Essays on Staining

Abstract

In the field of medicine, histopathology process is undertaken by pathologist.The aim of undertaking histopathology is to examine the existence or the possibility of a disease in the body tissue of a living thing. In addition, the process of histopathology is best practiced on the specimen of body tissue taken during the surgery of a patient. Here, the process involves a series of activities where surgery helps to remove body tissues for examination. After the surgery, the body tissue removed is placed in a fixative place where no external toxicities can contaminate the specimen. This forms the basis for ...

Identification of the Unknown Microorganisms

Unknown #1 Unknown #2 1. The identification of bacterial strains is a common practice in clinical and medical fields. The ubiquitously present microorganisms can be both, beneficial or harmful to the host they attack or inhabit. Since times, several biochemical characteristics have been identified for many bacteria that commonly are related to humans. These characteristics and morphology have been arranged in a systematic way to identify the targeted unknown microorganism along with ruling out the ones giving negative results for the characteristic tests. This way the search was narrowed down for each of the two unknown microorganisms. The Gram ...

Introduction

Tooth development involves a complex process whereby teeth are formed from embryonic cells, and then eventually mature after erupting as evident in the mouth (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). The development usually originates from mesoderm and ectoderm. At the ectoderm found in the oral cavity, there is the development of enamel and other tissues also come from associated mesenchyme. All teeth don’t develop at the same time, but rather in stages (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). First buds are always observed in the region of anterior mandible, followed by anterior maxillary area then finally ...

INTRODUCTION

Klebsiella pneumoniae belongs to Klebsiella species of Enterobacteriaceae and constitutes the normal flora of the human mouth and intestine. K. pneumonia is the most predominant and clinically critical organism. Infections with K. pneumoniae are mostly contracted from the hospitals and principally occur in patients with damaged host defenses. The objective of this study is to perform techniques to identify the bacterium in the given sample and confirm its presence by staining and microscopic analysis.

Streaking may be performed on the clinical sample using Mac Conkey agar or blood agar with the goal of isolating colonies of the organism from ...

The field of microbiology was very limited until the discovery of the microscope, though it did exist in a very practical sense. Though scientists were ultimately wrong about what actually carried and transmitted the plague, for example, they were correct in hypothesizing that it came from an outside source. Between then and now, the microscope was developed, and has been improved upon more and more. Now we have a great classification scheme for prokaryotes (assuming bacteria). It follows the standard domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. The standard for most eukaryotes is also the same for ...

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INTRODUCTION:

Pathologists or microbiologists play a very vital role in the management and diagnosis of any disease. They get immense help by performing certain series of tests which aids them reaching to a conclusion. One such test is called as gram staining which is used widely as the most primitive test for the identification of various bacteria According to Beveridge, the gram stain essentially delineates bacteria into two broad categories. It does that by giving color to these bacteria and bacteria that attains purple or violet color are ...

Introduction:

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is the type of a microscope that uses a beam of electron rather than visible light to illuminate the specimen. Besides, while light microscope uses glass lens to focus light to the specimen, TEM uses electromagnetic lenses for focusing of the electron beam. TEM has a higher resolving power than the light microscope because the electron beam it uses for illumination has a much lower wavelength than visible light. During the operation of TEM, some electrons passing through the specimen get scattered and disappear from the beam. However, the unscattered electrons reach a fluorescence screen ...

Yeast, Epithelial and Dental plaque

Compare your observations from the four activities of fresh wet mount, direct staining using crystal violet, and indirect staining using both Congo Red and crystal violet. Wet mount of S. cerevisiae under magnification of X10 and X40, revealed the cells as being independent, with oval shapes. All the cells in wet mount, had same shape appearance, with borders that could not be clearly distinct. However, in wet mount, it was not easy to determine epithelial cells shape. In the direct staining, cells shapes could be determined since cells had a violet color. This made the cells to be visible ...

