Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by an abnormal formation of the atrial septum. Genetic and hemodynamic mechanisms are considered responsible for the onset of the disorder. For example, the increased blood flow from inferior vena cava during fetal development causes the septum primum valve to become deficient, but the perturbation of the transcription factors regulating the atrial septal development, such as Shh, Gata4, Tbx5, and Nkx2-5 (Kendall, Karamichalis, Karamlou, Teitel, & Cohen, 2014). ASD is the second most common congenital cardiac anomaly, and it is estimated that approximately 568 cases of ASD occur during childbirth (Kendall ...
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