Essays on Vaccine

The human papillomavirus is an infection that is sexually transmitted. This disease widespread with the men and women that are sexually very active and hence, they are exposed to this critical virus at some point in their life . The spread of this virus is common in the United States of America, where there are more than 14 million new cases of HPV every year. There are more than 40 viral strands of HPV that most commonly impact the genitals . This virus is passed through skin to skin contact during the intercourse or any other form of contact with the ...

Public Health

Public Health Today, many diseases, which emerge can be transmitted to a large number of population in different parts of the world. Everyone is vulnerable, even though technology and other health care informatics are evolving every day. However, there are efforts from different professionals in the medical field to address all health concerns and diseases that target the human species. In 2015, the Zika virus disease has been identified as a local transmission in Brazil and continue to spread through different areas of the United States. In the following year, travel-associated cases have been reported to increase. In addition ...

Vitamin K

The body requires vitamin K as it plays a crucial role in the blood clotting process. Sources of this vitamin may be from food eaten and in some bacteria found in the intestines of human beings (CDC, 2016; a). New born babies need to be provided with the vitamin K medication at birth since, first of all they have got little of it stored in their systems as only a little amount can pass through the placenta, secondly, the bacteria responsible for manufacturing them cannot be found in their intestines and finally, the vitamin K contents found in breast ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

OVERVIEW

In the terminology of the WHO, AIDS is a viral disease that prevents the body to fight against infections and cancer ("HIV/AIDS", 2016). AIDS infected people are easily affected a large number of unusual and life-threatening diseases. These diseases are often treatable; however, successful treatment based on immune deficiency is caused by a virus there. The causative agent of AIDS is HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The name was adopted in 1986 as a term to describe the virus that causes AIDS. This allows the name itself to distinguish AIDS from other retroviruses and evidence offline. This virus was known ...

Adult Vaccination

Vaccination is an exercise that has been practiced for decades and is considered as an efficient way of managing communicable diseases. Adult vaccination has significant impacts on enhancing public health as it reduces health complications or deaths from infectious (Tan, 2015). However, most people do not appreciate the need for adult vaccination, an aspect that has led to low rates of adult immunization. This paper evaluates adult vaccination as a health care policy by discussing why the issue is gaining attention from different decision makers across the globe. The study further reveals on the right approach to utilize on ...

AIDS epidemic has been a public health concern over the last 50 years. The Aids cases have been rising since 1982 when it was termed as an epidemic due to increased number of cases. Initially, AIDS was thought to be rare cancer that presented among the homosexuals in 1981 (Altman, 1981). People found with the disease presented low immunity with high susceptibility to other infections mainly pneumonia. Also, the AIDS was common in gay men who practiced sexual intercourse with multiple partners. The disease also spread among the drug users especially those using intravenous drugs. After that, the cases ...

Issue 1 - Ethics and Legal Environment 2

Issue 2 - Organizational Environment 4 Issue 3 - Critical Thinking 7 Issue 4 – Business Associations and Torts 8

Issue 1 - Ethics and Legal Environment

As an agent of her employer, Monique has legal obligations of obedience, loyalty, accounting and performance to her principal. The duty of loyalty involves a fiduciary obligation where the agent is required to serve one principal at a time and shun from conflicts of interest, inform the principal about any material information, and keeping away from actions that would adversely affect the interest of the principal (Hartigan, 2014:272). Additionally, Monique has the duty of obedience towards her principal. The obligation ...

Question 1

Conditions That Will Exist If Tuition Is kept Below Equilibrium Price When the tuition is set at a fee which is below the equilibrium, the demand will be more than the supply; thus there will be a distress situation that is not conducive to education. This would show a good effort by the government, as people will see it as a show of constructive and admirable strength by the government to make education relatively cheap. The effect of this is an increase in the number of students’ intake and in a great way and educated society. This situation is ...

Abstract

Over thirty years after its identification, HIV and AIDS remains a somewhat elusive virus, particularly when it comes to its history as a human infectious agent, and resourcing a complete epidemiology of the disease. Part of the problem is that so many antiretroviral drugs have come out and have either been used or prescribed incorrectly. In addition, the virus, like many other reverse RNA transcriptase viruses, has a very high aptitude in terms of developing resistance to drugs at a very rapid rate. What further complicates matters is how quickly it has spread. It will probably never truly be ...

