Essays on Validity And Reliability

The most important thing in carrying out research is to avoid confusing the concept of research vigor with concepts like the quantification, measurement precision and generalizability. The researcher must be cautious before making claims that data collection and data analysis techniques are rigorous than other methods or techniques (Noble, & Smith 34). Therefore, rigorous or the trustworthy in any research implies the need to use appropriate tools that meet the goals and objectives of investigation done. For the investigator to determine whether there was rigorous in data collection, he or she will ask some questions on data collection procedures or ...

Research Methodology 3

Findings 9 Limitations of the Study 14 Future Research Direction 15 Conclusion 15 References 17 Research Methodology This part comprises of details regarding the research methodology, the hypothesis and the source of data for the study. The main objective of this study is to substantiate the theories that exist today as well as to introduce latest concepts that can bring transformation to the basic subjects. The research is based on empirical findings.

Research Design

Research Design refers to a structured case study that helps in conducting the research. Research involves the collection of data, its analysis, and outcome. It aims to ...

Literature review

Kaasa, S. (2015). Is Cancer Pain Control Improved by a Simple WHO Pain Analgesic Ladder Approach Combined With Tumor-Directed Treatment?.Journal of Clinical Oncology, JCO647537.

Article summary

This article takes into consideration the role that the WHO analgesic ladder plays in addressing cancer pain in palliative care patients. The authors identify that cancer pain occurs in 90% of cancer patients but only half them are under proper pain management. To this effect, therefore, there is the need for applying opioids under the WHO ladder guidelines as a way of addressing cancer pain in oncology care patients.

This is a narrative qualitative research ...

Methodology

Extraneous Variables The focus of this study is to determine the efficacy as well as sustainability of school-based and home- based for children between the ages of six and eleven years and with a BMI ≥ 85th percentile in gender and age. In this case, the outcome measure is on the weight gain that will be measured as the BMI of the participant. Apparently, the idea is to have a situation where there is a comparison as to which of the two proposed interventions; school-based and home-based techniques that can help reduce the cases of obesity measured as BMI in ...

There is the need for taking into account the key concepts which will determine whether a particular study that has already been done is useful and can be incorporated into practice. The primary components that will make a particular study helpful for use in a certain research process determine how such information can be incorporated into the nursing process. As such, determining the validity of different forms of study is an important step towards achieving evidence-based care (Fineout-Overholt et al., 2010). The first reason for conducting a critical appraisal on a particular study is to determine whether there are ...

Improving cost-effectiveness of product designs by cross-functional collaboration

Abstract Procurement management is a widely recognized strategic management tool used to keep the cost of production of a company under control. Design-to-cost process is a process that is capable of improving cost effectiveness of the process of product development. The DTC process essentially involves cross-functional collaboration within the organization. The objective of this dissertation is to provide a cross-functional collaboration driven DTC framework for the case company which is an information technology firm. The proposed dissertation is single qualitative case study in which adductive approach will be adapted to the analysis of the results. The theoretical perspective of ...

Introduction

The current paper critically evaluates the research study conducted by Zenobia Chan and Joyce Ma (2003). The purpose of the paper is to attempt to develop an understanding of qualitative assessment provided in the selected journal article by critiquing and appraising the research. Chan and Ma (2003) explored the patient’s subjective experience of anorexia nervosa and assessed that how people with anorexia nervosa exhibit certain expressions of annoyance, apprehension, and nervousness. The study of Chen and Ma proves that anorexia nervosa is an affecting disorder in a human being that is characterized by an obsessive desire to lose ...

A review of the technology trend paper, on the topic of Health Information Security, reveals that the author has an in-depth understanding of the impacts that technology may have on the health care industry. The paper is insightful, as it provides readers with information on all the key aspects associated with the area of study thereby promoting overall validity and reliability of the paper. The author ensures that the paper is easy to follow through the usage of subheadings to cover all areas of study for the research paper. That acts as a guarantee that readers would have a ...

Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Abstract The intensive care unit in most hospitals plays the role of providing care to patients dealing with life-threatening conditions. The technological and other set ups in these hospital units are vital in ensuring that these patients continue to receive the best regarding care while with the intentions of having them emerge with desirable outcomes. There are however challenges relating to the care that these patients receive since, in most cases, they are usually under mechanical ventilation. A patient under this condition faces the risk of developing ventilator-associated pneumonia if the ventilators are not handled with the required care. ...

Philosophy Research Proposal

The research question chosen for this paper is the determination of the existence of a relationship between the type of therapeutic intervention and self-harming behaviors in adolescent girls. The author of this paper has hypothesized that there is indeed a correlation between the type of therapeutic intervention and the resulting self-harming behaviors among adolescent girls. This means that adolescent girls receiving a certain therapeutic intervention will display a more significant decrease in self-harming behaviors as opposed to adolescent girls who do not receive a therapeutic intervention. For the null, hypothesis, it would basically suggest that there is no correlation ...

Methodology

Extraneous variables and how they will be controlled Extraneous are variables that are not of interest to the research or an experiment and have an effect of adding an error to the final research outcomes and findings (Burns & Grove, 2010). In this regard, it is imperative to control the effect of these variables in order to reduce the magnitude of their effect (Burns & Grove, 2010). Among the extraneous variables apparent to this study include; age, adverse effects due to medication as well as treatment duration. The purpose of this research is essentially to test the effectiveness of patient education ...

Institutions:

Study Overview Dissertation title: Managing Safety from the Top: The Influence of Senior Managers’ Characteristics Purpose: Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen The description of senior managers by literature manager is that they are crucially influencing the safety of organization. Yet it has not been completely understood, their influence is contributed by. Thus, the thought was to investigating characteristics of senior managers with respect to their impact toward safety in management organizations in the air traffic. A safety literature review indicated that research in the area would gain from introduction of ...

For a sample to be suitable it must be representative of the relevant population. When a sample fails to include all the characteristics available in the population it is said to be biased. Selection bias a rises when the sampling procedures are insufficiently random resulting in a sample that is not representative of the relevant population, the result is a sample that over represents or under represents certain characteristics of the population (Lucey, 2003). The data set of Little Town café has a sample size of 57 observations of its guests over a three year period. Since the data ...

Executive Summary

The objective was to compare effects of GnRH antagonist and standard long protocol agonist on number, and the quality of Metaphase II oocytes, and on reducing risk of hyperstimulation, in patients who are affected by Polycystic ovarian syndrome. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common endocrinopathy of the women who are in reproductive age, which is a first cause of the anovulation. GnRH agonists are used in the IVF to avoid premature LH surge before the retrieval of oocyte. Research findings from this study can be significant to various Centers for Reproductive Medicine, and also to all the institutions that practice ART. ...

Introduction

This paper focuses on various tests to determine whether there is need for Red Cross to sort/classify the blood into the various blood types; type A, type O, AB, or B. The aim is to allow the Red Cross to know the supply of each blood type available at any time to help people in need. Another advantage of sorting the blood into various types is that blood can then be stored in a safe place under the right conditions to prevent the blood from spoiling. The paper begins with analysis of the Business Research Methods that emphasizes on testing ...

- Levels of Measurement

Three levels of measurement will be used in this study. The nominal scale will be used to not only classify the sampled children into various demographic sets such as black and white; Latino and White; boys and girls; teenagers and kids; mothers and fathers; breadwinners and non-breadwinners among other categories (Mitchell & Jolley, 2012). This level of measurement requires that broad and homogenous categories van be established, which are then subsequently used to describe multiple variables in the study. While the nominal scale can only offer simple classifications, it is especially suitable for children since ...

1. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approaches In the realm of research, two major approaches to gathering information and reporting this information exist: quantitative and qualitative approaches. The qualitative approach focuses on comprehending an occurrence from a closer point of view. The quantitative approach on the other hand leans towards an approximation of phenomena from larger numbers of individuals by applying a variety of survey techniques. Each of these approaches has its upside as well as its detriments and areas where it is most suitable. This essay examines the difference between these two approaches using at risk youth to illustrate them. ...

