Essays on Unconditioned Stimulus

Learning allows our brains to record and preserve beneficial behaviors and know how to avoid harmful ones. The consequences of the experiences we have or observe are stored in our memory as knowledge to influence our future behavior. The paper explores behavior change through a focus on the learning theories; classical and operant conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

It is a form of learning in which the response to a voluntary behavior influences whether or not the behavior will recur; this occurs through the use of reinforcements and punishment. Following the experiments of B. F. Skinner, we can conclude that a person or ...

How did the fear develop?

Suppose that a young girl is terrified of bugs, fear may have developed through classical conditioning by developing a kind of nervous disorder. This may have started through an early experience that transpired when she was younger. One day, she was out riding on a bike and when she started to get tired, she bowed her head down and that was when she saw a bug right at the center of the road. As the young girl looked at the bug, she failed to see a motorcycle that was coming right at her and so she lost her balance ...

One of the examples of classical conditioning in advertising is the ad by Unilever, also known as AXE, of one of its products. The main hero in the video is a man using an AXE deodorant. The clipping begins with the fact that a boy sees something falling from the sky. This object appeared to be beautiful girl – an "angel". She fell onto a crowded square and people around began watching with interest. Then it turns out that she came down from heaven not alone. Similar things happen all over the city. People want to help the girls, but ...

Writing Assignment

Which school of psychology do you agree with most? In your paper (at least 5, well-written sentences), provide 3 reasons WHY you agree with it the most. I agree most with the psychodynamic perspective among the schools of psychology. The school is oriented in believing that the human behavior is influenced by the different mental conflicts that are locked in the sub-conscience. The school of thought is more convincing because of the fact that the personality of an individual is inside the individual and is controlled by the interaction between the superego, the ego, and the id. Additionally, the ...

This assignment will involve learning more about methamphetamine,which is drug we hear about very often on the news. In one page, summarize some of the information that you read on this site and include any parts that surprised you or that you found particularly interesting. Submit your summary below via the upload option (5 points). Please go to the following two sites instead for this assignment. The first link provides a brief history of this drug. The second link provides other general, overview information about this drug. http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx, http://www.nmtf.us/methamphetamine/methamphetamine.htm

Methamphetamine, a.k.a., speed, ice, meth, crystal, and crank, is a synthetic ...

Introduction

The study of mental processes and behavior, Psychology, is a rapidly growing field. Until recently Psychology was not accorded the importance it holds in our lives and in some parts of the world the importance of psychology is still largely under-rated. However psychology has time and again proved its effectiveness in cases where it has been used to correct mental problems and also improve lives. In a world where people are subjected to the pressure of achieving and where there are a lot of stress factors psychology is of great importance.

Body

Classical conditioning, a type of conditioning whose originator is Ivan Pavlov, involves ...

Discussion 1 Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist born in the mid 1800s, had started the early part of his career focusing on digestion (Chance 2014, Chapter 3). While he earned a Nobel Prize for this work, he soon decided to move over to psychology in order to make a bigger impact on the world and get on the ground floor of exciting new research. He worked primarily on the subject of temperament and reflex, showing how people reacted to pain and stress. Throughout his career in the medical profession, he was a passionate and dogged investigator, and was instrumental in contributing to the concept of ...

Revealing both the best and worst aspects of humanity, the Renaissance was characterized by extraordinary human achievements, a heightened interest in human potential and, paradoxically, by superstition, witch-hunting, exorcism and torture. The humanism of Renaissance had four main themes: the belief in the individual’s potential, a tendency to view religion as being more personal rather than institutionalized, an increased interest in the classics, a rejection of Aristotelian philosophy in order to develop a more scientific attitude. As the ecclesiastical power started to deteriorate, the pressure of having to fit scientific inquiry with Christian dogma decreased, making inquiry steadily more objective. Copernicus ...

This observation project presents the naturalistic observation of a two-year-old child in the first section, and the application of the behavioral development perspective as observed on the child. In the first part of this paper, I will observe the two-year-old male child without interrupting him for the about 20-30 minutes in his playground, with the baby sitter, and when he interacts with his mother. The two-year-old child cannot properly pronounce words; though he understands the anything, he is told. I will assess the child’s behavior in the three occasions and apply the observations in the subsequent part of this ...