Influenza Vaccine on the Elderly

Introduction Based on current evidence, there is an overwhelming response with respect to the clinical efficacy, safety, and feasibility of influenza vaccine in the elderly. The impact of the vaccine is observed in elderly patients with chronic diseases with an influence on reduced mortality and hospital admissions. Based on a recent publication, the influence of the vaccine is also observed among health elderly population around the globe. Researchers and healthcare providers state that the declining age is associated with poor antibody response coupled with various confounding factors. However, these factors have not been clearly stated in literature. On the ...

In global societies, discussions concerning the use of animals in medical tests for research are uncomfortable and controversial. Modern technology often broadcasts horrific photos of procedures being conducted on helpless creatures accompanied by claims of untrustworthy results and skewed statistics. In the long run, animals will continue to be used for testing in laboratories until the value of the practice is diminished. “The benefits of animal research have been enormous and it would have severe consequences for public health and medical research if it were abandoned “ (Festing and Wilkinson, n.p.). This paper will present information regarding whether animal testing ...

According to the World Health Organisation, Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that affects humans. The disease is spread through direct contact with an infected individual, coughing or sneezing, and direct contact with infectious body fluids (World Health Organization, 2016). Between 2013 and 2015, there was a measles outbreak in Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu. In Solomon Islands, the disease was first reported in July 2014, after a return traveler from Papua New Guinea was discovered to be suffering from the disease. According to the World Health Organization, the measles outbreak started in Papua New Guinea ...

Paper 2

Ontario’s HPV Vaccination Program In this paper, I present arguments that are supportive of the ethical inappropriateness of the Ontario government’s HPV vaccination initiative. I also aim at revealing the ineffectiveness of the program as a public health strategy constructed to combat cervical cancer. The program is ineffective in combating cervical cancer because the interventions arising from the screening program poses risks on women and especially the ones of childbearing age. In addition, I will use the utilitarian approach to support my views. In September 2007, the Ontario Liberal Government began a Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination ...

Mosquitoes, as tiny as they are, cause adverse effects on the human population ranging from diseases, deaths, economic fluctuations and losses. Dealing with the mosquito-caused diseases is costly since a lot of money is a necessity to fund the eradication projects. Some of the deadly diseases that a single mosquito can lead to are malaria, elephantiasis, dengue and the new Zika virus. Although some of the diseases, for example, the dengue disease have vaccines, it is bad that some of them like Zika, Malaria and Elephantiasis have no vaccines so far. Besides, the Zika virus threat is bad for ...

Worldwide, over two million people suffer from both human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C viruses concurrently. This is because the two viruses, which there currently exists no vaccines against them, can easily co-infect one person. There is, however, considerable progress in trying to come up with a vaccine for both of these, although there seems to be still no end in sight, considering the shortfalls each effort has faced. Scientists are considering a possibility of researching on one vaccine that can tackle both viruses at the same time. This, as well, is yet to stand the test of time ...

Ontario’s HPV Vaccination Program

In this paper, I present arguments that are supportive of the ethical inappropriateness of the Ontario government’s HPV vaccination initiative. I also aim at revealing the ineffectiveness of the program as a public health strategy constructed to combat cervical cancer. In addition, I will use the utilitarian approach to support my views.

The Ontario HPV Program Overview

In September 2007, the Ontario Liberal Government began a Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination intervention for female eighth-graders (Thompson, 2013; CIHR- IPPH, 2012). The federal government made an allocation of $ 300 million towards the intervention. Gardasil, the HPV vaccine, targets four subtypes of the virus. These ...

Despite great advances in medicine like the vaccine or the external artificial heart, it is easy for forget that all it takes in one microscopic bug to unravel our entire society. This catastrophe is depicted in the 2014 film Contagion. This science fiction thriller follows the events of a global pandemic and the societal effects of a calamity of this scale. Our heroes, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to the World Health Organization (WHO) must race against the incredibly high rate of transmission. The epidemiological process is performed over the course of four months from the first day ...