Dissertation Online Blogging

Validity and Reliability Questionnaires are the most frequently used type of research tool and or instrument when it comes to gathering information from a target respondent population. In general it is an effective tool that helps the researchers gather information on the attitudes, knowledge, opinions, facts, behaviors, and other information regarding their target respondents. However, it is important to note that there are specific qualities of a questionnaire or a research instrument that researchers must consider and gauge if they want to produce high quality results, evidences, and findings in their research. Naturally, the higher the level of validity and ...

- Introduction The pharmaceutical industry is one that has been seeking to enhance efficiency in customer relationship management through strategies that involve a transition from the traditional sales force to Key Account Management. However, the transition requires organization changes and is subject to several factors. In that respect, this analysis refers to the case of pharmaceutical companies in Greece for the purpose of analyzing change management that relates to the transition. To achieve the objective, the analysis will provide a literature review and an empirical analysis seek that seeks to answer a number of questions that define the research thesis. Those ...

Sampling is the process of selecting a group of subjects to act as a representation of the entire target group. The selected representative portion of the population is called a sample, and it upon which generalizations of the research findings is done to apply to the whole target population. There is one principal way through which a sample might not be a representation of the entire population. This occurs when randomization is not done during the process of compiling the sample. It should be noted that randomization is the key to building an effective representative sample for the study. Randomization involves the selection of ...

Research, by definition, is a scientific approach to describe and investigate phenomena. In the field of nursing, research plays a substantial role in the practice of safe and ethical nursing practice, thus a term called evidence-based nursing practice has been introduced in the profession. Nursing research involves the use of qualitative and quantitative research designs. Qualitative research typically aims to understand and interpret social interactions through open-ended responses, survey, interviews, participant observations, field notes and reflections. This type of design follows an inductive pattern whereby theories and assumptions are generated based on the responses, reflections or interactions of the respondents in the ...

Problem

What is the problem the study was conducted to research? Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health issue. There is an increase in type 2 diabetes in African-Americans. Lack of knowledge in lifestyle and treatment interventions has led to the increase of T2DM in African-Americans. Type 2 Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness, renal diseases and lower limb amputations. African-Americans having T2DM also suffer from high blood pressure and low glycemic levels in blood.

Why is the problem an important one for nursing to research?

Diabetes has become a serious health issue among the public. Registered nurses should have latest knowledge about different interventions for diabetes. The article is ...

Research tools, tests, scales, and population are indispensable to research studies in social sciences. The choice of an instrument, test, and scale to be used in measuring various characteristics of a given population influences the validity and reliability of the research tools employed. The characteristic of a population being measured in a particular study determines the choice of tools most appropriate for the study. Different tests used in social science studies are related in various ways. Therefore, they are classified based on their relationships. For instance, chi-square, phi, logistic regression, and Cramer’s V are applicable where the independent and dependent ...

Independent and Dependent Variables

Measuring the current competency in the provision of vital public health services and training is crucial to enhancing competencies. The effort helps to ensure reliable leaders in the provision of health services. Hence, the Council on Linkages has undertaken the task of establishing various Core Competencies for public health personnel (Council on Linkages, 2001). In addition, the Council on Linkages (COL) has established a set of competencies for assessing the staff in public health (Council on Linkages, 2005).

The COL Core Competency set has eight substantive areas:

• Communication • Cultural Competency • Policy Development and Program Planning • Community Dimensions of Practice • Basic Public Health Science • Financial ...

Introduction

The current essay involves a critical review of the research process and development of two research reports on nursing care and shared care services and evidence based practice in the nursing profession. Understanding the research process and development may furnish important insights on how evidence based practice be implemented effectively in aid of better patient care in both traditional hospital nursing care and shared care services involving nurses as useful members in the healthcare staff. Parameters for the research process critique involve important aspects in a research report: research approach or design, sampling method, methods of data collection, validity and ...