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is the association of an automatic reaction with a neutral occurrence. For example, a music might develop sadness for the reason that it reminds us of old buddies whom we don't see any longer. In that case, the automatic reaction of sadness is linked to a neutral occurrence. The automatic response is known as an Unconditioned Response because there's no need for us to understand or be informed to feel sad if we don't see buddies whom we want to be with. The Unconditioned Stimulation is getting divided from individuals that we want to be with us, ...

Introduction

Many people have largely ignored child development that often occurs from birth to when the child reaches adulthood. Many people in history viewed children as small adults and thus paid little attention to the many changes in children including cognitive abilities, learning and physical growth. People started being interested in the field of child development in the early 20th century after theorists began giving their views. It is important to understand child development in order to determine the cognitive, physical, social, emotional and educational growth that children go through from birth to mature adults. Child development theories provide an ...

Behavioral Psychology is one of the basic topics in psychology that looks into how people or animals behave the way they behave. Although, behavioral psychology is one of the foundations of psychology, teachers have observed that students find the topic a little difficult to understand. The topic tries to find an explanation why people or animals have their corresponding mental and physical reactions in response to certain stimuli. In behavioral psychology, the idea is that the behavior of people and animals can be both conditioned and results of either rewards or punishments applied to them. Further, it is also believed ...

Conditioning in Psychology refers to the processes by which repeated stimulus produce predictable and frequent response. There are two types of conditioning namely classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov during his digestive system research (Kalat, 2011). Pavlov noticed that the dogs salivated whenever they sighted attendants dressed in lab coats. He attributed this behavior to the repeated exposure of both food and lab coats to the dogs. Pavlov investigated the behavior by ringing a bell whenever he was presenting food to dog. After repeated occurrences, he observed that the dogs could salivate when the bell ...

Introduction

Everyday questions about people, how they think and behave take center stage. Understanding behavior and mannerisms are the purposes of psychology. Understanding behavior facilitates the comprehension of self. Further analysis purports the idea of not only predicting behavior, but also manipulating it. The ability to manage and manipulate behavior is a powerful tool and as with any power misuse can occur. If wielded properly, it can help advance human civilization by managing characteristics that are self-destructive and cultivating ones that are beneficial.

Description and Contrast

The manner in which people behave is dependent of the learning processes they undergo. One acquires knowledge, accumulates ...

In psychology, there is a learning theory that states that as we learn, we adjust the manner in which we perceive our environment and the manner in which we interpret the incoming stimuli. Consequently, all this alters the way we interact, or behave. It is from this theory that one learns about behaviorism. The latter is the study or our behaviors after exposure to given stimuli within the environment. This helps us in understanding the effects given stimuli have on us. In the learning theory, we have classical and operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, one learns to associate one ...

Part A

The video of cognitive robot XCR-1, featured five characteristics of the sentient beings, and demonstrated a machine too can learn simple associations. The robot XCR-1 is a three-wheeled robot, without an envelope that gives a shape and form, with gripping hands, with multiple sensory capabilities and with a capacity to produce words. The robot has limited motor capacity (gripping, moving forward/ backward, talking and touching), but has excellent sensory systems for visual, auditory, touch, pain and tap stimulus. Obviously it has been created for studies and experiments in the field of machine learning. The experiment pioneered by Dr. Haikonen illustrates five behavioral phenomena ...

Introduction

Many thinkers and scientists have proposed models and theories about how people learn; they are called learning theories. The learning theories are classified as behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism and design-based. Behaviorism is based on the supposition that learning occurs for an organism through interactions with the environment. Behaviouristic school assumes that an organism always responds to a stimulus and the ‘responses’ are depends on the nature of the stimulus, i.e. rewarding or pain giving. Here, the learner is considered as a system that has the capability to respond to a stimulus and the learner is passive. The definition that emerged from the ...

