Essays on Tuberculosis

It is imperative that the aspiring public health professionals and researchers marshal all their energy and efforts towards improving the health and development of the societies that are still riddled with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Despite the much progress that has been made by the DOT program, the efforts to control tuberculosis has been plagued by poor treatment adherence. This has subsequently led to relapse and drug resistance. Coming up with slogans presents the easiest and possible manner through which the burden of tuberculosis can be achieved. Tuberculosis affects many people, and it is the second leading killer ...

Part 1

Question 1 According to the World Bank Health expenditure per capita (current US$) report, Kenya’s health expenditure per person is 77.679 USD, which is higher compared to other countries in the region; Tanzania’s is 51.717 USD and Uganda’s is 52.294 USD. Additionally, it is higher than the East Africa’s average of 60 USD. The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of 36 doctors per 100,000 people which Kenya has not attained seeing that their current rate is at 17 physicians per 100,000 people (Gatura and Mbaluku 2). The number of physicians refers to ...

Part 1

The country that I will focus on this quarter is Kenya. That follows the reason that the country’s major health documents such as the publications by the Ministry of Health are written in the English language that I am fluent in, and understand quite well. Besides, Kenya is classified as a lower middle-income country and has severe disease burden including HIV, Malaria, and tuberculosis, which are all eligible for the global funds. Not to mention, regardless of its considerable low economic status, Kenya is the leading African nation, which contributes significantly towards global health.

Part 2

The Kenyan proposals to ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Question One

I would present to the board of directors finance committee details like methods of raising monetary resources for funding the budget when seeking approval for new fiscal year budget. During presentation details like collecting money from patients, received funds from the government and donations from development partners like nongovernmental organisations are revealed. These details are significant as they determine whether the proposed budget can be financed from the existing resources (Wolper, 2011). Details like how the organisation would ensure accountability in the utilisation of money budgeted for would also be presented to the board of directors finance committee. The ...

Tuberculosis is a serious bacterial infection that is usually spread from one individual to the other by inhalation of very small droplets originating from the sneezes or coughs of an infected person. The bacteria that causes TB is known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Kelly, Wilker, & Ambrose, 2011, p. 14). The main organ affected by the disease is the lungs (also called pulmonary tuberculosis) but it can also affect bones, the nervous system, and the glands. Each droplet of sneeze may contain between 1 to 400 bacilli each. Because the disease is airborne, the bacterium can also be transmitted to a ...

Bacteria refer to the regnum of prokaryotes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan). For the current moment, it accounts for more than ten thousand kinds of bacteria. The bacterium is recognized as one of the most ancient of living organisms, arising about 3.9 – 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria have the substantial variation in the ways of metamorphic and energetic metabolism. Thus, autotrophs can synthesize all necessary organic molecules from non-organic compounds, whereas heterotrophs demand active organic compounds to transform them. The biggest degree of heterotrophs belongs to intracellular parasites. They are called saprophytes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan) and can ...

Abstract

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms. Various groups of microorganisms exists and include bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Ideally, infectious diseases can rapidly spread from one person to another, or from one animal to another. The signs and symptoms of these diseases vary from one individual to another, but majorly consists of coughing, fatigue, breathing difficulties. In addition, mild infections may sometimes depict responsiveness to rest and home assistance. The case discussed in this paper involves an individual who seems to have contacted some air bone infections while moving up using the lift. The most likely disease, in relation ...

The study of endocrinology looks into ordinary and abnormal hormonal behavior. The endocrine system includes internal organs that secretes hormones. That is to say, endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These endocrine glands are essential organs of the human body that imperative to maintain various human functions, not to mention, life itself. Hormonal glands that make up the endocrine system influence many relevant factors such as pregnancy, capability to breast feed, and also the process of a child developing normally. The endocrine system aids in the regulation of a human’s basic bodily functions. Given that, these functions ...

Systematic Review of a Case Report

The article is authored by two authors, Tanyi John Tanyi and Julius Atashilli. Both authors contributed to the development and publication of the article. Tanyi John Tanyi managed and followed-up the patient and wrote the original manuscript. Julius Atashilli critically reviewed the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Therefore, both authors merit inclusion in the authors list (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, 2006). The authors do not provide information on whether they received any funding for the article but they declare no conflicts of interest. On the overall presentation of the case report, it is ...

Intro

Emily Dickinson is an American poet, who is probably the most recognizable name in American poetry. Not much is known of her motivation regarding her poems as only 12 of the 1800 she had written were published during her life time and she left little in the way of explaining her thoughts regarding what she had written. What is known is that she did not think the majority of her poems were worth public consumption and had told her sister Lavinia (Vinnie) to dispose of them after her death. This was probably due to her poems being heavily altered ...

[Class Title]

Analysis of Nora’s Character in Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’

Introduction Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’ is a play that touched on issues of feminism and gender equality. The play was written by Ibsen in 1879, during which it became highly controversial because it challenged conventions regarding the role of women in society. During the time, gender equality is considered as a taboo topic. There are certain norms that define how the typical woman should act and women are judged according to these standards. The traditional role of women as passive wives and homemakers is regarded as the defining standard by which women’s usefulness ...