Introduction

An organization’s mission and vision help to define its organizational culture. This is because they assist all the stakeholders to become aware of the purpose and values that the organization holds. An organization’s mission and vision therefore call for the development of a strategy that would in the long run assist the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. For such a strategy to be successful, there is a need to develop a strong organizational structure which would in turn lead to a smooth integration of the people within the organization and with the external environment (other ...

Definition:

Ebola virus, well known for its hemorrhagic effects produced inside as well as outside of body. This virus progresses with bleeding, which leads to organ failure and if not treated properly can also cause death. ("Ebola virus and Marburg virus - Mayo Clinic", 2016). Ebola is also termed as Ebola Hemorrhagic fever because of its hemorrhagic property and it is also known to cause the death of 90% effected people ("Ebola Virus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention", 2016). There are 5 strains of this virus and four of them are known to cause deadly symptoms like hemorrhage. Ebola have its ...

Vaccination is a controversial topic. Many people feel that the medical profession is using vaccines to control the population. Others feel that they are not necessary for health. It is important to think about the type of language that is being used when talking about vaccines. The language used is designed to make people sympathize with the cause and to demonize the people that give the vaccines. There is a lot of strong language used by Samuel Thomson and anti-vaccine groups on the topic of vaccinations and the profession of medicine. The purpose of this paper is to examine ...

Introduction

Pandemic influenza poses a great risk to the entire world. The disease originates from the emergence and quick spread of influenza viruses. In essence, these viruses can spread rapidly and explosively in numerous nations, thus, affecting billions of individuals. The pandemic can affect the country’s critical infrastructure as well as social and economic security if there is no adequate preparedness for as well as response to it. The pandemic affects the countries’ economies through raising their health care costs as well as causing significant loss of productivity. It is vital to note that successful preparedness for and response ...

In the 1940’s, scientists in Uganda discovered a breathtakingly beautiful forest on the edge of Lake Victoria, near Entebbe. The Zika Forest, originally spelled Ziika meaning “overgrown” in the local language, proved to be a valuable resource to virologists studying all varieties of disease (Kron, 2016). The Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) of Entebbe established a protection program for the forest in order to maintain a satellite location for extended research studies. Research here in 1947 revealed the first detection of its namesake, the Zika virus (Aggarwal et al, 2016). Initially isolated in a Rhesus monkey, the Zika ...

HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in the UK

Marlow, L., 2011. HPV vaccination among ethnic minorities in the UK: knowledge, acceptability and attitudes. British Journal of Cancer, 105:486-492. The research involves the study on the uptake of childhood vaccination from various ethnical minorities in the UK. The research method includes qualitative and quantitative peer-reviewed journals and articles published between January 2000 to March 2010 from scholarly resources. Purposive sampling was used in order to determine the ideal proportion of the ethnic participants in the study. Ethnicity related variables were included in the study with consideration of the geographical location, country of birth, language spoken and the years ...

Efficacy of HPV Immunization Amongst Adolescent Girls Within UK

Introduction: Human papilloma virus is the most common sexual transmitted virus in the U.K. More than 4 types of HPV variants, is found to infect both men and women. Genital areas, mouth and throat are commonly affected by the virus. The virus can be transmitted by intercourse between same sex and straight sex partners. Very rarely, the disease is transmitted from the pregnant mother to the baby. The virus has the potential to cause cancer and presently there is no cure for HPV infection. Among HPV types: HPV16 and 18 are highly oncogenic. FDA approved HPV vaccines are available ...

The article “A Brief History of Medical Diagnosis and the Birth of the Clinical Laboratory”, by Darlene Berger, is an interesting read, which thoroughly explores the subject at hand. This article, which is Part 1 in a series of four articles, discusses medical advances from. “Ancient times through the 19th century.” Berger makes very succinct observations about advances in medicine and the advent of the clinical laboratory. She does an excellent job of objectively discussing many of the important discoveries in medical history, providing stirring examples of success and of failure in the context of medical history, and cites ...