Organism # 6

Molecular Biosciences 101 Section # Purpose Materials and Methods Gram Staining: Three circles were marked at the bottom of a clean glass slide and they were labeled as gram(+), gram(-) and unknown respectively. The three labeled circles were then inoculated with microorganism 6 using an inoculating loop. The bacterial smears were then air dried and heat fixed over a gentle flame. The slide was then flooded with primary stain, crystal violet for a minute by placing it on a staining rack. Excess crystal violet was washed off with a gentle stream of water. Thereafter, gram iodine was added and ...

Abstract

The central dogma of biology is performed within this study. A vector of T7 RNA Polymerase gene was inserted into E.Coli where it could be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into protein. The protein was extracted and purified. A successful clone was produced by inserting the vector into the expressing cell line and it was observed after achieved an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.84. A collected 20.87 ug of double stranded RNA was found. Additionally, a linear DNA template OD260: 0.04 µg/ml was transcribed. After expressing it was found that a total protein concentration of ...

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125), which is encoded by MUC16, is the only biomarker currently used for immunohistochemical diagnosis of ovarian cancer (Tanyi and Scholler 1098). Literature suggests that 80% of the patients with ovarian cancer express CA125. The expression pattern is different among the different kinds of ovarian cancer; 85% in serous ovarian cancer, 12% in mucinous cancer and 40% in clear cell carcinoma (Tanyi and Scholler 1098; Kaspar and Crum 44), which helps in differential diagnosis.

Differential diagnosis among various types of ovarian cancer. There are five types of primary ovarian ...

Introduction

Elodea canadensis is a perennial hydrophyte, which is native to the majority of North America and was first recorded in about 1836 from the British Isles (Hackney, 1992). Young plants at first begin with a seedling stem and roots grow in mud at the underneath of water. More adventitious roots arise at intervals along the stem. The leaves are translucent, bright green, oblong, 1-4 mm broad and 6-17 mm long, borne in whorls of three round the stem (Rose, 2006). It lives completely submerged.

Blepharisma is a unicellular ciliate protists genus found in salt and fresh water (Miyake, Harumoto, Salvi, & Rivola, ...

Kathyann

Abstract Dental care substances with stannous fluoride as an active ingredient may be helpful in allowing re-hardening or in increasing the resistance of teeth surfaces to further acidic or mechanical impacts. However, stannous fluorides are applied together with brushing and depending on how and when tooth-brushing occurs. This research focuses on the potential harmful and helpful effects associated with the use of stannous concerning erosive wear. Active ingredients like fluorides or agents that have unique anti-erosive properties were shown to offer protection against erosion and combined erosion and abrasion to some extent. The abrasive effects of dentifrices may ...

Specific Aims

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encodes a DNA-editing deaminase, which is a group of the Cytidine Deaminase family (Bello). This protein is concerned in somatic gene conversion, hypermutation, and class-switch recombination of Ig (immunoglobulin genes). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has been expressed in B cells at germinal center and starts the events, which lead to class switch recombination of immunoglobulin genes and somatic hypermutation. Additionally to this primary responsibility in immune diversification, deviant targeting of Activation-induced cytidine deaminase activity leads to translocations and point mutations of oncogenes linked with B-cell lymphoma. Lately, AID has been related in active DNA demethylation (Sariah). ...

Aim: To separate Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) using poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

Introduction: Bioluminescence observed in many marine organisms is due to a protein called as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Since its discovery, GFP has been useful in biotechnology due to its versatility and ease of transformation in E. coli (Chalfie et al., 1994). GFP is a 26.87 kilodaltons (kD) protein composed of 239 amino acids. It has a barrel structure with a fluorescent chromophore embedded deep in the interior of the protein. The chromophores in GFP are excited at a wavelength of 395 nm, and when the electrons of chromophores drop to a lower energy state they emit fluorescent light of 509 nm (Ormo et al., ...

