Essays on Taxpayers

Introduction

The financial crisis of 2007/9 was the worst in the U.S. since the Great Depression of the 1930s. It was the cause of the failure of some of the biggest financial institutions including Washington Mutual which was closed in 2008, and its assets transferred to JP Morgan. In 2008, the crisis reached its peak with loans dropping dramatically to the lowest levels to be witnessed in a half a century. For example, new loans to large borrowers fell by 47 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008 as compared to the previous quarter and by 79 percent relative to ...

The centers for Medicare and Medicaid define an accountable care organization as a group of medical professionals and hospitals, whose aim is to share medical and financial responsibilities for coordinated care to patients (McCarthy, 2013). The team members unite to provide harmonized and high eminence care to the Medicare patients, who visit the medical institutions. The coordinated care that is provided assists in ensuring that patients, particularly the chronically ill patients, have access to timely and quality care. Additionally, it helps in preventing medical errors from occurring as well as reducing pointless replication of services. If the ACO programs ...

Undocumented immigrants have become a popular topic in the United States. When discussing them, there are many concerns surrounding allowing them into the country, how long they will stay, and what their presence here means for legal citizens. One such topic concerns a driver’s license and whether or not undocumented immigrants should be allowed to receive one. Many argue it would be better to allow undocumented immigrants to have a driver’s license, stating receiving a license is of no true consequence today compared to instances when terrorists were able to obtain one. While this may be true, ...

Introduction

Data from the US Census Bureau shows that in 2014, some 33 million people (10% of the population) in the United States did not have health insurance (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -OECD, 2015). While all governments should offer universal healthcare to their people, some poor countries have plenty of socio-economic complexities to handle it, and for now developed countries like the United States are the ones highly capable of offering free healthcare to all their citizenry. The United States has one of the most unstable healthcare systems in terms of its affordability and access to all citizens ...

Introduction

Milton Friedman was a renowned economist and a reputable advisor of the United President Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher who was a Conservative British Prime Minister. Friedman developed an influential and controversial manifesto on the role of the government in a free society on his work titled Capitalism and Freedom. His fundamental objective was to promote the laissez-faire economic policy by often disapproving the interventionist policies held by the government and their cost in economic efficiency and personal freedom within and outside the United States. It is with this light that Friedman provide his view on the significance of ...

Abstract

The issue of how criminals are sentenced and treated is a problem within in the United States and around the world. The sentence given for a crime that is committed is not always equal from one state or region to another. Diversion programs are therefore a method that have been created to offer a second chance to first-time offenders and youthful offenders that are deemed worthy of a second chance. These programs are designed to be supervised and carried out by certified and experienced professionals at the behest of the court, and are meant to curb any and all ...

Abstract

For a century, Planned Parenthood has been working to improve reproductive health in America. With thousands of health centers spread all over the country, Planned Parenthood has wide reach that ensures Americans have access to reproductive health. Their efforts have ensured millions of Americans get sex education and get reproductive healthcare for poor Americans who cannot afford standard healthcare. Their role in American society cannot be limited to just the forefront for reproductive rights and availability and access to healthcare, as they are the agency that runs several programs to educate and facilitate communication. While the House Republicans claim ...

The tax system is a crucial sector in the economy of a country because it will regulate the extent to which individuals and companies should pay taxes on the profits realized from any returns. Tax efficiency is the effort of the government through the taxation body to minimize tax liability hence, in the end, will translate into a better form of taxation. On the other hand, the equity of a tax system is the phenomenon of a taxing body to try to make it equitable for all people to pay a certain amount of money that will go into ...

Significant increases in the national debt, with no relief or plans to deal with the problem, and its effect on the economy An increase in national budget, with no relief or plans to deal with the problem, will result in a deficit, or more spending with less national input. Repercussions for a budget deficit can mean more borrowings for the national government from the private sector, such as the selling of bonds or gilts to the private sector. The debate over the budget deficit has two opposing views. The first one is that the deficit is destructive to the ...