In this essay, I will argue that the Ontario HPV vaccination program is ethically inappropriate and ineffective as a public health initiative aimed at combating cervical cancer. HPV vaccination in regards to cervical cancer reduction pales in comparison to other vaccination programs such as those that fight infectious diseases like polio, measles, smallpox, pertussis, and TB among others. As such, pro-vaccination arguments such as harm to others, harms and benefits, as well as best interests do not offer sufficient justification for the HPV vaccination initiative. Moreover, the critical consideration of issues such as social justice, adolescent sexuality, paternalism, and ...

PHIL 434 Medical Ethics

Short answers 3 point seach What is medical tourism? Medical tourism is “where patients travel overseas for operations and various invasive therapies.” (Connell 2006, p. 1093).

What are 3 reasons people choose surgeries/procedures in other countries?

1. Economics – Even with health insurance, many procedures can be performed for a fraction of the cost overseas. 2. Quality of care – quality of care is increasing around the world to the near equivalent of Western countries. 3. More options- Even with health insurance, many patients find their health insurance companies limit the kinds of procedures they are able to receive.

What is the commoditization of care?

Turning health care into a commodity that is undifferentiated from other competing ...

Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Teens- Ethical Debate

Background HPV or Human Papillomavirus is the causative organism of cervical cancer. This virus is primarily acquired sexually, when a person is in sexual contact with an infected person. Infection takes years to decades before appearing in the form of cervical cancer. It is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the United States (Balog, 2009). There is not much awareness of the HPV and the infection it causes. There are more than 100 types of HPV. The HPV types 16 and 18 cause 70 percent of cervical cancer (Navarro-Illana, Aznar & Diez-Domingo, 2014). 6 million US population is affected ...

Juvaris BioTherapeutics   

Today in the world we have many new forms of diseases. Cancer is the most dangerous and insidious scourge. To treat cancer we should spend plenty of time and money and there is a great field of work. Juvaris BioTherapeutics, Inc. is a company, located in Pleasanton, California, which develops novel, adjuvanted vaccines and immunotherapeutics to treat infectious disease and cancer and helps both human and animals. Company was registered in 2001 with total amount of employees approximately 50 persons. It provides JVRS-100, a cationic lipid-DNA complex and adjuvant that improves the efficiency of present vaccines, as well as ...

Amongst the major infectious diseases, hepatitis is one of the most important diseases affecting a huge number of populations worldwide. Hepatitis is majorly caused by virus or other contributors to the inflammation of liver. It can be infectious or non-infectious. It is a big concern to deal with the disease as it is responsible for taking huge tolls of life with its remarkable symptoms in function loss of the liver due to factors like liver scarring (cirrhosis) or liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) in extreme cases (NHS, 2016). Viral hepatitis is considered to be the cause of hepatitis occurrence in ...

Translation science can be defined as a branch of science which aims to develop various interventions and programs that can help improve the health of human beings using the “bench to bedside” approach (Wagner and Kroetz, 2016). The translation science project which will be discussed in this paper is mainly focused on the effect of the implementation of a vaccination screening program on the vaccination rates of elderly Hispanic population aged between 65 and 90 years old in a Community Health setting in Miami-Dade area. Currently, there are numerous evidences that can support the need for various interventions and ...

PHONE:

RE: Importance of immunization Immunization is the process of introducing a vaccine into the immune system to protect a person from a certain disease. A vaccine is a medicine used for immunization purpose. There are different vaccines used for many conditions. Some of the illnesses are immunized while others are not. This is because not all the diseases have a vaccine. Diseases such as tuberculosis and polio have a vaccine and there for they are known as immunizable diseases. Immunization is critical to our daily lives because it has saved life and improved life span of people and even ...

There is a growing concern over the use of animal testing the medical research field. Different views have been fronted by proponents and opponents of the practice on how ethical the practice is. It is true that animals have contributed to some successful medical research in the world; however, the number of animals used in wasteful and non-beneficial research works raises concern. According to Dolgin 1348, it is, therefore, essential to consider the benefits and demerits of using animals in research before the experiments are done to avoid tests that are wasteful. The proponents of animal testing support their ...