Classical Conditioning

According to Basford and Slevin (2003), classical conditioning relates to the normal-unlearned stimulus-response, which is normally experienced during reflex actions. The result is that a subject exposed to the neutral stimuli will respond in a similar manner as when exposed to the unconditioned stimuli. Examples include having lunch at noon and taking a bath in the morning. Extinction of classical conditioning occurs when the pairing between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is stopped.

Components of Classical Conditioning

- Neutral stimulus; this refers to a stimulus, which does not generate any response. - Unconditioned Stimulus: this refers to a stimulus, which can generate response automatically. ...

Abstract

Kamin blocking is a condition where animals elicit a Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) to a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and fail to associate any other Unconditioned Stimulus (US). This study investigates if the Kamin blocking principle holds true for human subjects. Using food as a conditioned stimulus and Allergic reaction as an unconditioned stimulus, a contingency judgment task experiment was conducted on 683 participants, where they were exposed to a CS in the first stage and a combination of CS, US and a superimposed stimulus in the second stage. In the third stage. Participants asked to predict the probability of the superimposed stimulus eliciting the US and compared ...

Conditioning indeed forms the basis for some of the character traits and attributes that people display. It is one thing for a fact that behavior is learnt from both conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. There is always a sequential relationship between a certain kind of behavior and the happenings that prompted the said behavior. The sequence becomes engraved in a person and ends up producing the same result over again. Thus learning a behavior occurs under these circumstances. Out of all the facts given about the Pavlovian applications, the most interesting research findings center on how conditioning can be used to identify people with certain ...

Introduction

A phobia is an irrational fear to natural phenomenon such that it is abnormal as compared to the behavior of normal people. It is normally triggered by a specific stimulus and hence is a consequence of conditioning. An addiction is a dependence on a substance or action for acquisition of pleasure with little regard for the possible negative effects. Conditioning is the training of the human, or any animal’s, system to respond in a specific manner when exposed to a specific stimulus. It can be voluntary or involuntary on the part of the subject hence the two types of conditioning: operant and classical.

Discuss Phobias and Addictions as Related to Classical and Operant Conditioning

Classical ...

Psychology

Description of Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Classical and operant conditioning are two learning theories extensively studied in psychology. Classical conditioning involves a response to a certain stimulus. Reflexive responses are brought under control of stimulus actions that usually herald the response (Klein & Mowrer, 2009). A certain event provokes a response. A once neutral stimulus is matched with an unconditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, learning occurs through interactions with the environment and the environment shapes behavior thus feelings, thoughts, and emotions are assumed irrelevant in explaining a particular behavior. On the other hand, operant conditioning is learning that occurs when an ...

Watson’s experiment was one of the most interesting experiments on classical conditioning. It has been the reference of conditioning experiments that help psychologists understand behavior acquirement. The main aim was to show the empirical evince of classical conditioning. The methodology used had a clear background that established the child’s inherent or previously learned fears. This added credibility to the whole experiment. The preliminary test of Albert’s baseline fears presented an authentic knowledge of his nature. When Albert was introduced to a rat, he initially showed no fear. He tended to move towards it and even touched it. ...

Introduction Conditioning refers to the process whereby predictable response is made from neurological patterns that have been established through reinforcement. Classical conditioning also called Pavlovian conditioning is one of the most influential conditional theories in Psychology (Bergin &Bergin, 2012). It was put forward by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the 20th century. It is based on the association between environmental stimulus and unlearned or naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning can be used to explain my childhood fear for people dressed in nursing gear. There are four basic components of classical conditioning namely; unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus ...

Introduction

The way people behave depends on their learning processes; the learning process involves the acquisitions, accumulation, and use of knowledge in everyday experiences. The two significant theories in the learning process are classical and operant.

Elements of classical and operant conditioning

In operant conditioning, a reinforcing stimulus follows a voluntary response. Due to the reinforcement, the voluntary stimulus is likely to be repeated by the person. The reinforcement acts as a stimulus which increases the chance of a repeat in behavior. The process of operant conditioning is efficient only when the voluntary response is immediately followed by the reinforcement; this helps the subject in perceiving the relationship between the ...