- Cell Culture and Cell Lines: Three breast cancer cell lines: CAL120, EVSAT and MDA-MB-231, were cultured individually, in RRMI 1640 supplemented with 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 100U/ml Penicillin, 100U/ml Streptomycin and L-Glutamine. The cells were cultured and maintained in an incubator at 370C supplied with 5% CO2. For subsequent experiments, the cells were further cultured till confluence, in 6 well and 96 well plates using RPMI+20%FBS. 1.2 Treatment of Cells: For treatment, 1x106 cells were seeded in 6 well culture plates, and incubated for 24 hrs. After 24 hours, the old media ...

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microorganisms are those organisms that are less than a millimeter in size and require the help of a microscope to view them. Microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular but have very simple cell structure, unlike the highly developed, complex organisms such as larger animals and humans. Microorganisms are classified based on criteria such as their cell structure, pattern of growth, nutrition, reproduction method, etc. However, microbial classification is a challenging task due to the dual nature of some microorganisms that exhibit both animal and plant like characteristics. Some microorganisms are photosynthetic like plants but they also ...

Identification of mystery microbe based on its morphology and biochemical properties

The experiment was conducted to detect the species of a given mystery microbe. The microbe was subjected to a battery of tests in order to identify its physical and biochemical characteristics. Based on the tests, different possible microbe species were eliminated to finally arrive at the right conclusion. The possible microbes included Escherichia coli, Providencia alcalifaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Sarcina aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis. The first test conducted was to detect the Gram staining properties of the given microbe. This helped in identifying whether the given microbe had a thin ...

Introduction

The discovery of restriction enzymes (REs), bacterial transformation, and agarose gel electrophoresis caused the sudden increase of popularity of molecular biology in the 1970s. Restriction enzymes allow the manipulation of specific sites of an organism’s genes and are commonly used in many laboratories worldwide. Restriction enzymes cut DNA in many different ways and can produce sticky ends and blunt ends (Weaver, 2012). The most abundant type of restriction enzymes is Type II, which require magnesium cations as cofactor (Pingoud et al., 2005). Aside from their popularity is recombinant DNA technology as a “cut and paste” tool, estriction enzymes can ...

Introduction

Prussian blue was discovered by Diesbach and Dippel between 1704 and 1707 in Berlin and was initially used as a synthetic pigment. The new pigment of Prussian blue was less expensive but readily produced unlike the other blue pigments initially used during the blue color paintings. 1 Evidential document provides that Prussian blue was produced in Berlin between 1708 to 1716 by Frisch and Diesbach. Selling of Prussian blue was initially done by Frisch. Dippel also produced the compound while he was in Netherlands until 1714. Frisch and Diesbach attempted to keep the secrecy of the production of Prussian blue ...

Hotel Design

Literature Review on Latest Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipment for a Luxury Hotel Introduction The term luxury has been greatly misused. Many institutions use it without knowledge of what it should entail. Institutions like Forbes set standards for luxurious hotels. However, they have not been able to come up with a proper description of luxury hotels (Yee 2005). Luxury hotels have the following characteristics. First, methods of booking and travel agents are easy and well planned. Their services are quick and efficient. Secondly, the rooms are able to accommodate all people: handicapped and pet-friendly. They have plunge rooms, king beds ...

Staining is used in different streams of biology to study cells and tissues. It is a process in which dye is added to better visualize the cells under the microscope. Staining is needed because it is difficult to view cells under a microscope or to differentiate one type of cell from another. The dyes used help in outlining the cells or its organelles or in highlighting the cytoplasm and make them standout as compared to the background. This helps in identifying as well as counting them. Different stains can also be used to differentiate between two types of cells or even ...