Studies show that stroke survivors with poor oral hygiene have a poor quality of life (Armstrong and Mosher 2011). (Lam et al. 2014) have explored the effect of clinical oral health and socio-demographic factors on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients following stroke. Oral health-related quality of life results were received before and after provision or oral health promotion interventions. Eighty-one patients faced a stroke rehabilitation ward. OHRQoL have also determined the outcomes after in-hospital oral health intervention programme. They observed a significant association between the absence of regular daily brushing and majority of measurement scale items (6 out of ...

People, since the past years, have been slowly but surely realizing the impacts of commission and or omission of certain actions on the environment and how it contributes to the worldwide phenomenon that is climate change. What makes this worldwide phenomenon eye and attention-catching is the fact that it has already caused the loss of thousands of lives and billions of dollars’ worth of property losses and damages all around the world. Life-cycle assessment is a technique that centers on the process of assessing the impacts (i.e. environmental impacts) of a certain product from the stage that it was produced or ...

Introduction

Consistent behavioural gender differences have been revealed in the area of food choices. An individual’s choice of food depends on a variety of factors and has consequential effects towards the behaviour of human beings that result into choice of some specific food products. The following research focuses on the gender differences in diet concentrating more on significant impacts eating behaviours have on individuals based on the gender. People of all genders aim at maintaining good body shapes and good health in the contemporary society. The research will investigate different eating habits demonstrated by different genders and their effect on ...

Nursing research generates evidence that ensures the effectiveness of nursing interventions. The strength of the evidence relies on the quality of the data collection procedure and the validity and reliability of the instruments. In addition, utilizing the results of studies in clinical practice requires consideration of applicability. As such, it is important to determine if the research conclusions can be generalized to the setting and patient demographics of one’s practice. These points are illustrated in the following description of a randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led intervention seeking to enhance patient enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation.

Sample, Demographics, and Study Setting

The sample consisted of 242 ...

Introduction

The proposed research topic is on the effects of raising the minimum wage of workers at the world’s largest fast food chain – McDonalds. There has been a stir among researchers about the feasibility of this proposal ever since President Barack Obama and the liberal party made raising the minimum wage one of their focused agenda. Experts in the field of economics have divided opinion over the matter and no solid conclusion could be made regarding the matter (Conservative Tribune, 2014; Shin, 2013; Ticker, 2013; and Weissmann, 2014).

It is due to this divided opinion that a research such this is ...

Overview

The following paper provides a critique of the study on “Long-term retention of older adults in the cardiovascular health study: Implications for studies of the oldest old.” The paper utilizes epidemiology and biostatistics concepts to analyse the study. Some of the important concepts discussed include identification of the research problem, research questions, generation of hypothesis, research design used and its validity to the study, justification of research methods, and suitability of data analysis procedure. Epidemiology and biostatistics concept provides an individual with skills to design and implement fundamental and practical research healthcare (Texas A&M Health Science Centre, 2014).

In which paragraph(s) of the study is a research problem stated?

The research ...

OCT5, 2014

Use of the First Language (L1) in Teaching a Second Language LITERATURE REVIEW This literature review will analyze previous studies that investigated similar problems to those given in the topic. The literature review will focus on three major areas: The effect of using student’s L1 in the English as a foreign language classroom; the relationship between teachers’ and students’ perception of language learning to the actual L1 and L2 use in the classroom; and teachers’ and students’ beliefs on the role of L1 and L2 in the Arabic foreign language classroom.

The effect of using student’s L1 in the English as a foreign language classroom

Many language scholars have conducted research on ...