Classical conditioning

This psychological concept is a four-level learning procedure that involves reflexes. Ivan Pavlov was the first to study the Classical conditioning after raising curiosity about his laboratory dogs when they began salivating before food was actually in their mouths (Coon, p. 261). He further discovered that if he used an appropriate sequence of events, the dogs would salivate at the sound of a buzzer or the appearance of a light. The Classical conditioning requires the existence of an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response in the experimental subjects. It also requires a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response on the experimental subjects.

Example

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Psychology: Behaviourism and Free Will

I. Introduction: Behaviorism and Free Will Behaviorism (or learning theory) focuses primarily on overt or observable and quantifiable behaviors and excludes subjective phenomenon such as motives, feelings, and so on. It explains the processes, principles and laws by which learning occurs. Many schools of thought under behaviorism include Pavlovian, also known as classical or respondent, conditioning. Under the basic tenet of classical conditioning, individuals learn by means of associating neutral stimulus with a meaningful response. Another behaviorism is Skinnerian, a.k.a. operant or instrumental, conditioning. Operant conditioning is the process whereby learning takes place when an action is done ...

How can an understanding of consumer behaviour be used to manipulate consumers?

Contemporary organizations have recognized the importance of understanding consumer behavior to allegedly enable them to design appropriate strategies that would cater to the diverse needs and demands of these clientele, and therefore drive to the ultimate goal of increasing profits. There have been various studies which aimed to determine whether an understanding of consumer behavior could in fact be used to manipulate consumers. First of all, consumer behavior is defined as “a discipline dealing with how and why consumers purchase (or don’t purchase) products and services” . Likewise, the meaning of consumer behavior is also revealed that it is “a ...

Introduction

Conditioning can be defined as the arrangement of two or more incidences characterized experimentally via separate chronological relationship. Learning takes place at the behavioral, cognitive and neural levels with four crucial phenomena that are caused by conditioning (Kalat, 2011). This paper seeks to explain the meaning of these phenomena and show how they would exhibit themselves in human beings. The four basic learning phenomena that take place due to conditioning are acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination (Kalat, 2011). Acquisition refers to the advancement of a conditioned reply consequent to conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) experiments (Kalat, 2011). ...

Development Through Operant or Classical Conditioning

Phobias and Addictions: Development Through Operant or Classical Conditioning How and why phobias and addictions develop are a continual area of research for psychologists and their colleagues in related fields. While many theories exist as to why people have phobias or become addicted, including genetic predisposition and others, the roles of classical conditioning and operant conditioning in the conditions of phobias and addictions is an important area to explore because it provides more information on why the conditions exist and new possibilities in treatment. Phobias can be developed through classical conditioning and addictions can be developed through operant ...

Introduction

In classical conditioning of behavior, acquisition results from the pairing of Conditional Stimulus (CS) like tone with the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) like shock. This is performed through several trials resulting in the capability of the CS to induce a new behavior described as Conditioned Response (CR) which is similar to the Unconditioned Response (UR). In the experiment of Sniffy Pro, CS’s available are Bell, Tone and Light.

Method

1. The experiment was run on Sniffy to receive 10 pairings of tone CS of medium-intensity coupled with shock US of medium-intensity. 2. New file is opened on the menu and “ ...

Classical Conditioning

The pioneering brain behind classical conditioning was a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), who identified this type of learning while working with dogs; a discovery that would later win him tremendous international accolades and knighthood. Pavlov’s classical conditioning has since become monumental in learning with most scholars perceiving it as a fundamental form of learning. This type of learning is at times called Pavlovian learning or conditioning in honor to the exemplary work that Ivan Pavlov did.

Pavlov was researching on the digestive system in dogs where he developed a surgical procedure for implanting fistula tubes into living animals to enable him ...

Research Methods and Empiricism

Empiricism is a theory of knowledge that uses our senses to obtain knowledge and emphasizes on experience and evidence obtained through sensory perception. Empiricism, in the philosophy of science emphasizes the scientific knowledge that has got evidence, especially those discovered through experiments. It is the fundamental part of the scientific method that gives an opportunity for the hypotheses and theories to be formulated against observation.

There are some of the research methods and designs that go in tandem with the theory of empiricism in that they involve the use of senses to obtain knowledge. First, there is the observation method ...