Essays on Titer

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

Acids

There are three scientifically correct definitions that define an acid substance. Arrhenius defines an acid as a substance that made up of hydrogen that when dissolved in water breaks apart increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the water. Bronsted-Lowry defines an acid as a proton (H+ ion) donor. Lewis describes acids as substances that accept electron pairs. Acids have a sour taste and are highly reactive with metals (Brent, 2009). Nitric acid is used as fertilizers, and hydrochloric acid is used to bricks.

Bases

A basic substance can also be described using definitions from the three authors. Arrhenius ...

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, which affects the central nervous system. It was first described as a separate disease in 1868 by Jean-Martin Charcot (Compston and Coles, 2008). The average prevalence of the disease globally is 30 people from 100000 (Milo and Kahana, 2010). However, the incidence of multiple sclerosis varies greatly depending geography. While in the African countries it happens comparatively rarely, its frequency is increasing consistently in Asia and America. In Europe, multiple sclerosis happens with the highest rate in the world. There are four clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (Compston and Coles, 2008). Relapsing-remitting MS ...