Results: Appropriateness of the data collection methods for the study

The data collection method was observational study. It involved the recording of some baseline measurements and latter on respective changes in weight and height in order to obtain the Body Mass Index (BMIs) of school children who would participate in the study for a period of about two years (Ludwig, Peterson & Gortmaker, 2001. This method of data collection was suitable because, the dependent and the dependent and independent are measurable quantities or aspects. The method also allows for the incorporation of interviews and surveys using questionnaires on the respondents in order to make conclusive observations and measurements. For instance, the ...

The quality of the research data depends on the reliability and validity of the instruments used to collect information. Bernard (2000) defines validity as the “accuracy and trustworthiness of instruments, data, and findings in research” (p.46). He maintains that if the questions that are used to get data from people are not valid instruments, then the collected data is also not valid. In turn, reliability is “whether or not you get the same answer by using an instrument to measure something more than once” (Bernard, 2000, p.47). For example, a thermometer is a reliable instrument because it would present the same ...

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design The research design is a procedural plan adopted by the researcher to answer research questions objectively, accurately, validly and economically. In general, the research design plays two key roles. First, it aids in the identification and development of logical arrangements and procedures required to undertake a study. Second, the design lays emphasis on the quality (objectivity, validity and accuracy) of the underlying procedures. When conducting research, it is vital to note that the research design is distinct from the method through which data are collected. In general, there are a number of ways in which research designs ...

Psychological testing

Psychological test are a kind of categorized measure of mental and behavior of a person with an objective. It is basically structured to make assessments of constructs that are barely unobserved. These tests incorporate to identify, assess and measure the tasks that any respondent has to give a solution to. They are closely related to the questionnaire tools but are different in the aspect of the performance that is expected where it requires much more response in comparison to the questionnaires (Archer, 2006). It is important to state that an important and effective test is supposed to carry with it the characteristic ...

Data reliability is a concept used to explain the consistency or uniformity of a measure (Tracy, 2008). For instance, in a research with five respondents and each is given a test, the results should be the same no matter the number of times the test is repeated. Data validity refers to the extent to which a research accurately assesses or reflects the specific claim that the researcher is trying to measure (Tracy, 2008). In other words, reliability ensures the accuracy of a procedure or measuring instrument, whereas validity ensures the success of the research at measuring or determining what the investigator intend to measure. ...

Analysis of the relationships among tests and scales, populations, and reliability and validity:

The analysis of the relationship among tests and scales, populations, and reliability as well as validity of the data used in decision making pertaining to different sectors of the population. This analysis of data depending on the relationship between tests and scores is a matter of concern in ensuring effective decision making in the society (Spanjer, 2010 pg 24). In the context of reliability, the extent to which the questionnaires, observation, tests as well as other forms of measurement procedures which helps in production of results which are consistent and uniform from the repeated trials. Reliability gives more emphasis ...

The article “Offender profiling: Psychological and methodological issues of testing for behavioural consistency” by Salfati (2008) summarized the research results of various studies in the field of offender profiling with specific attention to using the concepts of offender profiling to linking serial crimes and offender consistency. The article aimed to discuss key methodological issues, mainly focusing on validity and reliability of offender profiling and its development as a field of science, in three interlinked areas of recent profiling research, which included individual differentiation, behavioral consistency, and inferences about offender characteristics. The first key point was to discuss shortcomings in ...

Evaluate the Challenges of Conducting Qualitative Research; synthesize your findings and identify an appropriate qualitative research strategy for a study on managing diversity; analyze the issues associated with sampling, validity, reliability, and bias within the context of the study.

Introduction

The qualitative research model has long been used by researchers and scientists in ruling out the validity, reliability, and even in identifying presence of and the contribution of a certain range of factors in a particular population. Most of the time, qualitative studies are used in inquiring or going more deeply, meaning it deals with more than just knowing, about a certain issue in ...

Introduction

The article in question focuses on a comparative analysis of the levels of job satisfaction of professionals working in the private sector and those in the public sector. The article mainly compares the attitude and mentality of employees in the private sector and public sector in relation to the structural and management practices in the two settings. The attitude of employees in the private sector is said to be much more positive than that of public sector employees. This is attributed to the strict and effective measure taken by private employers to satisfy their employees. The size of the work ...