Qualitative Research

Brief Description The interview was conducted among two people on the topic “Interpretation of the migration crisis”, which turned to be quite challenging due to the sensitiveness of the topic. First of all, it was problematic to find participants, as the majority thought that the answers may affect their social or professional life, even though I made it clear that the participation is anonymous. Secondly, one of the respondents refused to continue answering the questions in the middle of the interview without explaining the reasons. However, as this option was discussed before the interview, it did not affect the ...

How the President’s Stimulus Plan for High-Speed Rail (HSR) will not work

The president’s HSR plan will spend billions to offer a rail service to a small percentage of the travelers. Importantly, the federal cannot afford this extravagant program, and it will cost taxpayers a lot of money. Thus, the plan will not work as previously expected. The federal has a large budget deficit of about 1.4 trillion (Utt, 2011). Thus, a massive expenditure on the HRS will heighten the deficit more. American citizens have realize that the plan will cost more compared to the perceived benefits. Although there seems to be small opposition on the HRS, it is clear ...

A) In the article titled Corporate Policies of Republican Managers the authors tested the effect of personal political preferences of corporate managers on corporate policies. The authors specifically focused on the Republican managers who had 73% likelihood of identifying themselves as conservative, 24% chance of identifying as moderate, and only 3% chance of being liberal (Hutton, Danling and Kumar 1279). The study found that majority of the managers identifying themselves as politically more inclined towards the Republican also adopted conservative corporate policies. Consequently, the organizations that they led were characterized by low debt levels, low capital, low investment in ...

Australia and the USA have different health care systems whose aim is to promote good health of the citizens in the respective countries. Each of the countries has elaborate public and private health care systems managed by the governments, private health insurance companies, individuals, and other organizations. This essay aims at comparing the health care systems in the two countries with an objective to achieve an informed stance on the issue. The Australian health structure is composed of both the private and public players. The system has an explicit financing control to enhance regulation of the essential service. Further, ...

Introduction

One topic of great debate today is the amount of student debt being accrued by college students that, whether, they graduate or not, who leave college with debts from several thousand dollars to hundreds of thousands of dollars. These debts are, most often, federally owned. Student loan debt cannot be eliminated with a bankruptcy and can only be forgiven if the borrower were to die. At least that is how it has always been. However, there are today may people who feel that student debt should be forgiven by the government under of number of applicable circumstances. There are ...

Question one

When the items of the audit are unpaired, the ordinary operational course of the IRS will issue a 30-day letter of the IRS findings (Rubin, 2010). This letter will ask the taxpayer to agree with the IRS results. In such a scenario, the taxpayer can either agree or not, and in the IRS will send a notice of deficiency. Therefore, the 30-day letter acts as the ticket of taxpayers to the office of appeal to get more favorable findings as compared to the level of the agent. That is the appeals officers can consider the likelihood of settlements of ...

Many people agree that the most severe crimes deserve the most severe punishment. A great deal of people views the death penalty as a just and the most appropriate measure in this case. But do you know how many executions were carried out since 1978? Only thirteen. And these thirteen deaths cost about $4 billion taken from the pocket of California taxpayers (Alarcon and Mitchell 541). Impressive numbers, aren’t they? These figures speak for themselves. The death penalty system turned out to be ineffective and has to be replaced with more productive measures. The Proposition 34 is a ...

Healthcare fraud in the US is more common than one would think. In fact, the US government loses billions of dollars each year due to fraudulent billing, kickbacks, and other illegal activities by physicians, hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, and many other stakeholders. In my opinion, the fines for healthcare fraud should be stiff, especially in cases that result in unnecessary injuries or deaths. In my estimation, one of the best things that can be done to improve healthcare, and minimize incidents of fraud is to eliminate the profit motive from the healthcare system. In a video about Health Management Associates ( ...

