metal could be from a crashed spacecraft. That summer over New Mexico there had been quite a ...

Introduction

Project management applies techniques, knowledge, skills and expertise as well as experience to a strategic activity in an organization as shown by Bolles and Hubbard (2007). Notably, a project is a unique venture in an organization undertaken to meet its goals such as new products, venturing into new markets or cutting the product costs. Expected, in the new and unique projects, the experience is insufficient or lacking for a disciplined implementation. In other cases, the project takes up a lot of resources and staff due to its size. As such, to meet the scope and requirement while meeting the ...

The significant astronomical aspect that was chosen for discussion in this essay is the NEAR Shoemaker landing on Asteroid Eros. NEAR is the acronym for The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous and was named in the honor of Gene Shoemaker, one of the most renowned planetary scientist. This project was actually planned for studying the 422 Eros, the near earth Asteroid. 422 Eros is one of the largest asteroids of near Earth. This astronomical operation was the first mission to orbit an asteroid and also the first to land on an asteroid’s surface. The fundamental scientific goals of this ...

Proposal

This paper discusses the need for the development of new space vehicles for future space tourism. Space travel is not a new phenomenon. It has been going on since over a century, and every incidence of space travel has been unnerving and exciting as far as discoveries and the experience itself are concerned. Space tourism is a relatively innovative and unique concept in itself that is not being given much thought to the general public, however; it is a topic that needs to be explored and propagated by scientists and experts who deal with the phenomenon of space travel. ...

SID #:

Section (e.g. TR 11):

SID:

Section:

Introduction: The importance of the topic. Purpose, method and scope of the paper. A detailed outline of the topics to be covered in the final paper is described below:

Abstract: A self-contained short summary.

Chapter 1: Introduction Section 1.1: Background: Facts about Mars and about earlier missions.

Section 1.2: Goals and Objectives: Statement of goals and objectives

Chapter 2 : Mission Overview Section 2.1: Land site selection and Gale Crater: Criteria of selection and geological characteristics of gale Crater and Mount Sharp. Section 2.2: Technical Details: Details of science payload, spacecraft, rover, communication system, and rocket. Section 2.3: Mission Timeline: Shows the timeline of events from prelaunch.

Chapter 3 : Mission Detail

Section ...

Introduction

A brief history of space travel In many ways the todays advances in space travel came into fruition by accident. During World War II the Nazi’s create and implement rockets as weapons against the British. These rockets flew over 3,500 miles per hour and had an arch of 60 miles high. (A Brief History, n.d). Following WWII, the Soviet Union began creating their own missile program (A Brief History, n.d). By 1957 the Soviet Union had launched Sputnik 1, the first satellite into space. They followed this up four years later by having Russian Lieutenant Yuri Gagarin ...

Need

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has played a central role in space technologies and research. Over the years, NASA has taken lead in space exploration through technological development. However, this adventure has cost the agency millions of pound due to the expensive costs of equipment and energy needed to propel space shuttles into space. The agency uses millions of gallons of fuel to provide the energy for space transportation. NASA spends $10,000 to put a pound of payload in the orbit of the Earth (Katayama, 2002). The high cost of transportation and unreliability has put pressure ...

(Flyby) New Horizons The New Horizons spacecraft was launched by NASA in January 2006 (NASA, New Horizon, online). It used Jupiter to gain a gravity boost and carried out scientific studies of Jupiter. New Horizons carried out a flyby study of Pluto and moons in mid-2015. Next came the close approach flyby of Pluto itself on July 14, 2015. The spacecraft will carry out an extended mission in which it will travel out to the Kuiper Belt (which is more than 1 billion miles beyond Pluto's orbit). (Orbiter) Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter left Cape Canaveral in ...

- Introduction The Apollo missions were a series of space flights planned and implemented in the 1960’s and early 1970’s by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to achieve circumlunar flight and ultimately a moon landing. The vehicles used to achieve these goals comprised a Saturn V rocket as the launch vehicle, carrying atop the initially-combined Apollo Command and Service Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module (LM).

