Essays on Thyroid Hormones

Rat Endocrinology

Hypothalamus 1. What is the molecular mechanism to release TRH? TRH refers to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone. This hormone is produced by the hypothalamus. Before the full activity of TRH, some tightly controlled processes occur in the body including the appropriate folding of prohormone to move to the secretary pathway, the processing after translation, and movement of the peptides, which are processed, towards the secretary granules for secretion (Nillni n.p.). TRH develops from bigger inactive precursor (known as proTRH) as a result of modifications after translation and moved through the controlled secretary pathway. Prohormone convertases (abbreviated as PCs) including PC1/3 ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

1. Introduction: The current environment especially in Western societies promotes increasing consumption of calories along with a relatively sedentary lifestyle thus fueling the global obesity epidemic. Body weight is regulated by complex interaction of genes that promote energy storage along with environmental factors that promote enhanced energy intake and reduced energy expenditure. This obesity promoting environment makes it difficult for many people to sustain weight loss for long periods of time and adequately maintain healthy lifestyle habits. Obesity can overall have many devastating effects on human health such as increased tendency to develop high blood pressure, cardiovascular problems and strokes. ...

Summary of article one The first article titled “An Overview of the Pituitary Gland: The Endocrine System's Master Gland’’ begins by restating the role pituitary gland. According to this article pituitary gland produces hormones which have effects on the various parts of the endocrine system. These include adrenal glands, thyroid glands, ovaries and testes. The author goes on to state that pituitary, which measures about one third of an inch is located at the base of the brain next to another important part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Both hypothalamus and pituitary gland functions overlap according to Reham. ...

One of the recent studies conducted by scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden has shown interesting results on the mechanism of brain stem cells proliferation and the conditions necessary for the successful progress in this matter (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 2014). By conducting experiments on mice and analyzing the available data, the scientists discovered that extracellular matrix, which is produced by progenitors and the thyroid hormones are both necessary for proper development of the brain. ECM and thyroid hormones allow the brain to become larger by basal progenitor proliferation. This finding allows the ...

Genetic Correlates and Pathophysiology of Hyperthyroidism: An Overview of salient aspects

Introduction Disturbances in thyroid haemostasis can occur at the level of the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland itself or in the periphery. By definition, hyperthyroidism refers to disorders in which the principal abnormality is the overproduction of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. (Elston & Conaglen, 2005) This overproduction can have diverse determinants including auto-immunity, hereditary factors, familial predisposition, and perhaps, some other less understood factors. Regardless of etiology, the result is an increase in transcription in cellular proteins, causing an increase in the basal metabolic rate. The predominant cause of hyperthyroidism is Grave’s disease. Other less common ...

Genetic Correlates and Pathophysiology of Hyperthyroidism: An Overview of salient aspects

Introduction Disturbances in thyroid haemostasis can occur at the level of the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland itself or in the periphery. By definition, hyperthyroidism refers to disorders in which the principal abnormality is the overproduction of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. This overproduction can have diverse determinants including auto-immunity, hereditary factors, familial predisposition, and perhaps, some other less understood factors. Regardless of etiology, the result is an increase in transcription in cellular proteins, causing an increase in the basal metabolic rate. The predominant cause of hyperthyroidism is Grave’s disease. Other less common causes include Thyroiditis, ...

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Hormone Variations During Pregnancy

Introduction

Pregnancy is regarded is one of the most important phase of a women’s life cycle. In addition, pregnancy also encompasses hormonal and physiological changes that are unique in the women’s life cycle. In pregnancy, women experience sudden changes, which includes progesterone and estrogen increases. This also leads to dramatic changes on hormonal functions that affects mood and creates a “glow” among pregnant women. More importantly, hormonal changes during pregnancy poses a significant effect fetal development that also manifests in the changes in physical activities. Having to mention the progesterone and estrogen, medical studies suggests that women ...

Introduction

Hypothyroidism is a condition mainly characterized by low concentration of serum T4 (thyroxine) hormone. When this happen during pregnancy is known as maternal hypothyroxinemia. Adequate Thyroid hormone (T4) levels are critical during first trimester of gestation when the only source of T4 hormone of the fetus comes from the mother. A deficiency of T4 hormone constitutes a risk factor in the neurodevelopment and growth of the fetus . Severe mental retardation is one of the major conditions observed in children with non sufficient levels of thyroxine (T4) hormone during early fetal developing stages. It is now well documented, that thyroid hormone ...

Pituitary

The different functions performed by the anterior and posterior pituitary in terms of sex The anterior pituitary which is also known as the adenohypophysis, is basically an interior lobe (glandular) which alongside the posterior pituitary, makes up the pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin which stimulates and smooth muscle contraction in the mammary glands and the uterus. The anterior pituitary on the other hand stimulates release of thyroid hormones, FSH and LH to stimulate sex cell production and release of sex hormones; it also stimulates sex cell production as well as secretes prolactin to stimulate milk production. ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

Abstract

The body has two main systems that are involved in the maintenance and reestablishment of homeostasis, nervous system and endocrine system. The endocrine system is made up of groups of organs that are involved in the production of chemical messengers known as hormones. Some of the major endocrine glands that are found in a human body include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, pineal, gonad, adrenal, and pancreas glands. Although biological observations that are grounded in the functions of endocrine systems were noted by some of the ancient cultures, the modern understanding of various endocrine glands and the way they produce ...

J.K has acute kidney failure with Rhabdomyolysis. Acute kidney failure happens when the kidneys are suddenly not able to sift waste products from the blood. This results to accumulation of waste and affects the chemical balance of the blood. Rhabdomylosis is caused by skeletal muscles injury (Grau, Poch, &Bosch, 2009). The injury of the skeletal muscles results to the production of different intracellular muscle ingredients. In this case, J.K had an acute renal failure with Rhabdomyolysis because of cocaine and heroin use. Cocaine and heroin cause damage to myocyte. Damage to the myocyte leads to an entry of sodium ...

Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that many are unaware of. A lot of people may have these symptoms but are not really aware of what is going on in their body. Many people suffer from this condition and just dismiss it as something that is minor. However, Hyperthyroidism is also something that has been overlooked by many people. One American study gave a report that stated that a prevalence that was somewhere around 500 per 100,000 persons, that had what was considered a lifetime risk of something that was like 1% in men and up to 2% in women. However, the research does ...