Institutions

Immigration is one of the debatable issues in the United States. It is worth nothing that legal and illegal immigration affect the health care system. One of the impacts is the burden on taxpayers. This is because of the increased costs that are absorbed by the healthcare system. Centre for Immigration Studies asserts that the cost of treating illegal immigrants is on the rise. The cost increase is transferred to taxpayers and the U.S citizens with insurance. This is because insurance companies increase the rates to meet the increasing costs of health care. Also, lack of insurance means that ...

Basic Facts of the Case

The Ethical Issues Involved Under utilitarianism, the GM bailout was certainly ethical because it focused on the maximization of the overall good of the company, the people, and the government. However, when one keenly scrutinizes justice and rights issues involved, there is contention with the bailout. The executives of General Motors were allowed to enjoy the organizational profits for the longest period with the taxpayers bearing the losses. Economist Joseph Stiglitz wrote the debate about whether or not to bail out car manufacturers had been mischaracterized, and that the profits were privatized, and the losses socialized. According to him, ...

The United States Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projected that in 2016, the budget deficit would increase to $544 billion after six years of gradual decrease. The same report stated that American taxpayers were expected to pay a total of $3.38 billion dollars in 2016. Both the deficit and the amount of money coming from taxpayers were projected to increase in the coming years. Given these startling facts, it is fair to wonder where the federal government allocates the billions of dollars in revenue it receives every year. Significant policy areas like the military and the healthcare sector have garnered ...

Background Introduction

The paper explores four court cases where IRS has won two of these cases and the taxpayers an equal two cases. The main area of focus is on gains, losses and investments resulting directly or indirectly from these cases. The cases have been examined to establish the elements that influenced the decisions made. Also, the quality of the decisions made has also been discussed as per the tax returns laws and the IRS implementation of the same. Existing studies show that the agency has more likelihood of winning in cases where it has been pitted against the taxpayers in ...

Introduction

Banking is a major part of most modern nations. This is because they form as the point for an organized financial sector and allow for regulations to be applied and carried out. In spite of this, banks have been used as a tool for capitalism and the pursuit of personal interests and this has led to serious consequences for the economy. However, Parramore indicates that the idea of bailing out banks during financial crisis is a fraud on the taxpayers and this is akin to robbery. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the position of Parramore ...

As your authorized legal adviser on the matters that you have disclosed, I have attached the necessary legal challenges that you are faced with and finally the best possible way of avoiding legal action by complying with the set out legal regimes.

Facts

Reading the information that you have availed in regards to receiving a w9 from your foreign bank, this may elicit many questions as may relate to the reasons of receiving such a letter as well as the consequences of receiving such a letter. However, I will guide you into pursuing the best option to explore since you ...

MEMORANDUM

Dear Sir, This memo is written to address the problems faced by the Big Corp. as a result of the bankruptcy of its subsidiary Sub Corp. the memo discuss the different statutory and regulatory matters applicable in this matter. It also recommends the solution on whether the dividends paid by the company should be treated as a return on capital or ordinary dividends. At first, it is important to understand the basic difference between preferred and ordinary stocks. Preferred shareholders have a preferred claim to the earnings and profits of the company. When the company has excessive cash and ...

Illegal immigration is one of the social issues that is consistently being debated in the United States. The public is often polarized on the issue, some do not consider illegal immigration a genuine concern and others believe it is a danger and threat to the United States and it must be banned and proactively prevented in the future. A great deal of research has been conducted on the topic of illegal immigration and its impact to the United States. There are millions of illegal immigrants residing in the United States and that number does not appear to be reducing. ...

The Ford Motor Company has been a powerful automotive company since its foundation in 1903. Founded by Henry Ford, the company quickly became a leader in innovation, notably inventing the assembly line process which allowed for cheaper production of cars for Americans to enjoy. Ford Motors survived the Great Depression and every recession since then, but the International Financial Crisis of 2008 affect it differently. US automakers heavily influenced by the crisis, as GM, Chrysler, and Ford were folding under due to many reasons, namely international competition, healthcare coverage, and the tightening of the American wallet due to the ...

