Essays on Vivo

The website explains in detail how the drug development takes place and how investments made in pharmaceutical companies are affected by this process. The website begins by asserting that there is higher probability of getting 12 male children in a row than a drug seeing the shelf of a pharmacy (Williams par. 1). With that noted, it is therefore imperative for an investor in the health sector to understand the dynamic of drug-manufacturing. The initial stage is the drug discovery which involves identify a molecule e.g. a protein or gene that participates in a disease (Williams par. 2). If ...

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated at transcriptional, post transcriptional and translational levels (Tomizawa,  Lekstrom-Himes, and Xanthopoulos 17). Transcriptional control is the primary means of regulating gene expression. Eukaryotic transcriptional control functions at three levels: modulation of the activities of activators and repressors; variations in chromatin structure; and effect of activators and repressors on assembly of initiation complexes (Lodish et al. 368). Regulation of transcription initiation is the most widespread form of gene control in eukaryotes. However, in some cases, transcription may be attenuated and regulated at subsequent steps, such as during or after the transcription process (Cooper ...

The activity of AMPK supports the normal function of the endothelial barrier (Xing, Wang, Coughlan, Viollet, Moriasi, & Zou, 2013), while on the other hand, the exposure of LPS ensures that there is inhibition of AMPK, thus accentuating lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction (Kratzer et al., 2012). It is a fact that LPS increases the permeability of the endothelium, which occurs once there is a decrease in the AMPK activity. This is consistent with the fact that the activation of AMPK activator, AICAR, emphasizes LP, once it is applied in vitro to test the hyper endothelial permeability. Experiments done ...

Video Reflection Exercise 1-Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Description of Video:An 8 minute documentary on an individual's struggle and recovery from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Includes interview footage with a clinician who practices cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Filmed in London (Ontario, Canada) and produced by Michael Woods. Question Submission Procedures and Deadlines:I suggest that you keep these questions nearby and answer them during the video. You will be able to pause and rewind the video if necessary. Your final submission must be typed. You may use this as a template to type in your answers.

Questions: Please answer the following questions after/while viewing the video.

1. How does the patient define “obsessions” and “compulsions”?

Obsessions:

Obsessions are ...

Introduction

It is critical to understand that mechanical interventions and thrombolytic therapy are the commonly used approaches to treat both venous and arterial thrombotic complications. However, this approaches offer several limitations that are hard to ignore. First and foremost, there is a possibility of excessive bleeding and damage to the walls of the blood vessel. Secondly, the approach may fail to reach reperfusion. Thus, the use and application of ultra-sound accelerated thrombosis offer an entire revolution in vascular medicine. Again, the technologyis meant to withstand the test of time. Cleary, the technology has reduced the body dosage that would be ...

Abstract

Transformation remains, and hugely significant tool in extending the borders of life sciences and medicine. It can be referred as fixing intracellular DNA into a bacteria or organism through the vector, thus transforming it. This paper uses plasmid pUC18, self-reproducing circular/spherical strands of genes that may be modified. After the bacteria absorb the vector, some proteins not usually synthesized will occur. In this study, a system has been developed to monitor the transmittance of different DNA (genes) from a genetically transformed strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to E. coli. This mechanism is centered on yeast strains that contain several integrated ...

Article #1:

The article focussed on the breeding behaviours of emperor penguins that are recently discovered with the help of satellites. Mostly it is believed that penguins lay their eggs on sea ice that is fast and stable and that remains intact under the chick fledge. Fretwell and co-workers conducted this study on forty-six colonies emperor penguins. The recent observation revealed that few colonies of emperor penguins breed on ice-shelves instead of sea ice. Due to rapid climate changes and the incidence of ice melting the penguin population has declined and very close to extinction. It is a big concern that ...

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Introduction

Genome imprinting is the latest technique that has genetically modified the face of infertility; it is an epigenetic phenomenon through which the parental origin of a gene is determined based on its expression. 1 There are a vast number of genes in mammals that are marked with their parental origin, and the result of this phenomenon is a single parental allele. These marked genes are known as “imprinted.” They rely on the epigenetic machinery determining their parental identity and maintaining their origin-specific gene expression. There are 100 imprinted genes estimated in human and 200 ...

Question 1

Ernest Rutherford One of the contributions of Ernest Rutherford includes the discovery that the Becquerel rays consisted of two different rays (Sears, 2015). The discovery of the two rays came about after Ernest Rutherford focused his attention on actual radiations that are emitted by radioactive substances. The experiment consisted of evaluations of radiations that were emitted from successively layered sheets of aluminum placed over a uranium compound. A distinction made in the two forms of rays was their penetrating power. According to Sears (2015), to be able to distinguish between the two forms of rays, Rutherford named the easily ...

Introduction

The total number of patients with cancer keeps soaring globally with around 14 million cases diagnosed by 2014. Each year, about 8 million people die of cancer-related illnesses globally. There are quite some remedies that have been proposed to mitigate in the cancer menace. This study is focused on cancer treatment by curcumin through tyrosine kinase inhibition. Curcumin is the primary coloring agent found in turmeric, a tuber of the herb Curcuma longa Lin. It has widespread use as a flavoring agent (Aggarwal and Bokyung 87). It is also well known for its medicinal value commonly used to suppress ...

Brief summary

Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is considered to be a health problem because of the millions of people who are using it worldwide. The article states that excessive cocaine use will cause changes in the prefrontal Cortes (PFC) (Terraneo, p.37). The reason for this is because PFC plays a significant role in the addictive cycle such as the inhibitory control, reinforcement learning as well as cravings. Many types of research that have been conducted show that the loss of inhibitory control is brought on by drug behaviors. The article looks at the animal studies that have been carried out in ...

Summary

The neural network controls physical activities. Recently scientists have found out that the neural network can be observed to show different levels of activation depending on an organism’s mental activity. Scientists have gone further to devise actual methods that detect brain activity in particular instances. The brain and the neural network never stop working; however, certain tasks cause the brain and the neural network to work faster, harder and more intensely (Garcia). These unique activities usually register or appear as spikes or dips in the never-ending sequence of brain activity. Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators (GEVIs) are a promising ...

Introduction and Overview

The Rhesus factor (Rh) refers to the red blood cell’s(RBC) surface antigen;the name Rhesus comes from the small Indian monkeys in which it was first discovered. Rh incompatibility,sometimes referred to as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with the Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh- positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. This condition can have fatal outcomes including haemolytic disease of the foetus or newborn, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). These conditions have, in the past, raised a lot of concerns, and some ...

Introduction

Quality is the characteristic of a service or a good to be fit for use by the customer or the consumer. The pharmaceutical quality means the production of a product that is free of contamination that gives the therapeutic benefit that is labeled in the container to the customer. This quality is either evaluated in vitro or vivo by the tests performed. In quality design, the vitro product is ensured to have good performance and the same provide a similar quality in the vivo performance test. In this case, the product performance is related to the product performance.

Quality by Design (QbD)

This ...