Essays on Spectral

Errors involved in digital image capturing and processing can either be systematic or random. Systematic errors are classified into geometric distortions, spectral errors and distortions. Geometric distortions are caused by sensor-Earth geometric variations which affects the position of a pixel relative to other pixels,. In digital images, the pixel position is compared to the other pixels in the scene and the absolute position of the pixel relative to real coordinates in latitudes and longitudes. Geometric distortions can render the image and the information expected to be derived from the image as useless,. This is because the image is sometimes ...

Digital image analysis is a method of extraction of useful information from digital images by using various digital image processing techniques. A digital image is a two-dimensional matrix that consists of great number of smallest addressable elements – pixels. Each pixel has its own digital characteristics, such as address and color representation. Digital image characteristics have two main measures: spatial resolution that is focused on capturing details and tonal resolution that is used to measure color, dynamic range and bit-depth. Higher tonal, spatial, and color values mean larger sizes of digital image file. (Peterson, 2005, pp. 1-2) The appropriate method ...

Introduction:

Nanobiotechnology serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Silver nanoparticles are particularly interesting nanoscale systems due to the ease with which they can be synthesised and modified chemically. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been widely researched due to their interesting size and shape-dependent properties [26]. These novel properties can be tailored by controlling their size, shape, composition, structure and crystallinity. Due to their size features and advantages over available anti-microbial properties, chemical imaging ...

The main goal of speech modification is the control of non-linguistic information of various speech signals, as, for instance, voice quality and/or voice individuality. The term speech modification is usually used to refer to the different modifications, which may be applied to the sound produced by people. (McAulay and Quatieri, 1986) Speech modification is used in a big range of areas, such as speech synthesis, film and music industry, voice editing, dubbing, toys, chat rooms, games, communications (interpreting telephony, helium speech), voice pathology (voice restoration), high-end hearing aids, other applications (for example, confuse speaker identification systems). The process of ...

Introduction

The very title of this article may seem to some readers fantastic. Is there any evidence that alien beings exist? Can we prove that there is no clear scientific argument in favor of their life and activity? Such questions immediately arise among readers, of course, they are quite natural. And yet, I will try to show that the statement of the problem in our time of exclusively rapid scientific and technical progress is quite logic. Moreover, most recently the first steps towards the solution of this great problem facing mankind were taken. Basically, from the scientific point of view ...

I. Introduction Advances in recombinant DNA technology and bioinformatics-based data analysis have driven the explosion of structural biology in the last two decades (Kelly, Jess, and Price 119). This has resulted to the identification of at least 2000 proteins annually and a growing need in performing structural studies in these new proteins. The current trend involves the concern of analyzing protein structures close to its natural conditions (and other conditions) and of measuring their rates of structural changes, an essential factor in their biological functions. The technique of circular dichroism (CD) has gained an increasing popularity in addressing these ...

Abstract

Actions taken at the beginning of a crime scene investigation can have far-reaching implications in the resolution of the crime, apprehension of the suspects and prosecution in the court of law. Meticulous and thorough investigation is key in ensuring that potential evidence is not destroyed or tampered with and witnesses overlooked. While many criminal investigation agencies employ a wide range of programs, techniques and equipment used in crime scene processing, the resources available and level of training vary from country to country. Apparently, the ability to investigate crimes has improved dramatically over the years with advances in information and ...

The purpose of this paper is to develop a fundamental idea about the phenomenon of Supernovae and their significance in understanding the nature of our universe. This paper shall be trying to make an in-depth analysis of different types of supernovae that had been observed in universe and also the factors that cause them. Even though the paper does not go deeper into the technical aspects of observing supernovae and the characteristics of their each type, a significant amount of study has been conducted to make an understanding of how they are observed and the characteristics that make each ...

The monitoring of the Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPONs) is based on the optical coding (OC) technique and which is the most cost-effective monitoring technique. The performance of the OC technique relies on the design of the implemented hardware and on the design of the address code chosen. With an increasing number of GPON users, the address code selected must has the ability to support a number of code-words that are equal or larger than the available users. The main purpose for this research is to improve the GPON monitoring system using the OC technique. This research has developed ...

Introduction

Interactions between atmospheric energy and matter and with the surface of the earth play an important role in remote sensing. There is a constant interaction between the surface of the earth, electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere. This interaction determines the spectral areas through which remote sensing can be done (Bucholtz, 1995, 2769). Electromagnetic radiation is propagated via the earth's atmosphere at the speed of light once it has been generated. Since the earth's atmosphere is not a vacuum, it has a different impact on the wavelength, spectral distribution, speed and direction of radiation.

Scattering

One of the results obtained for ...

In the world of today’s cinema, 3-D technology is making a comeback. No longer a kitschy gimmick used in the 1950s to bring extra ticket sales to monster movies, it has turned into a phenomenon that turns normal 2-D movies into stereoscopic blockbusters. 3-D films such as the 2009 film Avatar rule the box office, creating landscapes that pop out at the viewer and take them into a new dimension. To this day, more and more blockbuster films are adapting the Avatar model and releasing more and more movies in 3D, mostly due to new technologies and methods for delivering crisp, realistic ...

1. Calibration carried out for EXDRF and WDXRF XRF measurement is based on the concept that different elements have characteristic x-rays. The integrity of the XRF measurement is thus tied on the ability to accurately determine the energies of these X-rays. The process of calibration is thus used in assigning distinct energy values for each channel in the panalytical EDXRF and panalytical WDXRF. We thus do calibration by sending x-rays of known energy values to the detector. Knowledge of the channels where these known values are sorted is then used in assigning values to channels. However, this ...

Introduction

The Salem Witch trials were a series of hearings in the Counties and these hearings were carried out with the aim of prosecuting people who were accused of engaging in witchcraft. Although they were known as the Salem trials, they were carried across different provinces in the counties of Essex, Suffolk and Middlesex. Most people believed in witches and there were probably practicing witches in Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1692. Witches have existed in Salem and Andover since 1692 until today. There were 58 cases of witchcraft in the England colonies from 1645 to 1662 (Buckland, 2002). The trials led ...

I will analyse filters as a sub-set of the circuit. I choose filter because it is a core component of the audio equipment I have designed since it is responsible for ‘generating’ the high and low frequency signals that are fed to the tweeter and woofer respectively.

Filters

Unlike resistors, the opposition (or reactance) to current offered by capacitors and inductors vary with frequency. At lower frequencies, the reactance of inductors is low while that of capacitors is high. At high frequencies, the reverse happens and the reactance of inductors is high while that of capacitors is considerably reduced. Thus at very ...