- The Obstacles The first and important obstacle was obtaining the necessary funding for the program. NASA’s budget estimate was originally circa $20 billion needed from government funding. ...

Chapter 6 and 7 outline

Chapter 6 outline - TELESCOPES: PORTALS OF DISCOVERY - Eye and cameras: everyday light sensor

How your eye does form an image? - Refraction - Focusing light - Image formation

How does we record image?

- Focusing light - What we have learnt - Telescope: Giant eye

What are the two most important properties of telescope?

- Light collecting area - Bigger is better - Thought question - Angular resolution

What are the two basic designs of the telescopes?

- Refracting telescope - Reflecting telescope

What do astronomers do with telescopes?

- Imaging - Spectroscopy - Timing - Timing - Telescope and the atmosphere

How does Earth’s atmosphere affect ground-based observation?

- Light pollution - Twinkling and turbulence ...

In every organization, whether private or public, managers would often encounter problems. These problems and challenges act as a barrier to effective management in the public sector. They impede the quality of service delivery and quality of work life in government. The barriers are aligned to issues such as resources, task organization, technology, priorities, and personnel. Such problems do arise in the areas of authority. This implies that solutions to such challenges are more or less within the powers of the managers. In public organizations, the extent of their independence is low compared to the private organizations . Therefore, public organizations ...

ABSTRACT

There are a number of important benefits that can be gleaned for humanity as a whole if production processes could be moved to space. This is a holistic investigation of the different benefits of moving manufacturing processes to space, and of the current processes that are capable of being carried out in space or in orbit. Full-scale production of space vehicles is the final end goal of the process, but a focus on small-scale production via 3-D printing technologies is also examined over the course of the study. A literature review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of manufacturing in Microgravity ...

Introduction

This year marks the fifty sixth anniversary of NASA and a series of other half-century commemorations of some of the first milestones of the organization in terms of space flight. The fiftieth anniversary of the first landing on the moon, marked in 2009, was a reminder of the strides taken by man, particularly by the United States in terms of space travel. What was once only a fantasy, human travel into space and other worlds, is part of man’s proud history. The question now is: what lies in the future? In spite of the exciting accomplishments made by man, there are ...

Introduction

The movie Apollo 13 is based on the true account of the unfortunate Apollo mission of NASA. The movie opens with Astronaut Jim Lovell (Tom Hanks) who is enjoying a party to celebrate the success of Apollo 11 lunar mission. The story subsequently revolves to tell the tale of the third mission of landing in the moon which would be led by Astronaut Jim Lovell, Fred Haise (Bill Paxton) lunar module driver and Kevin Bacon as Jack Swivert, who is the command module pilot. The mission is smooth until the crew is threatened due to the explosion of an oxygen ...

Abstract

Space junk is a real problem today, what with million useless pieces of junk orbiting our planet. We do not see that junk does not mean it is not there or cannot be a problem. The technology we use today is innately tied to space as our modern life relies on functioning satellites. The paper looks into the presence of space junk and the issues related.

Introduction

Space junk is the collection of all the debris orbiting the earth. This orbital debris has been classified into two forms – natural and man-made. The natural debris consists mainly of fragments of meteoroids and other ...

(Author)

Elon Musk Elon Musk (full name: Elon Reeve Musk) is South African-born Canadian American businessman, space pioneer, and inventor. He is also the motivation for Tony Stark – Iron Man’s superhero. He emigrated to Canada when he was 17 years old and then moved to U.S. He is the CEO, CTO and chief designer of California-based Company, Space Exploration Technologies (popularly known as “SpaceX”); Chairman, CEO and chief product architect of Tesla Motors, and chairperson of SolarCity.

Personality Traits

Elon Musk has the fascination to explore and study new topics of interest. Ever since he was young his parents ...