Immunohistochemistry

Introduction The Human Papilloma virus (HPV) is an extremely common group of viruses that are found worldwide. There are more than 100 types of HPV worldwide. 13 types of HPV are associated with cancer. They are also termed as high risk type. (WHO, 2013). HPV is transmitted through sexual contact. More than 90% of cases are infected shortly after sexual activity. Cervical cancer is associated with HPV infection that are acquired through sexual contact. 70% of cervical cancer cases are caused by two types of HPV. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are the two strains associated with cervical ...

Introduction

In the mouse and other mammalian species, the pool of primordial follicles becomes established during fetal or neonatal life (Oktay et al., 1995). Over the mammal’s lifespan, the follicles undergo growth and development, and eventually the initial reserve of follicles begins to diminish during the mammal’s midlife. Briefly, follicular cells move from a primordial phase, in which little DNA synthesis is taking place, to enter a primary and then secondary stage, in which the granulose cells undergo intense proliferation and high levels of DNA synthesis can be observed. Antral and post- ovulation stages follow (Oktay et al., 1995). Folliculogenesis ...

The process of identifying an organism involves the determination of where an isolate or an organism needs to be placed within a group of organisms that are already known. The process is usually done to conform to a given scheme of classification. Most of the microorganisms that may be found in the environment require to be identified aiming at identifying the different species that may be found in a given environment. The identification enables physicists and health workers to associated different sources with different organisms especially those that cause diseases. Organism classification may also help in the diagnosis of different disease by ...

Differentiation of white blood cells by light microscopy

Most mammals have blood consisting of three types of blood cells, Red blood cells (Erythrocytes), White blood cells (Leukocytes) and Platelets (Thrombocyte). These are collectively termed as hematocyte, which simply means blood cell. These cells constitute to around 40% to 45% of the blood volume. The remaining consist of Plasma, which is referred to the liquid part of blood. The total volume of blood can be determined by centrifugation or flow cytometry. The 45% of blood component (blood cells) is termed as hematocrit. Another important component of blood is hemoglobin, which gives blood its red color. It is ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

Purpose

Materials and Methods Gram Stain: the test was done to differentiate Gram-positive from Gram-negative organisms. A drop of the unknown 300 was suspended on a slide and the culture spread to an oven thin film. The culture was air dried and fixed over a gentle flame. Crystal violet stain was added over the culture and allowed to stand for 60 seconds. The stain was poured off and rinsed gently. Iodine solution was added on the smear, allowed to stand for 60 seconds and the stain poured off. The slide was rinsed with running water, and a few drops of decolorizer solution ...

Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases known to cause medical illness in humans, and is the second most common cause of death due to infection worldwide (Riley, 2013). The bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Tuberculosis) causes the disease; and while it is widely known that it affects the lungs of the individual, other organ systems may be affected in nearly one-third of cases (Harrison’s, 2008). Proper treatment in drug-susceptible strains leads to a cure; however, drug resistant strains or improper treatment has a 5-year survival rate between 50-65% of cases (Harrison’s, 2008). Transmission is through respiratory droplets passed from ...

The landlord’s strongest position arises out of the Lease Agreement dated November 1, 2005, together with the Smoke Detector Agreement dated the same day (attached as Exhibits A & B, respectively), taken together with the tenant’s undisputed actions from the facts given. 1. Affidavits from both the electrician (later identified as Lech Triscian) and the landlord (attached as Exhibits C & D, respectively) which outlines what was observed when they entered the premises, specifically; A. The occupants appeared to include the person who was in the premises when the landlord and the electrician entered, which would violate ...

Part 1

1. 1. Eye piece 5.Arm 2. Objective lens 6.Coarse adjustment knob 3. Stage 7.fine adjustment 4. Base 2. What is the procedure (step by step) which you followed to do gram staining? (20 points) 1. Obtain a tissue sample for the gram stain. 2. Two or three drops of the sample were placed on the glass slide. 3. Use the electric slide warmer, heat the smear. Alternatively, this can be done by quickly passing it over a flame. Although should be very quick to avoid distortion. 4. Add crystal violet to the ...