Abstract

This paper is a case study that aims at characterizing preschoolers daily outdoor play frequency together with the associated factors. The study was conducted among the pre-school aged children whereby a representative sample was picked from various families their parents and guardians were interviewed and given questionnaires to fill.

Introduction

Different families have different frequencies of supervising their children while playing outdoors. Some parents devote much of their time to take their children to go and play and supervise them, other parents take their children to their neighbors while others do not have time and so they rarely take their children to ...

- Executive Summary This paper explores into the annals of citizen science in relation with the use of tourists in community environmental monitoring in order to enhance the creation of sustainable destinations. The gist of the paper involves the exploration of a central theme of how tourists can be used as citizen scientists in community environmental monitoring. In advancing the theme, the paper analyses six citizen science projects that predominantly use tourists to collect data for analysis. The main project analyzed in the paper is the Fluker Post Research Project in Melbourne Australia. To back the analysis of the ...

Lisa Gomez

Argosy Online University This research was carried out as partial fulfillment towards the Research Methods course at Argosy University by Lisa Gomez. Abstract The study evaluates the research question: Does health promotion strategies help alleviate stress? The study uses a sample size of twenty five respondents; the five respondents were added to compensate for attrition. The study used the stratified random sampling technique. This technique is appropriate for the study because of the different levels of stressing factors the workers are exposed to due to the nature of their job. The inclusion criterion for the study is ...

Reliability and validity are two terms commonly used in statistics and research. The two terms generally refer to the truthfulness of something. Reliability refers to the repeatability of research findings while validity refers to the believability and credibility of those findings (Litwin, 1996). In order for research data to be of use it must be both valid and reliable. Validity and reliability are therefore mutually dependent. In the case of reliability, questions to be asked include: if the same study was to be done a second time would it still yield the same results? If indeed, the study was ...

Interpretative phenomenological analysis: mental Illness

Abstract There are various anomalous experiences reported as enhancing instead of showing poor mental health. The experiences are out of body where the person’s body and self are said to be phenomenologically separated. The objective of the study was to look into these experiences and their after effects. A phenomenological, idiographic, qualitative approach was used. Participants were three individuals who took part in face to face interviews that were semi structured. Interpretative phenomenological analysis found out that off body experiences occurred during personal significance times. They were linked to the lives of participants beyond the occurrence point ...

Introduction

The Computer Anxiety Scale, popularly known as SCALE is a psychological test. It is used by industrial and organizational psychologists to assess and measure the levels of anxiety as a result of using computers. The test can also be used to measure anxiety in people who do not interact directly with computers but spend a lot of time in computer environments. The test was designed and authored by E. R. Oetting. It was published in 1983 by the Rocky Mountain Institute of behavior Science. The publisher’s postal address is Box 1066, Fort Collins and the postal code is 80522. The publisher’ ...

Introduction

When tests are carried out, it is important to determine their validity and reliability. The researcher must consider the validity and reliability of a test before deciding on which test to use in a research. This is because these two factors have an impact on the accuracy and credibility of the results of the research. Outcomes of well undertaken tests can be used to predict future trends on the research topic

A reliable test is one whose outcomes can be depended on when making decisions because of its consistency. It implies that the test can be depended upon for other purposes ...

Analysis of celebrity endorsement as an effective destination marketing tool

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE FOR STUDY While promoting destinations, the primary and secondary characteristics are usually emphasised and it includes various qualities of the destinations including scenery, climate, hospitality of the local people and traditions. There are secondary factors as well, which add or reduce the value of a particular destination and they are basically the events, transportation, public facilities etc. The communication-saturation in the society is sufficient to adequately promote the above qualities, and the buyers and sellers get aware of these in advance. Morgan et al. (2002a) comments on the above situation, ...

3.1. As a care worker in a specific care setting:

3.1.a. Explain what you understand by reliability of information during complementary therapies.