Introduction

Healthcare is a broad domain that requires proper planning and resource mobilization to guarantee the successful realization of various objectives that characterize its dispensation in the contemporary world. In most cases, professionals in the healthcare sector are involved in initiatives that improve services to the communities that they serve. The agency under consideration works to alleviate the states of individuals affected by the HIV-AIDS scourge in Canada (CDC, 2010).

Description of the Issue

The agency is largely concerned with the provision of solutions for HIV-AIDS and all opportunistic diseases associated with the condition. Besides HIV-AIDS, the agency targets infections such as viral hepatitis, ...

(TITLE OF THE PAPER) (City and State of school) (Title Goes Here) 1. Briefly outline the specific issues that exist in the community (e.g. based on demographic data or other external source, or your observations if this is a real\community you are actually working in). Myanmar is suffering from an HIV epidemic which has increased since the last part of the 1980’s and needs financial support to treat those suffering from the disease. According to information found at the Humanitarian Practice Network Website, the numbers of people with HIV/AIDS seems to have leveled off. Although there are ...

Edgar Allen Poe: few names such as this one can strike both fear and adoration in hearts of literature students everywhere. As a writer, Poe was known for his macabre stories that often ended with characters becoming ill, being buried alive, or dying other gruesome, torturous deaths. The tone of his works is fairly consistent, with most of Poe’s work having a dark, moody, and an overall melancholy tone. With his stories being favored as a topic of research for many English students, I began to wonder about his personal life. What struggles was he grappling with that ...

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) refers to a chronic bacterial infection of cattle that distresses some species of mammals. It is a substantial zoonosis that may spread to humans, mainly via the consumption of unpasteurized milk or the inhalation of aerosols. In developed nations, eradication initiatives have eliminated or reduced tuberculosis in cattle. As a result, human disease is currently rare. Nevertheless, reservoirs in wildlife may cause eradication challenging. Bovine tuberculosis remains popular in underdeveloped nations, and severe economic losses may take place from livestock mortalities, trade restrictions, and chronic disease. In some circumstances, this disease can similarly be a grave ...

The case at hand deals with the plaintiff’s contraction of Tuberculosis while being incarcerated by the state. The predicament involved in this cases brings up many issues pertaining to whether the state can be liable for the causation of tuberculosis while a plaintiff was in their correctional facility and whether the state has unlimited liability pertaining to the defendant’s contraction of tuberculosis, (“Dudley Lee v. Minister for Correctional Services,” 2012). This paper will conduct a discussion on the issues of causation and unlimited state liability and assess whether the state in fact caused the plaintiff’s contraction ...

Tuberculosis is a disease, which was known for mankind since ancient times. There are often suffering symptoms of tuberculosis in Egyptian mummies. Information about it is remained in the Indian Vedas, the ancient Babylonian clay tablets in the Greek manuscripts. Even Hippocrates knew how dangerous tuberculosis disease of the lungs is. In the eighteenth century every seventh inhabitant of Europe died because of tuberculosis. Infectiousness of tuberculosis has been already known for a long period of time. German scientist Robert Koch, bacteriologist was the first one 1882 to discover mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882. This is the microbe that under ...

Slide 2:

In the modern world today, we face as a global culture the inclination of civil wars and political crises and displacement of peoples. The quote mentioned above refers to the displacement of people due to natural and political disasters. When these disasters transpire, individuals are typically living in sub-standard living conditions. What ends up happening as a result is that people are exposed to living conditions with lower sanitation that were seen many centuries ago. This subjects these populations to diseases that they may have not been subject to previously. In order to combat this epidemic, we have to ...

The study of infectious diseases has always been crucial to mankind because of the devastating effects it has had on the human race. The influenza epidemic, for example, occurred repeatedly in the 20 th and 21st century, spreading across large regions and multiple continents. Influenza in 1918 killed an estimated 50 million people world wide. This was higher than the amount of people that died in World War I. About 500,000 fatalities occurred in the US which was approximately 28% of the US population at that time. The number of deaths that took place in 1957 and 1968 ...

Essay #5: Classification of Physiological Diseases

Essay #5: Classification of Physiological Diseases Having a disease is one of the most normal things that can happen to a human being. There are others who ask why, when human diseases are said to signify that the person is having an abnormal state within the body. However, because of the so-called regularity of these disease in a person’s body system, others say that diseases are one of the most normal or customary things that can happen to human beings. That means that if a person does not have diseases, then he/she is abnormal, right? Whatever the reason ...

In the Case of Dudley Lee v Minister for Correctional Services, the issue on causation and the unlimited liability of the state has been invoked in the arguments that led to the decision of the Constitutional Court to overturn the Supreme Court of Appeal ruling that discharges the respondent Minister for Correctional Services from tort liability. As can be gleaned from the facts of the case, plaintiff Lee was arrested for various charges that led to his detainment in prison for more than four years. He contracted pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) while confined in ...