Spacehas captivated our imagination right from childhood, and recently, we were privileged to have Mr. Gordon Leon, an expert with over 30 years experience in space programs, give a lecture on Satellite programs on January 16, 2014. Between 1978-2007, Mr. Gordon Leon worked at the Boeing Satellite Development Center, working under various capacities including those of Chief Engineer and Project Manager. Currently, he spends most of his time in technical and management consulting services for small and mid-sized technical companies. He has degrees in communications and management, and also one in Environmental Sciences. Thereafter, Mr. Gordon Leon completed his Masters ...

Compare and contrast essay

- The day the Earth Stood Still

Producer decided to produce a film that demonstrated the suspicion and fears that penetrated the early Atomic Age and the Cold war. He decided that Science fiction was suitable for metaphorically discussing these grave issues. He reviewed various novels and short stories to get a storyline that he could use. Darryl F. Zanuck gave a green light to this project. The producer hired the service of screenplay writer Edmund North. The ideas were picked from Farewell to the Master, a short story written Harry Bate. Edmund completed the revised version of the screenplay on the 21st ...

Scientist has for some time now researched about the universe and extended their research on extraterrestrial life. Evidence got through application of different technologies show that there is a possibility of life supporting conditions such as liquid water in another galaxy. There have also been ideas that the earth was visited by aliens some time back. Evidence show this is impossible considering that Andromeda, the closest galaxy to the Milky way is over 2 million light years away which means that if the aliens were to visit the earth it would take them 2 million years (Lippincott 1994). Information ...

<Student’s name> <Professor’s name>

First cosmonaut of the planet was born March 9, 1934 in Gzhatsk (now Gagarin), Smolensk region in farmer's family. "The family in which I was born - he wrote later Yuri - very ordinary; it is no different from millions of working families of our country. " The first years of his life spent in the countryside Yuri Klushino, where his parents lived father - Alexei Ivanovich, and mother Anna Timofeevna. In May 1949 he graduated from the sixth grade Gzhatsk junior high school, and on 30 September of ...

Background

Even before the beginning of the space age, astronomers and researchers have attempted to discover whether or not there were other habitable planets like Earth in outer space; discovering other planets like Earth could ultimately answer the question of whether or not we are alone in the universe. With the advancement of aerospace technology, NASA and other organizations have begun to organize efforts to develop more concrete answers as to the possibility of life on other planets. Prior to 2009, no planets had been definitively identified outside our solar system until nearly twenty years ago (NASA Ames Research Center, ...

References 13

Abstract The focal purpose of the Voyager Interstellar Mission has been to broaden the NASA exploration of the solar system further than the quarter of the outer planets and extend to the limits of the sphere of influence on the sun and even beyond. This expansive mission has been continued to characterize the environment of the outer solar system and has also assisted in search for heliopause boundary i.e. the outward flow of solar wind and the outer limits of solar magnetic field. Heliopause boundary penetration between the interstellar medium and the solar wind allows in measuring interstellar ...

Essay Questions

- Give a general objective of the following NASA space program missions, and give details such as who, when, where, how and why. (30 points) this answer should take at least three paragraphs.

Project Mercury started in 1958 and it came to completion in 1963. This was the first program that man landed in space. The program made six flights from 1961 to 1963. The objectives of the mission included: to investigate the ability of man to function in the space, to ensure that both the man and the spacecraft came back safely and to make the spacecraft orbit around ...

The United States and Soviet Union have always seen themselves together in the same sentence because they have always tried to one up the other. This scenario is one that is very real with regards the conquest of outer space. For some reason America seemed to be playing catch up as she was a step behind with regards exploring outer space and putting a man in space Project Mercury is a program by NASA with an aim to launching the first Americans into space. During the duration of Project Mercury six flights were made by astronauts. Of that six, two came ...