As a care worker in a specific care setting such as geriatric care or cancer care, there has to be more than enough information needed to support any decision to turn to complimentary therapies for relief. Although some of the unconventional therapies are said to have originated from ancient practices, it is still not enough to justify its effectiveness and reliability. Some health clinics offering alternative healing advertise their services through the internet, newspaper or magazine. There is still a need for ...

Comparing Qualitative Designs

The first research was done by Harding& Perkins (2008). The purpose of this research is to explore and report the experiences of male nurses in the context of providing physical intimate care. This research seeks to find out why male nurses are victimized for applying the intimate touch in their clinical practice (Harding & Perkins, 2008).

The design of this research is descriptive since it aims to obtain information on the status of a phenomenon which has been previous research. Unlike in a longitudinal design the research does not look at all aspects of the previous research but only focuses on ...

In measurement, one tries to identify and express the dimensions, degree, capacity or quantity of a given variable. This process involves assigning values as determined by a certain set of rules. Research requires good measurement for its results to be trusted. Good measurement should be characterized by validity and reliability properties. These are the two major psychometric properties of a test for good measurement.

Reliability is the consistency of scores obtained from research instruments and apparatus that have been used in an assessment procedure. The four main forms of reliability include interrater reliability, test-retest, internal consistency and equivalent forms. A reliability coefficient ...

USED FOR ASSESSING ACTIVITY AND PARTICIPATION

IN PEOPLE WITH PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often have a problem with pausing or stopping at random moments during their daily activities called the freezing of gait (FOG). Lo et al. (2010) notes that studies have shown that within five years approximately 30% of PD patients exhibit FOG and within the next 5 years 60% have experienced FOG events (51). The biological and neural reasons causing the stop-motion are not well understood. FOG can be dangerous and is detrimental to the PD patient’s quality of life.

The Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q) was constructed ...

Description of assessment methods

The administration of exams in schools and institutions is based on the ability of that particular exam to measure the content and learn-ability of the learner without any bias or prejudice. Therefore the validity and reliability of a test is of pertinent importance to the proper analysis of the student’s understanding of a particular area of specialization. There are a variety of methods used in determining the validity and reliability of a test or exam. Some of them as advanced by Heffner (2004) rely on the ability of the genre of exam to follow specific format and criterion. There are a number ...

Introduction

Outsourcing is gaining popularity in both the public and the private sector. During the mid-1990s, outsourcing was considered a viable solution to attaining cost control and improving production efficiency (Mani, Barua, & Whinston, 2010). Because of this perception, many companies started incorporating outsourcing in their business strategies and plans. As a result of the success that have been recorded in using outsourcing, many corporations are turning to outsourcing to support a range of functions ranging from logistics to customer relations. Companies cite different reasons for turning to outsourcing. The reasons are generally related to their rationale of turning to outsourcing. Some of the ...

Reliability and Validity

I. Reliability of a Test

The reliability of a test is defined as its degree of consistency, stability, accuracy and predictability hence the repeatability of its scores. Generally, it refers to the extent to which the ultimate results of a given test are consistent over time thereby presenting a degree of accuracy representative of the total population considered under the study. Reliability is quantified in terms of reliability coefficient. The reliability coefficient give insight on the significance of the scores (Waltz, Strickland, & Lenz, 2010). A high reliability coeffiecient implies that the findings are considerably plausible, while a low reliability coefficient implies that the ...

Abstract

This research proposal outlines measures to be undertaken in exploring the unintended consequences of unemployment. The researcher wishes to advance the assumption that unemployment is inevitably linked to serious economic and social dysfunctions occurring within the confines of Social Structure. Many of these irregularities are obvious, but others are rather insidious and concealed. Together they define the unintended consequences of unemployment. Unintended consequences of unemployment from the perspective of this researcher embodies a conceptual framework explaining all psychosocial factors, medical elements and subsequent descriptive emergent variables that adequately represent a sequel of events for which unemployment is inevitably the underlying force. ...