Mannella v. Commissioner, 132T.C, No 10 (April 13, 2009). In this case, Mrs. Manella found out that her husband had filed for tax returns but hide the mail from her. In so doing, the applicant was denied the right to receive what she rightfully deserved in the tax return process (Copeland). People v north 29 Cal.3d 509. The Defendant, Mr. North broke into the house of his girlfriend during the weekend as she was at her parents. When he was arraigned at the Califonia Supreme Court, the Defendant pleaded guilty to the charge of Second Degree Burglary. Loss of ...

Introductory Remarks

The USA has always prided itself on being a byword for the land of opportunities any person can enjoy. Such optimism may end where the issue of the minimum wage starts, as employees find themselves constrained by a salary ceiling. Forced into low-income groups of earners, there is nothing they can do except resort to aid or social programs to meet their individual or family needs. The situation round the use of aid has come to reach an alarming point judging by the scope of the issue. Employees representing fast food, home care, childcare, and part-time college faculty sectors ...

Public-private ownership economic systems or hybrid capitalist economic system refers to a form of capitalism where private business ventures and public or government service enter into a long term contract with an aim of completing a project that will serve the public. Hybrid capitalist economies can be employed in funding, financing, building, developing and operating projects like infrastructure, health, conventional centers, tourism, transportation networks and sanitation for the benefit of the general public. Public-private partnerships are very crucial in allowing projects to be completed in time through financing. The private sector often offers a service to the public while ...

Introduction

Practically, a tax is the most important instrument of fiscal policy and arguably, the most important aspect of public policy. For starters, tax influences the amount of money a government has to spend, as well as the amount the government needs to borrow in case of a difference between tax receipts and planned government expenditure (Pragyandeepa, 2015). The scarcity of resources, including the limits on the amount of taxes collected, influences the choices of spending by a government in the provision of services and public goods. In that vein, governments are always under pressure to have a sound prioritization ...

Our country has managed to make it to the top of the list when we count nations with the greatest rates of incarceration amongst its population and of course, because of the same trend, the taxpayers are paying colossal sums of money to keep the crooks off the streets. We have finally realized that we should be working towards reducing the cost that the country incurs for the maintenance of its prison population, and we have already tried and tested the option of reducing the spending of the food, and the recreation of the prisoners and the option has ...

Abstract

Illegal Immigration has been one of the biggest problems for the government of the United States and several Border States as several measures has not helped in reducing the flow of illegal immigrants. The increasing flow of illegal immigrants costs the state government and taxpayers more annually. In addition, the New Mexico government has allowed the development of several sanctuary cities and provides basic education, health and law enforcement facilities to illegal immigrants that cost legal citizens. To have an effective Illegal Immigration Bill, it is important that basic facilities provided by the state are restricted to illegal immigrants, ...

Many a time have people heard about politicians who do plenty of talking. However, verbal rhetoric is only meaningful when backed by actual deeds aimed at the improvement of what politicians oversee, which is society and its welfare. The incumbent Senate President of New Jersey, Stephen Sweeney is one of such politicians who may be said to utilize his legislative authority to its limit. He has showed his aptitude in areas, such as education, property ownership, taxation, healthcare, and the protection of different social categories. Of course, as with other prominent politicians, however renowned, Sweeney has made some controversial ...

The Savings and Loan Crisis, or commonly known as S&L, is termed as one of the largest financial crisis in the United States history. The crisis began in the late 1970s, and its impacts on the economy were felt in the 1980s and ended in the early 1990s. Various sources have indicated the causes of the S&L crises. Some of the documented reasons include high and volatile interest rates during the period, the phase-out and its elimination, negative regional economic conditions, and federal and state deregulation of depository institutions. Other reasons include deregulation of the thrift industry, declining regulatory ...