Component One

The Data Quality Objectives (DQO Process) is a planning process that has been developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This particular planning process is used when environmental information or data is used to make a choice between two specific alternatives or to make a derivation of contamination estimate. The process is also used in the development of acceptance and performance criteria that find use in the clarification of study objectives, defining of appropriate data type and the specification of potential errors of decisions that are then used as the basis for the establishment of the quantity and the quality of ...

of HT22 Cells derived from Mouse Hippocampus

Sections I and II

Biology Section I 1. Introduction Fluorescent protein development research has gained increased knowledge about the range in the color palette available from the Aequorea Victoria jellyfish. The wavelength emissions in the blue to yellow range are now better understood. [1] Another area that has seen a great improvement in knowledge is the understanding of emissions of the monomeric fluorescent protein emissions in the orange to far-red spectral region. [1] The spectral region of fluorescent in the orange to far-red is derived appropriate reef coral species. [1] This area of research ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

Introduction

Bacillus Subtilis are the organisms that are aerobic, Gram Positive, spore-forming belonging to the Bacillus genus. The organisms are together with other species that are closely related play a crucial role in disease, food poisoning as well as food spoilage. Lack of methods that are standardized for the identification of the organisms whether coming from the food or environment has made the tests to be difficult. Use of morphological as well as physiological tests have offered the best ways to identify organisms in the laboratory although there are inconsistent and lack of reliance in these methods. Identification of an ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1. Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

THE MICROSCOPE

The fundamental objectives of this report are to learn how to: - handle and care about the microscope - Identify various parts of the microscope such as the eye piece, arm, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, base, nose piece, objective lenses, stage condenser, and Iris diagram. - Define various terminologies used while using the microscope such as the total magnification, resolving power, working distance, parfocal and real and virtual images. - And finally to observe stained slides of bacteria or the fungi.

RESULTS

Concerning how to care about the microscope, the following should be taken ...

Skeletal muscles are complex and highly specialized group of cells that are not isomorphic but can be categorized in a heterogeneous group with different qualities. This heterogeneity of the skeletal muscles is important because ensures different sets of functions that skeletal muscles perform in the human body. This heterogeneity also enables a significant ability of the human organism to adapt to different conditions in life (Pette and Staron 2000). In addition of this heterogeneity, skeletal muscles also posses the ability of plasticity. This means that muscle cells can evolve and adapt to different stimuli and change their characteristics (Tavi and Westerblad ...

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Introduction Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a species of bacteria that is pathogenic( Herchline, 2012). It is one of the members of the Mycobacterium genus. It was first discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. It is described as being an acid-fast organism because it has a waxy coat composed of mycotic acid. This coat, which does not allow gram, stains to take. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an aerobic organism that requires high level of oxygen to survive. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacterium that forms stable complexes with aryl methane dyes. Mycobacterium has peptidoglycan structures, which confers on them the acid-fast properties ...

Introduction

Ice cream, a milk-based good, is an excellent medium for microbial growth owing to high nutrient value, virtually neutral pH value (~pH 6–7), and elongated storage interlude of ice cream. The components of ice cream may be of a diversity of amalgamations of milk, cream, condensed milk, dried milk, colouring materials, flavours, fruits, nuts, sweetening agents, eggs, and eggs products, and stabilizers. Any of these could add to microorganisms’ growth and influence the quality of the goods as evaluated by its bacterial load or the presence of different explicit bacteria species. Time reliant heating throughout the ice cream creation decreases ...

A country without a focused young generation has got a dark future. The youth plays an important role in the development of a society. The indicators of a possible prosperous state are measured, using the present young population. They are quite often associated with creativity, innovation, high work rates and a burning desire to achieve big personal and career targets. They mature into adulthood, to become role models to the young. Besides that, they also engage in many, social functions like partying with friends. It’s during such functions that, most of them would want to practice, what they see on screen and friends. ...