WGU

A. Table of Contents Professional Resume – presents my clinical knowledge, skills, experience, and philosophy to potential employers Executive Summary – provides an overview of the contents of the portfolio Professional Reference Questionnaire – presents the objective and subjective evaluation of my key behaviors and clinical performance by one of my professional references Importance of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) – discusses the need to develop knowledge and skills in quality leadership in order to improve the quality and safety of patient care and promote holistic, patient-centered care

Copy of IHI certificate of completion – serves to validate my completion of the IHI Organizational Systems and Quality Leadership course

Evidence-based Practice – summarizes an evidence-based research project on hand hygiene Applied Leadership – summarizes my ...

Communication

Speech Outline

Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to accept the fact that vaccination is the only solution to ward off the upcoming generations from deadly diseases. I INTRODUCTION (Attention)

Attention Material

The pros and cons of vaccination is a topic for heated discussion even among healthcare professionals. Even doctors have contradictory opinions about vaccination.

Thesis and Preview

1. Thesis Statement - In my opinion, vaccination has helped humankind to protect itself from many deadly diseases. 2. Even those who oppose vaccination cannot ignore the fact that deadly diseases like polio and smallpox were controlled due to vaccination. [Beginning of the Body Speech] I ...

Influenza is a highly communicable viral infection that is fundamental for the critical outbreaks of respiratory illnesses; it is usually very common in the winter (CDC, 2015). Influenza, unlike the common cold, can cause brutal, life-threatening complications such as bronchitis and pneumonia as well as a severe illness which must require hospitalization. The flu is more dangerous to pregnant women, Aboriginal, and Torres Strait Islander individuals, elderly people and young children.

The cause of influenza

There are three common types of influenza viruses which infect a human being. These include influenza A, B, and C (Commonwealth of Australia, 2016). Influenza A and B ...

A recent study demonstrated that most people depend on media as the primary source of health information (WHO Ebola Response Team, 2014). Consequently, this contributes significantly to the improvement of fitness and knowledge among the public. The health messages come from different mass media channels based on the needs of the reader. However, such information falls under scrutiny due to allegations of its reliability and clarity to the audience processing the messages. Survey analysis indicates that the media coverage relies partially on statistics findings from reports published about medical trial results and disease incidences. Thus, they are bound to ...

Phase 3 – Behavioral and Environmental Diagnosis of Vaccinating Children

Vaccination among children is one of the most controversial issues in health care. There are both behavioral and environmental reasons in relation to parents’ decision to accept or decline the vaccination for their children. Using the phase three of precede-proceed model, this portion will provide further ecological assessment that will analyze such determinants of the parents’ decisions as well as the present policy factors that affects the implementation of vaccination for children. The emergence of different viruses call for the implementation of policies that will promote the vaccination of children ages between 1 and 5 years old. However, there ...

Executive summary

HPV is a grave concern in the medical circles since researchers note that the virus infects more than 50% of sexually active persons. Research also indicates that the prevalence of the infection is highest in young people, especially in the years following their sexual debut. The program, “HPV Fight for KC” is designed to inform the public about the HPV, with emphasis given to informing young people between the ages of 16 and 26 years how they can prevent themselves from infection. The program will target the youth from low-income areas in Kansas City, Missouri. Despite the fact that ...

Population health concern and Advocacy Overview

The discussion over the dissemination of the HPV vaccine presents is of the most controversial issues in the country. The issue also attracts debates on sexuality in children and compulsory vaccination for school going children. The politicized argument exists at a time when there are many people infected with the HPV virus. Such statistics play an important role in influencing this advocacy campaign. My policy proposal advocates for the dissemination of HPV vaccines to middle-school children. This campaign proposes an administration process that follows a two-time schedule. In the first round, the children will receive the first dose as ...

The study of infectious diseases has always been crucial to mankind because of the devastating effects it has had on the human race. The influenza epidemic, for example, occurred repeatedly in the 20 th and 21st century, spreading across large regions and multiple continents. Influenza in 1918 killed an estimated 50 million people world wide. This was higher than the amount of people that died in World War I. About 500,000 fatalities occurred in the US which was approximately 28% of the US population at that time. The number of deaths that took place in 1957 and 1968 ...