The US political system can be characterized by stability and conservatism. The two most popular parties are the Republican and Democratic, ruled here overbearing score a half century. This work will figure out what are the main differences between these political forces, and whether there is a significant difference between them. The Democrats are the representatives of the oldest of the currently represented in the US Congress, the political parties, which are the main principles of the liberal-socialist views. Founded in the first half of the 19th century, the movement perfectly adapted to any environment and is one of ...

The Savings and Loan Crisis, or commonly known as S&L, is termed as one of the largest financial crisis in the United States history. The crisis began in the late 1970s, and it impacts on the economy was felt in the 1980s and ended in the early 1990s. Various sources have indicated the causes of the S&L crises. Some of the documented reasons include high and volatile interest rates during the period, the phase-out and its elimination, negative regional economic conditions, and federal and state deregulation of depository institutions. Other reasons include deregulation of the thrift industry, declining regulatory ...

The cost of hosting Olympics and other mega sports events is substantial. These costs have made economist to be quite skeptical of the economic benefit of hosting such events. For example, in 1996 Atlanta spent over $5.1 billion to host the Olympic game. The host government is made to forego planned investment to concentrate on building new stadiums. Besides, the budget deficit swells before hosting the international event. Thus, the willingness of governments to subsidize sporting activities draws criticism and praise from different quarters. It is widely acknowledged that Olympics promote country’s exports. According to the International Olympic ...

Scarcity is the economic problem often experienced by many companies in the world. It is the art of having too many and unlimited wants in a world where there are limited resources to satisfy those wants. The economic problem makes a society deficient of productive resources to fully satisfy the human wants. Wal-Mart as an organization has devised methods to try curbing the problem of scarcity in the society (Ferrell, John, and Linda). Walmart spends approximately $7.6 billion in a year to buy back shares of its own stock. Just as scarcity in the art of having too many ...

Management at Work

The main aim to privatize Indiana’s social-services system was to save taxpayers’ money in the amount of $1billion just over a decade and to improve the service previously delivered by individual caseworkers. The new system was supposed to improve the operations of the Family and Social Services Administration (FSSA) connected with the implementation of medical insurance, welfare and food stamp programs. As I personally see it, at first the plan was to make the process of faster and less complicated in some way. The new system was supposed to make the gathered electronic data easily accessible by caseworkers ...

Governor Wilson ran full-page ads in the major California newspapers, the New York Times, and the Washington Post, to launch his anti-immigrant based re-election campaign. The ads were in the form of a letter to President Clinton, demanding that he halt illegal immigration to the State of California as well as reimburse the state for the cost of federally mandated health, education, welfare services, and the incarceration of undocumented immigrants. Remarkably, Governor Wilson was able to narrow the complex political and economic conditions besieging California. It proved to be a politically astute move. In doing so, Wilson obfuscated the ...

Characteristics of a Whistleblower

Whistleblowing is defined as an unauthorized external or internal disclosure of information which relates to an unethical practice of a superior or a co-worker which has either occurred or is being contemplated (Apaza & Chang, 2011, P.35). Internal disclosure is less damaging than the release of information to outsiders. There are three main characteristics of a whistleblower. The first feature is dissent. In this case, a whistleblower adopts a dissident voice in the society which makes him/her disregard societal taboos and expose matters which are considered secretive. Their dissent makes them value the public interest more than personal loyalty or ...

Background

Advances in modern technology have seen innovation in the energy industry that seeks to make energy cheaper as well as environmental friendly. One of the ways of achieving energy efficiency and environmental protection is the implementation of the smart grid. The smart grid has the capability of modernizing the transmission of electricity which benefits both energy suppliers and consumers. Because it is emerging technology, the benefits of the smart grid have not been widely documented. Saving energy saves the environment and the adoption of any means that achieve this fit is critical to a more cleaner and renewable energy ...

POLICY A: Provision of a mandatory yearly training to officers.

Cost The total cost of implementing this alternative will be approximate $100 billion per year. The cost would relate to expertise hiring and resources mobilization as well as logistics arrangements. Further, considering that the policy would have wider reaching effects on the whole police force makes it more beneficial regardless of the higher cost.