Analyzing the case concerning causation

Tort law provides remedies to persons harmed by the actions of authorities or others. Ideally, tort claims are part of the state laws. Therefore, individuals are held responsible for their actions in case it causes injury to others. Tort law deals with cases such as the case concerning Mr. Dudley Lee, who contracted tuberculosis (TB) when in was in detention. Notably, the plaintiff got infected with TB while in jail because the authorities failed to take precautionary and preventive measures against communicable diseases (Lee v Minister for Correctional Services 10). The probable cause that made the applicant contract TB ...

Q1

Tetanus

It is a disease caused by bacteria known as clostridium tetani. It affects the nervous system leading to muscle contractions. Tetanus has no cure. We use antibiotics to prevent its complications.

Common cold

It is a viral infection affecting the upper respiratory tract. Viruses spread through droplets. Antibiotics cannot be used to treat common cold.

Influenza

It is also a viral disease affecting the upper respiratory tract. It is also known as the flu. Treatment is use of antiviral drugs (Krasner and Shors).

Cholera

It is an acute infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water characterized by diarrhea and vomiting. ...

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has remained to be an unfinished agenda in the world today as halfway through the intended period when they were to be achieved not so much has been gained. In Thailand, the people are still battling HIV and Aids, and it remains to be a pandemic that is yet to be contained. Studies indicate that of the total population of 60 million people in Thailand, around 440, 000 were living with HIV and Aids by the year 2013 (Fordham, 2015). Further, about 18,000 people had succumbed to the disease in that year ...

Tuberculosis is one of the respiratory diseases that has currently affecting many individuals. This condition mainly attacks the lungs of the patient. The disease is highly infectious in the sense that it can easily spread from a healthy to an unhealthy individual via tiny infected droplets found in coughs and sneezes (World Health Organization, 2013). It is imperative that individuals who have been affected by this condition take a variety of medication in their treatment regimen with the intentions of solving it satisfactorily.

Description

The causative agent for TB is a bacteria referred to as Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is spread ...

Upper respiratory disease is a term that encompasses acute infections ranging from the benign common cold to life-threatening conditions (e.g., epiglottitis). Cases of upper respiratory disease are easy to recognize because the patients will complain about the following symptoms (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016):

Runny nose (always)

Sore throat (always) Coughing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Sneezing (common, usually in cases of viral etiology) Other symptoms depend on the patient’s age, medical history, and the pathogen causing the infection, so it is important to conduct a thorough assessment which consists of the following steps:

Interview the patient.

Perform ...

Overcrowding or overpopulation in prisons is defined as a situation when prison(s) hosts more prisoners contrary to the certified normal accommodation (CNA) as stipulated in the establishment’s requirements (Garcia & Marco, 2012, p. 37). This can be validated when there is the scarcity of rooms for inmates to sleep. Besides, the inability of facilities to offer adequate meals or food, poor health care services for inmates, insufficient staff who can care for inmates and ensure their safety as well as the lack of designated accommodation facilities necessary for detaining separately various types of prisoners, more so those that ...

1 and 2. Preface

Against depression is the title of the book written by Peter Kramer a renowned psychiatrist, the title of the book suggests more of a political inclination of some sort but the book narrates a different story all together. The book is majorly focused on the idea that most people are in support of depression as an aid to artistic expression. Its incorporation of latest research in the psychiatric field is also very crucial as it facilitates the comprehensive and explicit explanation as well as illustration of physical damages of the brain and its major causes.

It further explains in an easy to ...

Introduction

The article, “Genotyping and identification of mycobacteria by fingerprinting Techniques” by Khosravi and Seghatoleslami (2009) shows how fingerprinting can be used to identify mycobacteria in combating Tuberculosis (TB) which for a long time has been a serious health concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). Some of the techniques used in molecular epidemiology like MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping are described in the article.

Summary

The article has deeply illustrated the various ways of carrying out Genotyping of mycobacteria for carrying out epidemiological studies. It has also shown that through molecular typing of MTB the disease can be controlled. The study of the epidemiology ...

Abstract

Globally poverty has stricken many developing and under developed nations. People are unable to afford their human needs. In many developing countries for example children are unable to enroll and complete basic education, diseases like measles are still causing death and children are still suffering from malnutrition.

The issues which have put poverty on rise world wide are: drug and crime rate, political instability, international debts, investment and trade, climatic changes and globalization, diseases, clean water and sanitation among others. Due to the nature of interrelation of man kind the affected nations and the developed nations have tried to ...

Introduction

Pulmonary TB is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that attacks the lungs in human beings (WHO). The major symptoms include: coughing; chest pains, shortness of breath; appetite loss; loss of weight; night sweats; and fatigue. If untreated the disease is fatal and leads to death. In 2007, alone there was 13.7 million cases infection and 9.3 million new cases globally (WHO, 2008). In 1993, WHO (World Health Organization) declared TB a global emergency. In addition, the organization predicts that the disease will kill over 35 million people over the next twenty years if strategies are not set to ...