Introduction

It is customary for the non-native speakers to substitute the correct pronunciation of the words with their versions of vowels and consonants. There are patterns of pronunciation of words in every language and it is believed that the non-native speakers utilize their habitual pronunciation of the new language. These patterns in language may persist at different levels. Some of the non-native speakers tend to learn new language faster, the others retain the traces of native language in their patterns of pronunciation through the years. This may root in different factors, such as the duration of practice in new language, ...

Vaccination is the process by which the immunity of an individual is stimulated to develop protection against pathogens by the use of antigens called vaccines. Vaccination has been in use for a long period and has seen prevention and reduction of communicable and infectious diseases. The use of vaccines to prevent diseases was commonly used in children aged between 0 and 6 years; however, after scientific developments and discoveries it gained traction among adults (Habakus & Holland 2011). To protect the weak, elderly and the immune compromised individuals versus an individual’s right to say no to a vaccine is ...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an infectious disease, and it is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, and it is estimated that nearly all sexually active young men contract it at some point in their lives. Some types of HPV can cause problems to one's health that may even lead to cancer. A person can get HPV from having anal, vaginal or oral sex with a person who has the disease. However, the most common way of getting the disease is through vaginal or anal sex. It can be passed from one person to another even if the ...

Immunizations in Children

According to World Health Organization (WHO), “Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine” (World Health Organization). This definition of WHO can be further elaborated by saying that the concept of immunization works by stimulation of the immune system. The immune system performs the function of protecting the body against disease causing agents. In its healthy condition, the body’s immune system has the ability to recognize any invading microbe. The leucocytes identify the microbes and produce antibodies against them. These antibodies are capable ...

Background information

Malaria, a mosquito borne transmissible disease of both human beings and some animals is a pertinent disease in the 21st century which accounts for more than 650, 000 deaths annually (WHO, 1147). The prevalence of malaria is highest in the tropical and subtropical regions. Adverse effects of the disease is an equally major public health issue that affects maternal and child health. In the developing countries, malaria is a leading cause of maternal and child health. Consequentially, it is a pertinent public health disease. This manuscript offers a succinct analysis of the disease while appraising its causative agents, life ...

The problem seems to be that children do not have a say in the decisions that are made in regards to their healthcare. By this I mean, children under the age of 16 cannot make their own decisions, or final decision for that matter, about their health without their parents having the final say in whether or not they agree with such decisions. For example: If a child up, until the age of 16, has been suffering with symptoms that show they may have a psychiatric problem that needs immediate attention, the doctors and the child’s parents can ...

Childhood Immunizations

Spring - 2016 Vaccination is a medical manipulation during which certain antigen of the infectious agent is being administered into the organism to induce the primary immune response. The first contact with the antigen is being accompanied by activation of the immune system and the emergence of a subpopulation of lymphocytes, which are able to specifically recognize the antigen. As a result, during the contact with the infectious agent, the immune system is able to react faster. While the purpose of vaccination is the prevention of disease, it can still occur, but in less severe form and with minimal ...

Vaccinations have always helped every person who is vaccinated. Vaccinations have prevented numerous illness and disabilities since the time of their invention. Some diseases such as whooping cough, mumps, and measles still a pose huge threat though they can be prevented through vaccines. Many children in United States are suffering and being hospitalized, resulting in deaths every year due to this threat. I support vaccinations because they are safe, very effective, and any child who is vaccinated develops an immunity to fight illness faster than a child who is not vaccinated. Vaccines are thoroughly tested for safety and continuously ...

Avian influenza refers to an infectious disease that originates from wild birds and can be transmitted to humans through contact with domesticated birds. The avian flu virus initially originated from wild birds, and I have noted that they are not usually affected by this illness but spread the virus to birds that are domesticated or raised for food like ducks, turkey, chicken, and pigeons. Avian influenza is highly pathogenic and has led to severe outbreaks in birds that are domesticated mostly in the Asian and Middle East region. There are several types of avian flu, but the most common ...

Vaccination is an important decision that parents need to make when their children are young. There are many opposing statements regarding this choice, and many voices favor vaccination as well. Vaccination came into being in the 19th century when Louis Pasteur first discovered the rabies vaccines and then on, rigorous research went into the study of immunology and protecting people from falling ill to life-threatening diseases. After the course of diseases was understood, scientists worked on making preventative measures for avoidance of these diseases. Vaccines have led to a great drop in the mortality rate over the past century ...