- Introduction Whilst there have been many space missions – the majority either under the auspices of the National Science and Aeronautics Administration (NASA), or the European Space Agency (ESA) or the Russian Aviation and Space Agency – famously including manned landings on the moon (NASA), the most successful mission of all time in terms of space travel must surely be the creation, construction and the successful continued existence and operation of the international Space Station (ISS). A key purpose of the ISS has been to evaluate the effects on humans of lengthy exposure to conditions in space – an essential ...

The 1960s decade is known by its huge amount of new inventions. A lot of them belong to the space racing. Period when the US and USSR were competing by taking control over the space. Many different spacecraft companies which were specialized in launching and rocket engineering started forming mostly when the second World War has started and after it. The main reason was a need of producing new weapons like for example rocket-powered guns. The war brought a lot of new technical inventions that caused the increasing number of aircraft companies. After the Second World War, the Defense Department started a ...

Our scientific understanding of the vastness of the universe and the relative insignificance of Earth and human civilization on a galactic scale increases every day. The first planet outside our solar system was discovered in 1992, and since then, hundreds have been found. A study done at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 2011, for example, estimated that the Milky Way Galaxy alone should contain about 2 billion Earth-like planets. If this estimate is accurate, then the statistical likelihood that at least one, if not more, has also evolved life, possibly even intelligent life, is higher than ever before. How ...

The Cold War was an era of rapid change the world over. The Soviet Union emerged from World War II victorious but weakened by war, needing to find a new path of industrialization and to maintain control of the myriad of satellite states it had collected as spoils; the United States emerged as the leading Western power, largely unaffected by the war, which was not fought on their own territory, and largely complacent with its position at first. Europe aligned itself between the capitalist and communist powers, and became divided by what Winston Churchill famously termed the “Iron Curtain”. The ...

Introduction

The Kessler Syndrome is defined to be orbital debris tenure that has developed into accepted outer the specialized orbital debris area without ever getting a severe explanation. The goal of this study is to explain importance of Kessler syndrome and its impact on the organizations to change its climate and to place the inference into the approach after research by the worldwide scientific community, as well as to argue what it might signify to potential space functions. The term of Kessler Syndrome has derived by Donald J. Kessler. Kessler syndrome preserved the catalogue of synthetic things in orbit, however ...

NASA focuses its missions on the study of space and planetary explorations. One such robotic spacecraft mission is the New Horizons which is designed to study Pluto and Charon, known as ‘double planets’ and its moons namely Nix, Hydra, S/2011 P 1 and S/2012 P 1. An extended mission of New Horizons is planned to visit more objects in the Kuiper Belt region, if an appropriate target is located beyond Neptune. The estimated arrival of the spacecraft on Pluto is in 2015. This mission will aide in understanding the icy worlds located at the edge of the solar system. ...

Air pollution refers to the emission of harmful substances in form of particles into the atmosphere. There are many types of pollutants categorized as primary and secondary pollutants. The primary pollutants are the type of pollutants that directly pollute the air through their emission and the secondary pollutants are the ones that are formed from the interaction and reaction of the primary pollutants. Air pollution leads to the formation of the ozone layer hence, the causes of pollution of air include; sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and dust, just a few to mention. These pollutants have ...

For a long time, there has been debate across the world regarding the existence of other life forms in other places outside the earth. From the time when human started to gain a deeper understanding of the universe, people continue to intuate that the outer space and other planets contains some form of civilization and other forms of life. This paper will explore this issue by synthesizing research and opinion regarding the existence of life in the outer space. For many years, the belief that there was life in space was very common among many scientists. To try and prove ...

The Historical Causes of the US Lunar Projects

The United States and the Soviet Unions at this period in history were the world Super Powers. The two countries were engaged in the Cold War trying to dominate each other. There were three events that occurred that caused the United States to launch into lunar projects. In the year 157, the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 which was the first artificial satellite in the outer space. The launch of the satellite caused quite uproar in the United States as it felt that the Soviet Union was advancing in technology at a higher speed (Spudis, 2010). The event was ...