Stability

Can objectives be achieved with variable change In view of the substantial cost for the policy implementation, the greatest variable change change that could affect its success is the lack of funding. However, in cases of less funding from the government that is the main ...

Closing Guantanamo Bay 1

Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Proposition 4 Advantages of the transfer. 6 Risk of the detainees returning to terrorism. 6 Civil war in the countries where the detainees are to be transferred. 7 Fear among members of the communities nearby proposed transfer sites. 7 The question of integrity and indefinite detention 7 Proposed Transfer Sites 8 Conclusion 8

References 9

Abstract The Guantanamo Bay is a prison facility that has raised numerous concerns in the United States on the operation and running of the facility. It is one of the facilities created by former president of the United States George Bush, to ...

Introduction

Nowadays, the struggle against the use, dissemination, and production of drugs is quite severe. Despite the fact that so-called War on Drugs has been launched in 1971, it seems like there was no serious developments in this direction. Since the development of this campaign, loads of taxpayers’ funds were invested to this fight, a lot of people were detained, and tons of substances confiscated. The War led to the militarization of the police and involvement of the military into the raids on multiple occasions. One of the main issues here is the focus of the authorities on a specific ...

The capital punishment is a form of punishment that is applied in the criminal justice system. It is worth noting that death penalty is one of the debatable issues in the world. Canada is one of the countries that debate on the death penalty as a form of punishment. For many centuries, countries have utilized capital punishment as a strategy for dealing with serious criminals. The form of punishment in Canada dates back to the era of the British colony. This was a form of punishment that was administered to those conceited of murder, assault, rape, buggery of animals, ...

Introduction

The topic of death penalty or capital punishment can be considered to be complex. Its complexity has brought about numerous debates over the years. Therefore, several pros and cons have been stipulated that brings about the justification or non-acceptance of the issue in many countries. In the past, nearly all the countries in the world practiced capital punishment for numerous crimes. However, as the passing of time, many have changed this decision and instead have opted for life imprisonment. Nonetheless, countries such as the US and most Asian countries continue to practice it. In looking at this topic, the ...

The Federal Reserve is an independent federal agency that was created on December 23rd, 1913; the purpose of this agency was to carry out the functions of a central bank to implement centralized control over banking system of the United States (“The Federal Reserve: What Is The Fed? | Investopedia”). The Federal Reserve consists of 12 Federal Reserve Banks located in major cities, nearly 3 000 commercial member banks appointed by the President of the Board of Governors, Federal Committee on Open Market and advisory councils (“The Structure and Functions of the Federal Reserve System”). The basis for its creation ...

Introduction

Project management applies techniques, knowledge, skills and expertise as well as experience to a strategic activity in an organization as shown by Bolles and Hubbard (2007). Notably, a project is a unique venture in an organization undertaken to meet its goals such as new products, venturing into new markets or cutting the product costs. Expected, in the new and unique projects, the experience is insufficient or lacking for a disciplined implementation. In other cases, the project takes up a lot of resources and staff due to its size. As such, to meet the scope and requirement while meeting the ...

The merger between the Bank of America and Merrill Lynch

Astute Diligence provides that there is a criterion followed before any acquisitions. Benchmarking of the performance of the company on sale is critical in that it provides the buyers with a background and stability of the shares they are about to purchase. Horizontal mergers may result in economies of scale as production is concentrated on fewer sites, labor, and capital used more intensively. It happens if companies that seek to merge are in the same line of production denoting that the business that buys will incorporate what it has been doing the acquired one. Other savings may arise from ...

Introduction

In the recent history, Gun violence in America has been an issue of huge concern. In this annotated outline for my research, it details down the summary of the main points of my projects as well as providing the working thesis statement. The outline also provides the section headings. Underneath each section heading is a list of the identified resources that I will be utilizing in my research. The outline also provides an annotation for each research.

Summary of Main Points

The research will be looking at the current literature surrounding the controversial issue of gun control in America. I will be covering ...