Q1

Tetanus

It is a disease caused by bacteria known as clostridium tetani. It affects the nervous system leading to muscle contractions. Tetanus has no cure. We use antibiotics to prevent its complications.

Common cold

It is a viral infection affecting the upper respiratory tract. Viruses spread through droplets. Antibiotics cannot be used to treat common cold.

Influenza

It is also a viral disease affecting the upper respiratory tract. It is also known as the flu. Treatment is use of antiviral drugs (Krasner and Shors).

Cholera

It is an acute infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water characterized by diarrhea and vomiting. ...

HIV/AIDS

December 1, is World’s AIDS Day. At the initiative of the World Health Organization, for the first time, this date was marked as World AIDS Day on December 1, 1988. At that time, around 7 million people were infected with HIV. In 5 years there were already 14 million, today more than 36.9 million people in the world are living with HIV (“Global Statistics”). The first notice of new disease was placed in 1981 in the American weekly newspaper “Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report”. According to some scientists the human immunodeficiency virus derived from green monkeys immunodeficiency virus. ...

Vaccination for children

It is better to prevent it than to cure it. That is the advocacy of all the health organizations throughout the world. Vaccines are a type of weapon that can be used in order to shield oneself from the known diseases, and sometimes, with diseases that have yet to find remedy to them. A vaccine is a biological agent that is injected to our bodies in order to provide immunity to their corresponding ailment (WHO, n.d.). Nowadays, more and more diseases are discovered with the advancement of technology. However, not all are able to find the cure for all ...

Business Law

Without the Supremacy Clause, there would always be overlapping and conflicting federal and state law. The Supremacy Clause ensures that federal law always preempts state law if there is a conflict. In the absence of a Supremacy Clause, there would be a floodgate of litigation regarding choice of law questions and which law applies to a particular case. In this case, Wyeth did act ethically because if a large drug-manufacturing company immediately admitted to liability every time a plaintiff sued, alleging negligence, the company would surely go bankrupt. In the face of a civil suit, the company is entitled ...

It is a tiny single-celled body usually produced asexually at the tip of the hyphae by most non-flowering plants and fungi. They are functional for asexual reproduction by developing into the new individual without the formation of gametes. It is in Aspergillus spores.

Sporangiospores

The sporangiophores are the spores which are produced in the sporangia. Fungi produce them - mosses not included for generational propagation. Rhizopus uses it for spore formation.

Zygospore

In many fungi, the zygospore – a diploid reproductive stage in their life cycles is created by the nuclear fusion of haploid cells of the spores. The zygospores occur in ...

Abstract

Measles starts with fever, runny nose, and watery eyes, and a rash may develop after a few days. The illness is not serious but can get serious if the infection spread to other parts of the body and spread to the community. The patient can develop a lung infection, ear infection and may even die. There is no medicine as of yet that can kill the measles. What adds to the gravity is that it is a highly communicable disease that can easily spread. The essay discusses the epidemiological determinants of the outbreak of measles and the risk factors ...

strains?” Researches on viruses have been carried out since time immemorial. Several vaccines, therapeutics, and targeted drug delivery systems have been developed only through extensive research on virulent strains. However, genetic engineering and molecular biology techniques have enabled scientists to manipulate, and develop new recombinant strains that may not occur in nature spontaneously. Proper containment of these engineered strains is essential as they might have properties that are entirely different from their parent strains. In September 2011 a researcher from Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam revealed how he had engineered avian influenza strain H5N1, and made it “more receptive to ...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) includes over 150 viruses that affect the skin and moist membranes lining the body. It can be transmitted through intimate skin contact and sexual intercourse (Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines - National Cancer Institute, 2015). The epidemiologic triangle is a model developed to help study health problems. It helps develop an in-depth understanding of infectious diseases and how they spread. The triangle expresses a correlation between three aspects; agent, host, and the environment. In the context, an agent is defined as the cause of the disease, in this case, the Human Papilloma Virus. The host, on the ...